Multi-parameter harsh environment sensing using asymmetric Bragg gratings inscribed by IR femtosecond irradiation

In this paper, we review our recent work on multi-parameter harsh environment sensing using asymmetric Bragg gratings inscribed by IR femtosecond irradiation, which includes the investigations of fiber Bragg gratings inscribed by graded-index silica multimode fibers and polarization maintaining (PM) single mode fibers. The unique features of this type of grating are: (1) formed by multi-photon ionization, this kind of grating can withstand temperature as high as 1000 °C, which makes it suitable for harsh environment sensing; (2) bending (or pressure, strain) and ambient temperature fluctuations affect the shapes of multiple transmission dips in different ways, which enables multi-parameter sensing capability. The principle of multi-parameter sensing of the multimode fiber gratings is based on the fact that multimode fiber gratings have multiple resonant dips in spectrum and the change of spectral shape is different for different types of perturbations (e.g., temperature and pressure). The main challenge of sensing using multimode fiber is that the shape of spectrum also depends on the excitation condition, which makes the analysis of the sensing data complicated. On the other hand, the PM single mode fiber supports only two linearly polarized modes, which results in two resonant dips in the transmission spectrum. Since measured parameters such as the temperature and bending affect the transmission spectrum of two dips in different ways, one can implement multi-parameter sensing in harsh environment using PM fiber. Note that it is much easier to analyze the data of two dips (in the case of PM fibers) instead of multiple dips (in the case of multimode fibers). Finally, we also investigate the ultra thin multimode and PM single mode harsh environment fiber gratings for multi-parameter sensing applications. After etching the most part of the cladding, both multimode and PM single mode fiber grating spectra become sensitive to ambient refractive index changes, and their sensitivity to bending and strain is also enhanced. This enables the application for multi-parameter chemical/bio and pressure sensing.     

Full Strain Tensor Treatment of Fiber Bragg Grating Sensors

Embedded fiber Bragg gratings can be subjected to arbitrary states of strain including shear strain. Such perturbations can cause coupling between polarization modes. Coupled-mode theory in Bragg gratings so far neglected this effect and only considered forward-backward coupling. Polarization mode coupling within a Bragg grating leads to interdependencies between Bragg reflection peaks which have so far been unaddressed. We formulate a full strain tensor treatment of fiber Bragg gratings, considering the coupling of the polarization modes within the grating. We give an approximation for the coupling coefficients affecting the polarization mode coupling and numerically solve the coupled-mode equations for representative states of strain. We show in which way shear strain affects the optical response of a grating and demonstrate how the fiber's beat length influences this characteristic.     

多模光纤模式群分集复用系统

多模光纤(MMF)已成为"最后一千米"短距离通信的理想介质,但多模光纤的模间色散限制了其传输能力.模式群分集复用(MGDM)是种光路的多输入多输出(MIMO)技术,该技术利用多模光纤中不同的模式群作为相互独立的信道来传输多路信号,极大地提升了多模光纤的传输能力.设计实现了一个基于75 m梯度型多模光纤(GIMMF)直接检测的两路MGDM通信系统,不同模式群的激发利用选择模式激发实现,利用偏置连接器和多模耦合器实现模式群的复用及解复用,并利用该系统实现了模拟视频信号和非归零码(NRZ)数字信号的传输.     

Characteristics of Bragg Gratings in All-Solid Photonic Bandgap Fiber

We report on fiber Bragg gratings in all-solid photonie bandgap fiber that was composed of a triangular array of high-index Ge-doped rods in pure silica background with fluorine-doped index-depressed layer surrounding the Ge-doped rod. Fiber Bragg gratings were photowritten with 193 nm ArF excimer laser and characterized for their response to strain, temperature, bending, and torsion. These gratings couple light from the forward core mode to not only backward core mode but also backward rod modes. This results in multiple resonance peaks in the reflection spectrum. All resonance wavelengths exhibited the same temperature and strain response with coefficient similar to that of Bragg gratings in standard single-mode fiber. The strength of the resonance peaks corresponding to the backward rod modes showed high sensitivity to bending and torsion.     

传输矩阵法求解长短周期级联光纤光栅传输谱

基于光纤光栅的模式耦合理论,用传输矩阵法对长短周期级联光纤光栅的传输谱特性进行分析。先由耦合模方程分别得到长周期光纤光栅(LPFG)、连接光纤段和短周期光纤光栅(FBG)的传输矩阵,然后将它们相乘得到总的传输矩阵,最后再结合边界条件求得长短周期级联光纤光栅(CLBG)的传输谱。进一步对CLBG的传输谱进行了数值模拟,并通过实验进行了验证。实验结果表明,CLBG的传输谱中出现了由纤芯模和包层模耦合形成的两个谐振峰,与模拟计算的结果一致,证明了传输矩阵法求解CLBG传输谱的可行性,为CLBG在多参量传感和测量领域的广泛应用提供了理论支持。     

Microbending loss evaluation in arbitrary-index single-mode optical fibers. Part I: Formulation and general properties

Microbending loss formula is derived for arbitrary-index profile optical fibers by using analytical curved fiber fields to the first-order perturbation theory. Relation between loss and fiber curvature power spectral statistics is studied in detail. Normalized frequency giving the minimum microbending loss value scarcely depends on the power spectrum. The larger the propagation constant difference between the guided and quasi-guided modes, the smaller the microbending loss is in regard to wavelength, relative index difference, and normalized frequency dependence. The obtained formulas for single-mode fiber show the same dependence as the graded-index multimode fiber, with respect to fiber structure and curvature statistical parameters.     

柚子型光子晶体光纤布拉格光栅理论及实验研究

利用有限元法对一种柚子型光子晶体光纤中的传输模式进行了模拟,得到了各传输模式的有效折射率和模场分布。结合耦合模理论和相关函数方法,对柚子型光子晶体光纤布拉格光栅反射谱进行了理论分析,解释了柚子型光纤光栅出现多个谐振峰的原因;数值分析了光纤纤芯直径和空气孔尺寸对光栅传输谱的影响。结果表明谐振峰波长随纤芯直径的增大向长波方向漂移,而随空气孔增大向短波方向移动,并且不同谐振模式的变化幅度不同;利用相位模板法写制了光子晶体光纤光栅,实验结果与理论分析能够很好地吻合。     

光栅致双折射引起偏振相关损耗的理论分析

应用耦合模理论,给出均匀布拉格光纤光栅在考虑光栅致双折射时的透射与反射系数的解析式,按照测量偏振相关损耗(PDL)的确定性与非确定性两种方法,推导出了均匀布拉格光纤光栅中偏振相关损耗的解析公式。理论分析表明,该公式能够准确分析弱双折射光纤或者各向同性光纤上写入的均匀布拉格光纤光栅的偏振相关损耗特性,同时数值模拟高双折射光纤上写入的均匀布拉格光纤光栅偏振相关损耗特性,得到的结果也与已有实验曲线相近。     

基于倾斜光纤光栅的温度不敏感振动传感器

提出了一种基于倾斜光纤光栅与多模光纤相结合的温度不敏感振动传感器,其振动传感头是在倾斜光纤光栅与单模光纤之间加入一小段多模光纤所组成。倾斜光纤光栅的反射光谱有布拉格模和包层模两部分组成,其中多模光纤的作用是将倾斜光纤光栅反射包层模耦合到单模光纤的基模。倾斜光纤光栅包层模对外界振动很敏感,通过传感器的包层模平均输出功率完成对外界振动物理量测量。由于采用强度解调的方式,可以大大降低传感器装置的复杂性。实验表明：当传感器温度从20 ℃上升到70 ℃时,传感器的输出平均光功率均方根误差为0.01 μW,其反射光谱平均输出功率影响很小,故可以避免外界温度对测量结果的影响。     

An efficient approach for calculating the reflection and transmission spectra of fiber Bragg gratings with acoustically induced microbending

A novel and efficient approach is proposed to calculate transmission and reflection spectra of propagating core mode and higher-order cladding modes when the fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) are modulated by acoustically induced microbending. Based on a matrix form of first-order differential equations and its eigen-values/vectors using similarity transformation method, coupled-mode equations modeling acoustically induced microbending in FBG with a thin cladding can be transformed into a simple mathematical formulation. This method would be straightforward and thus beneficial to solve directly multimode coupled equations in comparison with a previous used fundamental matrix method and a Runge–Kutta algorithm. This simple model provides us a good view of co-directional and contra-directional couplings caused by acoustically induced microbending through FBGs.     

带宽为O.84 nm色散补偿100 km以上线性啁啾光纤Bragg光栅的研制

本文用传输矩阵法分析了啁啾Ｂｒａｇｇ光纤光栅的反射谱特性及时延特性,同时给出了用１４２ｍｍ长相位掩模板和扩束技术研制的色散补偿线性啁啾Ｂｒａｇｇ光纤光栅的反射谱特性及传输实验结果．实验研制的线性啁啾Ｂｒａｇｇ光纤光栅样品带宽为０．５６~０．８４ｎｍ,可实现对普通光纤色散补偿１００ｋｍ以上．     

Multimode Fiber Bragg Grating Wavelength Filter in a 10-Gb/s System

A 10-Gb/s transmission experiment has been performed on multishell multimode fiber Bragg gratings. The device can simultaneously serve as wavelength filter and mode selector and is compatible with conventional graded refractive index multimode fiber (MMF) components. This could be a promising technology for wavelength-division multiplexing and mode diversity in practical MMF-based optical access networks.     

Multimode oscillation Q-switched erbium-doped fiber laser with a few-mode fiber cavity

We propose and demonstrate experimentally a multimode oscillation Q-switched erbium-doped fiber laser with a few-mode fiber cavity. The different coupling processes of reflection peaks of fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) which act as cavity mirrors allow the different oscillating states. We obtain microsecond light pulse output states whose oscillation and output beams have different mode compositions, including high order mode. Such a structure enables the high order mode oscillation in the whole cavity with an all-fiber structure, which has potential applications in mode-division multiplexed systems and research of multimode nonlinear effect.     

双偏振微结构光纤光栅的折射率传感特性分析

研究了微结构光纤(MOF)布拉格光栅(FBG)的双偏振折射率传感特性。利用有限元方法对保偏微结构光纤(PM-MOF)的传输特性进行了分析,计算了传输特性曲线,分析了该种光纤单模传输的范围。同时结合耦合模理论,仿真了该种光纤均匀布拉格光栅在充入不同介质时的反射谱,得到两个偏振模LP0x1和LP0y1的中心波长差与介质折射率的关系曲线,通过特性曲线拟合出相应公式。同时,仿真了该光纤光栅的温度特性,研究结果表明,两个偏振模中心波长对温度响应相似,因此利用双偏振差分的方式来探测,具有较强的抗干扰能力,这一特性为光纤生物传感器的应用提供了理论依据。     

Fabrication of 7×6 multimode optical fiber gratingdemultiplexer-star coupler using a single GRIN-rod lens

A multimode optical fiber grating demultiplexer-star coupler having seven demultiplexing channels and six fan-out channels is demonstrated. This device consists of an input-output fiber array, in which 42 output fibers are aligned radially around an input fiber, a single gradient-index (GRIN)-rod lens and a multifacet blazed reflection grating. In this device, the incident light beam is split into six beams, each of which is diffracted at the multifacet grating and couples to the output fibers. The device has a working band from 0.62 to 0.88 μm, channel separation from 36 to 45 nm and 3 dB bandwidth from 13 to 24 nm. We also evaluate the unevenness in the center wavelength and the minimum excess loss among the fan-out channels and discuss the relationship between the unevenness and the fabrication accuracy of the optical components in detail     

Transversal Load Sensing With Fiber Bragg Gratings in Microstructured Optical Fibers

We present fiber Bragg grating based transversal load sensing with a highly birefringent microstructured optical fiber. For the bare fiber, the change of the Bragg peak separation under a transverse line load was simulated with a finite-element model and experimentally verified. We also show that microstructured optical fibers with fiber Bragg gratings can be successfully embedded in a carbon fiber reinforced composite material. The linear dependence of the Bragg peak separation to a transversal stress in the composite sample was measured to be 15.3 pm/MPa.      

Design of wavelength-switching erbium-doped fiber lasers with a multimode fiber Bragg grating using spatial-mode excitation and selection techniques

A multimode fiber Bragg grating (MMFBG)-based wavelength-switching erbium-doped fiber laser and its application in displacement sensing is proposed and demonstrated. According to the spatial-mode distribution in the multimode fiber (MMF), the modes reflected by the MMFBG at different wavelengths build a wavelength-dependent mode field on the transverse plane of the MMF. By varying spatial-launching position of the single-mode fiber against the MMFBG to achieve different mode group excitation and selection, single-wavelength lasing at 31 discrete wavelengths has been realized over a wide wavelength range.     

Transmission Characteristics of Sagnac Loop with Fiber Bragg Grating

A transmission filter composed of a Sagnac loop and a fiber Bragg grating is studied in detail.It is found that the transmission spectrum of this filter is the splitting of the reflection spectrum of the fiber Bragg gratings.The filter can behave as a multiple-passband filter when the fiber Bragg grating is strong and as a single-band filter when the fiber Bragg grating is weak.Very narrow transmission filters can be obtained in this way.     

光纤布喇格光栅中布喇格孤子传输的稳定性分析

布喇格孤子是光纤布喇格光栅的非线性效应和色散效应综合作用的结果,揭示了重要的物理现象,在基于光纤缓存器件中具有重要应用.从非线性耦合模方程出发给出了布喇格孤子的解析解,以它们作为初始条件,数值研究了布喇格孤子传输的稳定性,得到布喇格孤子传输的稳定传输区、多振荡模式区和散射区.数值模拟了布喇格孤子在多振荡模式区和散射区的传输变化.对于设计新型器件和开展实验工作提供了有益的指导.     

Investigation on reflection spectr a of chirped and phase-shifted fiber Bragg gratings

The characteristics of chirped and phase-shifted fiber Bragg gratings have been investigated by the use of transfer matrix formulation. While the characteristics of a chirped and phase-shifted fiber Bragg grating are the same as those of non- chirped one in some important aspects, both the reflection and transmission windows of a chirped and phase-shifted fiber Bragg grating can be broadened in a wide range. Therefore, chirped and phase-shifted fiber Bragg gratings will have applications in WDM or DWDM optical communication systems. The work in this paper can be used to design the new devices based on chirped and phase-shifted fiber Bragg gratings.