A Multiple-Rate, Multicarrier Direct-Sequence CDMA System with 2-D OVSF Codes in Fading Channels

In this paper, a multiple-rate, multicarrier direct- sequence code-division multiple-access (MC/DS-CDMA) system with the use of two-dimensional orthogonal variable spreading factor (2-D OVSF) codes is studied. They are the first 2-D codes that can be generated by the tree structure commonly used by one-dimensional OVSF codes in wideband-CDMA. The 2-D OVSF codes also preserve orthogonality among code matrices with different spreading factors in the code tree. The performances of the proposed system with RAKE receivers employing equal-gain and maximal-ratio combining methods are analyzed and compared. Our results show that our multiple-rate MC/DS-CDMA system with the 2-D OVSF codes is more suitable for a non-fading additive white Gaussian noise channel or a Rician weak-fading channel. However, in a Rayleigh fading channel, the system performance gets worse because the orthogonality of the 2-D OVSF codes is destroyed by the strong fading effect.     

Improving performance of DS-CDMA systems using chaotic complex Bernoulli spreading codes

The most important goal of spreading spectrum communication system is to protect communication signals against interference and exploitation of information by unintended listeners. In fact, low probability of detection and low probability of intercept are two important parameters to increase the performance of the system. In Direct Sequence Code Division Multiple Access (DS-CDMA) systems, these properties are achieved by multiplying the data information in spreading sequences. Chaotic sequences, with their particular properties, have numerous applications in constructing spreading codes. Using one-dimensional Bernoulli chaotic sequence as spreading code is proposed in literature previously. The main feature of this sequence is its negative auto-correlation at lag of 1, which with proper design, leads to increase in efficiency of the communication system based on these codes. On the other hand, employing the complex chaotic sequences as spreading sequence also has been discussed in several papers. In this paper, use of two-dimensional Bernoulli chaotic sequences is proposed as spreading codes. The performance of a multi-user synchronous and asynchronous DS-CDMA system will be evaluated by applying these sequences under Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) and fading channel. Simulation results indicate improvement of the performance in comparison with conventional spreading codes like Gold codes as well as similar complex chaotic spreading sequences. Similar to one-dimensional Bernoulli chaotic sequences, the proposed sequences also have negative auto-correlation. Besides, construction of complex sequences with lower average cross-correlation is possible with the proposed method.     

An evolutionary approach to designing complex spreading codes for DS-CDMA

This paper proposes a novel evolutionary approach to spreading code design in direct sequence code division multiple access (DS-CDMA). Specifically, a multiobjective evolutionary algorithm (EA) is used to generate complex spreading sequences that are optimized with respect to the average mean-square cross- and/or autocorrelation (CC and/or AC) properties. A theoretical model is developed in order to demonstrate the optimality of the generated codes. The proposed algorithm enables spreading code design with no constraints on the code length. Furthermore, it is possible to generate K/spl ges/N codes of length N with very little cost in correlation properties. This results in significant capacity enhancement in DS-CDMA systems.     

Blind multiuser detection over highly dispersive CDMA channels

This paper addresses blind multiuser detection in a direct-sequence code-division multiple-access (DS-CDMA) network in presence of both multiple-access interference and intersymbol interference. In particular, it considers a DS-CDMA system where K out of N users are transmitting; the N admissible spreading codes are known, and so is the code of the user to be demodulated. The number of interferers, the signatures of a certain number, possibly all, of the interferers, and the channel impulse response of each active user are unknown. The spreading codes of the unknown interferers are determined via a procedure that exploits the knowledge of the set of admissible transmitted codes and of the known active codes. The procedure applies to both single and multiple receiving antennas. The performance assessment of a blind decorrelating detector, implemented by resorting to the proposed identification procedure, shows that it outperforms a plain subspace-based blind decorrelator for small sizes of the estimation sample.     

Performance of low-rate orthogonal convolutional codes in DS-CDMAapplications

Low-rate orthogonal convolutional codes (LROCC), originally proposed by A.J. Viterbi (1971), can be used in a direct-sequence code-division multiple access (DS-CDMA) system to achieve both spreading of the data and providing coding gain. The implementation of this type of multiplexing in a practical DS-CDMA system is presented, and the theoretical performance of the proposed system under “other-user” noise, additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN), intercell interference, and thermal noise is established using a computer simulation. The improvement in system performance, gained through the use of a nonspreading randomizing sequence on the encoded output symbols, is also studied. Performance curves for a rate 1/64 orthogonal convolutional code are shown, and the impact of code rate, quantization methods, and constraint length on the overall system performance are discussed     

Interference-free broadband single- and multicarrier DS-CDMA

The choice of the direct sequence spreading code in DS-CDMA predetermines the properties of the system. This contribution demonstrates that the family of codes exhibiting an interference-free window (IFW) outperforms classic spreading codes, provided that the interfering multi-user and multipath components arrive within this IFW, which may be ensured with the aid of quasi-synchronous adaptive timing advance control. It is demonstrated that the IFW duration may be extended with the advent of multicarrier DS-CDMA proportionately to the number of subcarriers. Hence, the resultant MC DS-CDMA system is capable of exhibiting near-single-user performance without employing a multi-user detector. A limitation of the system is that the number of spreading codes exhibiting a certain IFW is limited, although this problem may be mitigated with the aid of novel code design principles     

Dynamic spreading code selection method for PAPR reduction inOFDM-CDMA systems with 4-QAM modulation

We present a new dynamic spreading code selection technique to obtain low peak-to-average-power ratio (PAPR) of an orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing code-division multiple-access (OFDM-CDMA) system with 4-QAM modulation for the down-link in mobile communication. In this method, initially, each user is assigned a low and a high PAPR spreading code, which allows selecting one when the system is operating. The spreading code of each user is dynamically selected so that total PAPR level of the whole user group present in the system is minimized. With the proposed technique, the PAPR level of a system with 10 users and 64 sub-carriers using 64 chip Walsh-Hadamard (WH) codes, can be limited to 15 dB while the worst case theoretical maximum could go up to 28.1 dB. Although 64 chip WH codes are employed to evaluate the performance it can be generalized to all other sets of spreading codes     

认知无线网络中次用户的一种协作传输策略

在认知无线网络中同时存在着主用户和次用户,次用户的通信行为必须在不影响主用户数据传输的前提下进行。为了保证次用户的传输连续性并改善次用户Qos,研究人员提出了次用户间相互协作传输的策略,基于此该文提出了一种基于放大转发的双中继协作传输方案并对所提方案次用户的无冲突传输时间及误比特率进行了详细的理论分析。蒙特卡洛仿真结果表明,双中继协作传输策略能在单中继协作传输的基础上进一步增加次用户的无冲突传输时间并减小误比特率,双中继协作传输显著地提高了系统的传输性能。      

Optimal spreading sequence design based on PR-QMF theory

Based on filter bank theory, a new scheme for spreading sequence generation is proposed for direct sequence code division multiple access (DS-CDMA) systems. It is shown that optimal spreading sequences produce much less multiple access interference (MAI) than Gold codes with comparable lengths     

Quasi-synchronous multicarrier DS-CDMA using Z-Complementary sequences

In this paper, a multicarrier DS-CDMA system which employs Z-Complementary Se- quences (ZCS) as spreading code is investigated. The new system can not only eliminate multipath interference and Multiple Access Interference (MAI), but also support flexible number of users com- pared with system using Orthogonal Complementary (OC) codes. Multicarrier DS-CDMA using OC codes can be regarded as a special case of our proposed system. Zero Correlation Zone (ZCZ) of ZCS can be flexibly adjusted to meet the requireme...     

Rate-Distortion Optimized Video Transmission Over DS-CDMA Channels with Auxiliary Vector Filter Single-User Multirate Detection

In this paper, we consider the rate-distortion optimized resource allocation for video transmission over multi-rate wireless direct-sequence code-division-multiple-access (DS-CDMA) channels. We consider the performance of transmitting scalable video over a multipath Rayleigh fading channel via a combination of multi-code multirate CDMA and variable sequence length multirate CDMA channel system. At the receiver, despreading is done using adaptive space-time auxiliary-vector (AV) filters. We propose a new interference cancelling design that uses just a single AV filter for single-user mutirate despreading. Our experimental results show that the proposed interference cancelling design has excellent performance in scalable video transmission over DS-CDMA systems that use a combination of multicode multirate and variable processing gain multirate CDMA. The proposed design takes advantage of the fact that single user's video data is transmitted using two spreading codes, one for the base layer and one for the enhancement layers, and of the fact that these spreading codes can have different processing gains. The proposed interference cancelling design is compared with two conventional single-user multirate CDMA receiver configurations, however now we use an AV filter rather than a simple matched filter. We also propose a resource allocation algorithm for the optimal determination of source coding rate, channel coding rate and processing gain for each scalable layer, in order to minimize the expected distortion at the receiver.     

MUI-free receiver for a synchronous DS-CDMA system based on blockspreading in the presence of frequency-selective fading

We discuss a synchronous direct-sequence code division multiple-access (DS-CDMA) system based on block spreading in the presence of frequency-selective fading. Note that block spreading, which is also known as chip interleaving, refers to a spreading of a data block sequence, which is obtained by dividing a data symbol sequence into consecutive blocks. For such a system, we develop a simple new receiver that completely removes the multiuser interference (MUI) without using any channel information. The MUI-free operation is obtained by the use of a shift-orthogonal set of code sequences on which this receiver is based. Within the framework of the MUI-free receiver, we further present a subspace deterministic blind single-user channel estimation algorithm. As a benchmark for the MUI-free receiver and the corresponding subspace deterministic blind single-user channel estimation algorithm, we consider the linear multiuser equalizer and the corresponding subspace deterministic blind multiuser channel estimation algorithm developed by Liu and Xu (1996) for a standard synchronous DS-CDMA system in the presence of frequency-selective fading. We show that the complexity of the MUI-free receiver using the corresponding subspace deterministic blind single-user channel estimation algorithm is much smaller than the complexity of the linear multiuser equalizer using the corresponding subspace deterministic blind multiuser channel estimation algorithm. We further show that the performance of the MUI-free receiver is comparable with the performance of the linear multiuser equalizer. This is for the case in which the channels are known as well as for the case in which the channels are estimated with the corresponding subspace deterministic blind channel estimation algorithm     

CCS-FOSSIL and dual-channel system that increases channel capacity per dynamic power range

We design a forest with nodes that represent orthogonal variable spreading factor (OVSF) sequences of different lengths (spreading codes of different lengths that can be used for multi-rate DS-CDMA). In addition to the non-descendant OVSF property exhibited in well-known tree-structured generation of sequences [(F. Adachi, et al., 1997) and (E.H. Dinan and B. Jabbari, 1998)], the sequences represented by the nodes of our forest have useful properties that can be used to achieve multi-channel communication (with a sequence providing a channel) with a lower total peak-to-mean envelope power ratio (PMEPR). These OSVF sequences grouped by our forest structure also have properties that facilitate symbol-by-symbol adaptation of the symbol duration in multi-rate CDMA systems. For example, certain lineages in the forest have the property that any pair of code sequences in the same lineage are shift orthogonal to each other, with the unit shift length being that of the shorter sequence. We present the forest-structured generation of the sequences (spreading codes) and their properties.     

异步DS-CDMA系统扩频序列分析

在无法获得稳定的全网同步特殊情况下,异步DS-CDMA系统是一种维持通信网络畅通的有效途径。该文首先分析了异步DS-CDMA多用户系统下多用户干扰（MAI）产生机理以及对系统性能带来的影响,在仿真环境下建立了异步DS-CDMA多用户系统模型,然后对三种扩频序列的相关特性进行仿真分析。比较分析了不同接入时延误差和不同失步用户数两种情况下,系统使用不同扩频序列时在AWGN信道下的误码率特性。分析表明,混沌序列是更加满足异步DS-CDMA系统的扩频序列,论文结果对可靠通信系统研究具有参考价值。     

Performance of asynchronous DS-CDMA system with long and shortspreading codes

The effect of spreading code length on the BER performance of an asynchronous DS-CDMA system is studied by means of Monte Carlo simulation. The probability of the crosscorrelation value between segments of long sequences is also discussed. Results indicate that the system performance with very long codes is ~1 dB worse compared to that of short CDMA codes     

频率选择性衰落信道下DS-CDMA系统发射分集技术

本文研究多径频率选择性衰落信道下,DS-CDMA系统开环发射分集技术.提出了一种将线性多用户检测与发射分集相结合的新方法,该方法能在克服信道衰落的同时抑制多址干扰和码间串扰.针对两种不同的扩频码分配方式,本文分别给出了盲和半盲的信道估计和检测算法.仿真结果表明,本文所提方法的性能优于基于空时分组码的RAKE接收机,特别是存在远近效应时性能改善更大.     

Congestion control in cognitive radio networks with event-triggered sliding mode

The increasing demand for assorted services from extensive wireline and wireless users place a significant burden on the band-limited radio spectrum. To settle the demand, smart reuse and management of the spectrum are necessary. In this contribution, Cognitive Radio being an emerging technology provides a platform to share the same spectrum between Primary Users (licensed) and Secondary Users (unlicensed) for significant improvement in the spectrum efficiency. The coexistence of users for data communications in a band-limited channel calls for a robust congestion controller to maximize throughput. This work presents the design of a robust nonlinear congestion controller based on event-triggered sliding mode for Cognitive Radio Networks. The goal is to maintain desired Quality of Service of the network with optimum bandwidth and resource utilization. The controller has been designed on the notions of sliding mode, better known for its inherent robustness and disturbance rejection capabilities. An event-triggering scheme has been incorporated with the sliding mode for optimum utilization of the available resources. The signal is sampled and control is updated only when a predefined condition gets violated while ensuring acceptable closed-loop behavior of the system. The efficiency of the proposed controllers has been validated using simulations.     

Stochastic approach for channel selection in cognitive radio networks using optimization techniques

Telecommunication Systems - Secondary Users (SU) are guided by Cognitive Radio Device in identifying a channel licensed to Primary Users (PU) when it is free. Whenever PU arrives, SU shall vacate...     

低重分配概率的OVSF码重分配算法

在采用正交可变长扩频因子(OVSF)码作为信道化码的直接序列扩频码分多址系统中,提出用重分配概率作为重分配算法的一个新的评价指标,重分配概率越小,系统的计算复杂度越低。进而提出一种低重分配概率的、基于空码容量的重分配算法,在解决本次码阻塞的同时,兼顾对未来高数据速率的呼叫的支持能力,减少未来码阻塞发生。仿真证实,重分配概率比已有2种重分配算法都小。     

基于虚拟多用户模型的长码直扩信号伪码估计

针对长码直接序列扩频(DSSS)信号的伪随机码(PN)盲估计问题,提出了一种新的周期长码直接序列扩频信号(PLC DSSS)模型.该模型等同于虚拟多用户短码扩频DS - CDMA系统,采用DS- CDMA的谱范数来估计同步偏移,该算法不需要更多假定限制,利用相关函数二阶矩、特征值分解和模糊酉矩阵方法就可以完成伪码序列的...