应用反胶团体系制备纳米粒子的形态控制

与其他制备方法相比,反胶团体系在制备纳米粒子方面具有明显的优势,这一点在对产物粒子形态的控制方面体现得最显著.表面活性剂在体系中起模板作用,因而可以通过控制表面活性剂形成的胶束的形态来控制产物粒子的形态.着重介绍在用反胶团体系制备纳米粒子的方法中,对产物粒子形态控制方面的研究进展.另外,孤立的纳米粒子与其聚集体的性质并不相同,聚集体的性质受聚集产物自身组装形态的控制,因此还概括了近年来在反胶团体系中制备纳米粒子聚集体的研究工作.     

反向胶束法制备PEDOT纳米粒子气体敏感性的研究

通过用紫外-可见-近红外光谱、X射线光电子能谱及透射电镜等手段对采用反向胶束合成法,以二乙基磺基琥珀酸钠(AOT)形成的反胶束为模板制备出的导电聚合物聚3,4乙烯二氧噻吩(PEDOT)纳米粒子对HCl气体敏感性进行研究。沉积有纳米粒子的QCM器件对2.0×10-5气体响应时间为20s,具有较好的响应恢复特性,能够有效探测低浓度(5×10-6)气体,气敏特性明显优于普通PEDOT粒子。     

微乳法制备纳米金及其生物电催化性能研究

纳米金具有特殊的电催化性能。采用水/AOT(2-乙基己基琥珀酸酯磺酸钠)/环己烷微乳体系制备纳米金颗粒,通过改变水与AOT的物质的量比(ω)制备不同尺寸的纳米金,并通过透射电镜、紫外分光光度计、电化学工作站对纳米金颗粒的形貌尺寸、紫外吸收光谱、电化学性能进行分析与研究。结果表明,纳米金呈球形,尺寸均一,单分散性较好。通过对纳米金颗粒电催化析氢性能的测试发现,纳米金粒子分散性较好,形成的是均相溶液,纳米金粒子与Pt/C相比电催化性能稍弱,但是与纳米银、金铁合金和纳米硒化钨相比都显现出较好的电催化活性,说明纳米金粒子具有比较优良的电催化性能,为纳米金颗粒在生物电催化领域的应用奠定理论基础。     

多形貌纳米银的研究进展

按粒子的维度分别介绍了纳米银的制备方法及研究现状.一维纳米银包括纳米线、纳米棒、纳米带、纳米管和纳米链;二维纳米银主要指纳米棱柱、纳米片和纳米盘;而三维纳米银则有纳米球、纳米树枝、纳米立方体、纳米十面体和纳米双棱锥等.提出了纳米银产业化进程中存在的一些问题,认为多形貌纳米银是实现未来纳米器件多功能化的重要材料.     

反胶束体系中聚吡咯/氯化银纳米复合粒子的合成与表征

利用阳离子表面活性剂十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)形成的反胶束作为微反应器合成了聚吡咯-氯化银(PPy/AgCl)纳米复合粒子.考察了吡咯/硝酸银、正己醇/水的比例的变化对PPy/AgCl纳米复合粒子的粒径大小和粒子形貌的影响,并利用TEM、SEM、FTIR、XRD和激光光散射粒度分析仪对产物进行了表征.结果显示,PPy/AgCl纳米粒子的粒径在40-60nm之间,改变合成条件可以进行自组装.FTIR和XRD显示复合物中含有PPy.因氯化银的存在,导致复合物的红外光谱向低波数方向移动.该实验结果同时表明,反胶束法可以有效地应用于有机/无机纳米复合粒子的制备.     

纳米银制备研究进展

综述了纳米银的广泛应用及主要制备方法,论述了化学法制备各向异性银纳米材料的研究进展,探讨了银纳米粒子形貌与性能的关系,指出了银系纳米材料研究中存在的不足.详细综述了球形、线(棒)型、立方体形、三角形等其它各种形状银纳米粒子的制备工艺条件和形成机理,阐述了工艺条件对纳米银尺寸、形貌及存放稳定性的影响,比较了不同制备方法的优劣,并指出了银系纳米材料的发展趋势.     

微乳液法制备纳米羟基磷灰石的机理

采用二已基琥珀酰磺酸钠(aerosol OT,AOT)作为表面活性剂,正辛醇作为助表面活性剂,异辛烷为油相,将Ca(H2PO4)2·H2O水溶液和Ca(OH)2饱和溶液作为水相制成反相微乳液,并使两种微乳液反应,制备出呈单分散的球形纳米羟基磷灰石颗粒.通过系统性试验绘制了AOT/异辛烷/Ca(H2PO4)2·H2O水溶液和AOT/异辛烷/Ca(OH)2饱和溶液微乳液的局部三元拟相图,确定了该体系的反相微乳液单相区.采用动态激光散射原理分析了上述微乳液的胶束直径,确定了胶束直径与体系含水量的线性关系,并计算了微乳液胶束的有关参数.分析了羟基磷灰石的反应机理和颗粒的形成过程,并采用紫外可见光吸收光谱,研究了体系含水量对羟基磷灰石超细颗粒形成过程的影响.     

壳聚糖氧化改性及还原稳定纳米银研究

利用简洁、环保、绿色的方法合成金属纳米粒子对于扩展纳米粒子在生物化学及组织工程中的应用具有重大意义。利用高碘酸钠对壳聚糖进行氧化反应制备双醛壳聚糖(D-CTS),用FT-IR、元素分析法对D-CTS进行表征,将制得的D-CTS作为还原剂和稳定剂制备纳米银粒子,最后用UV-Vis、DLS、FT-IR、XRD、SEM对制备的纳米银粒子进行表征。结果表明,D-CTS的氧化度和反应液的pH值对纳米粒子的粒径分布及微观结构有重要影响。D-CTS中的醛基和氨基是稳定纳米银粒子的主要基团。XRD分析制得的纳米银具有较好面心立体晶体结构,所制备的纳米银粒子粒径在30~40nm之间,同时常温条件下具有较好稳定性。     

AOT表面修饰CdS纳米粒子的合成与表征

以AOT为表面活性剂,硫脲及乙酸镉为原料,磷酸二氢钾为相转移剂,分别在水相和有机相中制备了CdS纳米粒子.UV-Vis光谱表明,CdS纳米粒子具有明显的量子尺寸效应.FTIR光谱分析表明,水相中AOT分子的-S=O、-C-O、-C=O基团指向溶剂,-CH2-基团堆砌在CdS纳米粒子表面,而有机相中则相反.TEM测试结果表明,有机相球形CdS纳米粒子具有较好的自组装行为,其尺寸为5～10nm且分布较窄.     

软模板技术制备银的各向异性纳米粒子

纳米银的光学、电学和催化活性与粒子的粒径、形貌和结构之间存在着强烈的依赖关系,研究各向异性银纳米材料的形成具有重要意义.结合软模板技术在各向异性银纳米材料制备方面的研究成果,着重讨论了银纳米棒和纳米线的制备方法和形成机理,概述了树枝状纳米银、纳米银片(盘)、纳米银立方体和三棱柱的研究进展,指出利用软模板技术可合成各种形貌的纳米银粒子,并指出了此类材料在研究中存在的不足,展望了其发展趋势.     

A facile and green route to silver nanoparticles in water

Stable water-dispersible silver nanoparticles with a narrow size distribution are obtained by light-assisted spontaneous reduction of silver nitrate with gelatin, which acts as both the reducing and the stabilizing agents, in water. The formation mechanism of the silver nanoparticles involves an in-situ conversion of Ag(+)-gelatin aggregates to gelatin-stabilized silver nanoparticles via a Ag(+)-mediated oxidation of primary amine groups of the gelatin to carboxylic acid groups. The resultant silver nanoparticles are well within the quantum size domain (10 nm). In addition, the nanoparticles are stable in aqueous solutions and can be separated easily by simple pH adjustment.     

Efficient synthesis and structural characterization of silver nanoparticle/ bis(o-phenolpropyl)silicone composites

Silver nanoparticle/bis(o-phenolpropyl)silicone composites have been synthesized by the reduction of silver nitrate with bis(o-phenolpropyl)silicone BPPS [(o-phenolpropyl)2(SiMe2O)n, n = 2, 3, 8, 236]. TEM and FE-SEM data clearly show that the silver nanoparticles with the size of < 20 nm are well dispersed throughout the BPPS matrix in the composites. XRD patterns are consistent with those for multicrystalline silver. The size of silver nanoparticles increased with increasing the relative molar concentration of silver salts added. It was found that in the absence of BPPS, most of the silver nanoparticles undergo macroscopic precipitation by agglomeration, indicating that BPPS is essential to stabilize the silver nanoparticles.     

Rapid synthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticle/bis(o-phenolpropyl)silicone composites by platinum

The formation of silver nanoparticle/bis(o-phenolpropyl)silicone composites have been promoted by the addition of chloroplatinic acid (<2 wt%) to the reaction of silver nitrate with bis(o-phenolpropyl)silicone BPPS [(o-phenolpropyl)2(SiMe2O)n, = 2, 3, 8, 236]. TEM and FE-SEM data exhibit that the silver nanoparticles having the size of <20 nm are well dispersed throughout the BPPS matrix in the composites. XRD patterns are consistent with those for polycrystalline silver. The addition of small amount of platinum to the silver accelerated the rate of composite formation by forming a Ag-Pt bimetallic alloy. The size of silver nanoparticles increased with increasing the relative molar concentration of silver salts added with respect to BPPS. However, the addition of platinum (1-5 wt%) to the AgNO3-BPPS mixture did not affect the size distribution of silver nanoparticles appreciably. It was found that in the absence of BPPS, most of the silver nanoparticles undergo macroscopic precipitation by agglomeration, indicating that BPPS is essential to stabilize the silver nanoparticles by coordination.     

Synthesis of uniform and stable silver nanoparticles by a gold seed-mediated growth approach in a buffer system

A seeding growth approach to the preparation of silver nanoparticles with a controllable size was developed. It contained a two-step reaction: the first step was gold seed clusters quickly generated by a chemical reaction using sodium borohydride as a reducing reagent; the second one was controllable silver nanoparticles were grown at the mild condition by using the mixed reducing reagents (hydroxylamine hydrochloride and sodium hydroxide) to form a buffer system. The gold core was beneficial for the crystalline of silver cations to form the nanoparticles and the buffer system which was composed of hydroxylamine hydrochloride and sodium hydroxide, and was helpful for controlling the size and shape of the as-prepared silver nanoparticles. These as-prepared nanoparticles were characterised by X-ray powder diffraction, UV-Vis spectroscopy (UV-Vis) and transmission electron microscopy along with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The results indicated that the obtained silver nanoparticles are highly crystallised with an average diameter around 10?nm. The content of gold seeds and the mild reaction rate controlled by the buffer system were considered to be key factors in the control of silver nanoparticles’ morphology and size. A possible mechanism of the silver nanoparticles formed was also proposed.     

软模板法制备皂荚形貌银纳米粒子

利用软模板法制备了具有新颖皂荚形貌的Ag纳米粒子,其平均尺寸为60～70nm.钛酸丁酯和乙酰丙酮螯舍而成的网络结构可指导一维Ag纳米粒子的生长.实验结果表明,反应温度和反应时间会影响皂英形貌Ag纳米粒子的生长动力学过程.     

Comparing the growth of PVD silver nanoparticles on ultra thin fluorocarbon plasma polymer films and self-assembled fluoroalkyl silane monolayers

Adsorbed silver nanoparticles were prepared by means of electron beam evaporation of silver on ultra thin Si-supported heptadecafluoro-1-decene plasma polymer films and self-assembled heptadecafluorodecyl-trimethoxysilane monolayers. The morphology of the silver nanoparticles, characterized by their size, size distribution, shape and interparticle separation, was observed to depend on the type, chemical composition and surface energy of the sub-layer as well as the amount of silver deposited. Field emission-scanning electron microscopy was used to study the change in the morphology of the silver nanoparticles as a function of the preparation parameters. The silver nanoparticles on the ultra thin plasma polymer films demonstrated a much smaller and narrower size distribution due to the cross-linking within the film, which more effectively hinders the penetration of silver through the film in comparison to the self-assembled monolayers. Moreover, the optical properties of the resulting silver nanoparticles on the ultra thin fluorocarbon plasma polymers and their correlation to size and size distribution were investigated by spectroscopic ellipsometry in the wavelength range between 300 and 800?nm.     

Nanoparticles-aided silver front contact paste for crystalline silicon solar cells

High-dispersive spherical silver nanoparticles were prepared by solvothemal process, using ethylene glycol as solvent and reducing agent. The silver nanoparticles were characterized by X-ray diffraction and FESEM to analyze the size, shape and morphology. X-Ray diffraction (XRD) pattern indicated that the silver nanoparticles were well-crystallized with no crystallographic impurities. The average size calculated by Debye–scherrer’s fomula was 48 nm, which well agreed with the result of FESEM. From the FESEM, it was demonstrated that the silver nanoparticles were high-dispersive and spherical in shape. Thick silver films were prepared by screen-printing using the front contact silver paste containing the as-prepared silver nanoparticles. The experimental results indicated that the silver nanoparticles were favor to sintering of micro-size silver particles, and contributed to improve the photovoltaic performances of crystalline silicon solar cells.     

The bio-inspired approach to controllable biomimetic synthesis of silver nanoparticles in organic matrix of chitosan and silver-binding peptide (NPSSLFRYLPSD)

Inspired by organic matrices in some life systems which can operate as templates for biosynthesis organic materials with uniform size and morphology, in our experiment, chitosan was combined with AG4 peptide (NPSSLFRYLPSD) to form a simple organic matrix, which was used as a template to synthesize particle size and morphology-controlling silver nanoparticles. The results of UV–vis determination and TEM observation indicated that uniform spherical silver nanoparticles with about 5 nm in size were obtained at the certain concentration of chitosan and silver ions. Hence, it is possible to control the size and morphology of silver nanoparticles at a certain extent by adjusting the concentration of chitosan and silver ions. In addition, triangle and hexagonal silver nanoparticles ranging from 20 nm to 60 nm in size appeared in different conditions. The advantage of this biomimetic synthesis of silver nanoparticles is that the process could be accomplished under mild conditions rather than stringent conditions, such as high temperature, very high pressures and a toxic environment, which usually occurs with the traditional methods for preparing metal nanoparticles.     

Microwave assisted template synthesis of silver nanoparticles

Easier, less time consuming, green processes, which yield silver nanoparticles of uniform size, shape and morphology are of interest. Various methods for synthesis, such as conventional temperature assisted process, controlled reaction at elevated temperatures, and microwave assisted process have been evaluated for the kind of silver nanoparticles synthesized. Starch has been employed as a template and reducing agent. Electron microscopy, photon correlation spectroscopy and surface plasmon resonance have been employed to characterize the silver nanoparticles synthesized. Compared to conventional methods, microwave assisted synthesis was faster and provided particles with an average particle size of 12 nm. Further, the starch functions as template, preventing the aggregation of silver nanoparticles.     

Antibacterial Characterization of Silver Nanoparticles against E. Coli ATCC-15224

Silver nanoparticles of mean size 16 nm were synthesized by inert gas condensation （IGC） method. Crystalline structure, morphology and nanoparticles size estimation were conducted by X-ray diffraction （XRD） and transmission electron microscopy （TEM）. Antibacterial activity of these silver nanoparticles as a function of particles concentration against gram-negative bacterium Escherichia coli （E. coli） was carried out in liquid as well as solid growth media. Scanning electron microscopy （SEM） and TEM studies showed that silver nanoparticles after interaction with E.coli have adhered to and penetrated into the bacterial cells. Antibacterial properties of silver nanoparticles are attributed to their total surface area, as a larger surface to volume ratio of nanoparticles provides more efficient means for enhanced antibacterial activity.