酵母细胞催化4-氯-乙酰乙酸乙酯的不对称还原反应

研究了酵母细胞催化4-氯-乙酰乙酸乙酯还原为手性化合物4-氯-(S)-3-羟基丁酸乙酯反应的工艺条件,讨论反应条件对产物得率及对映体过量(e.e.值)的影响。将质量分数5%的酵母加入培养基中静置培养12h后,加入20%质量分数的蔗糖、2.5%质量分数的底物,在30℃、pH值7.2、200r/min振荡培养8h,最大产率和产物e.e.值分别可达91.7%和97.8%。而手性助剂L-谷氨酰胺和L-半胱氨酸并未对实验结果有明显影响。     

近平滑假丝酵母ATCC 7330对不同取代基乙酮类底物的催化效果

通过对接模拟和催化转化实验研究了近平滑假丝酵母ATCC 7330对10种不同取代基乙酮类底物的催化效果。结果表明:近平滑假丝酵母ATCC 7330整细胞催化对芳环取代乙酮类底物的光学选择性优于脂环取代乙酮类底物,对氨基苯乙酮的光学选择性最高,与模拟对接预测的结合能大小一致;从催化剂周转数来看,近平滑假丝酵母ATCC 7330整细胞对10种不同取代基乙酮类底物的催化能力大小依次为对氯苯乙酮=邻氯苯乙酮1-萘乙酮对氨基苯乙酮环戊基乙酮环己基乙酮邻氨基苯乙酮1-(1H-茚-4-基)乙酮苯乙酮环丙基乙酮,与对接模拟预测有一定差距。说明近平滑假丝酵母ATCC 7330整细胞的催化能力除了与结合能有关外,还与细胞的渗透性、反应溶剂等因素有关。     

近平滑假丝酵母ATCC7330中羰基还原酶双水相萃取工艺研究

研究了聚乙二醇(PEG)/硫酸铵[(NH_4)_2SO_4]双水相体系萃取近平滑假丝酵母ATCC 7330粗酶液中羰基还原酶的工艺,考察了无机盐种类、PEG分子量及其质量分数、(NH_4)_2SO_4质量分数、萃取温度、萃取时间等因素对羰基还原酶纯化倍数的影响。确定最优的双水相萃取条件为:(NH_4)_2SO_4质量分数15%、PEG1000质量分数19%、萃取温度16℃、萃取时间15 min,在此条件下,羰基还原酶的纯化倍数可达6倍。为近平滑假丝酵母ATCC 7330中羰基还原酶在手性化合物的绿色合成中的应用奠定了基础。     

水/有机溶剂两相体系微生物催化不对称还原制备(S)-4-氯-3-羟基丁酸乙酯

研究了水/有机溶剂两相体系中,出芽短梗霉SW0202细胞催化4-氯乙酰乙酸乙酯(COBE)不对称还原制备(S)-4-氯-3-羟基丁酸乙酯(CHBE)的过程.有机溶剂的选择表明邻苯二甲酸二丁酯为该反应最适有机溶剂,与单一水相体系相比,水/邻苯二甲酸二丁酯两相体系能明显改善反应效率.通过系统考察一些因素如相体积比、振摇速度、反应温度和pH等对反应速度、摩尔转化率和产物光学纯度的影响发现,这些因素对还原反应的初速度和摩尔转化率有较明显的影响,而对产物的光学纯度影响不明显.优化后的条件为:水与有机溶剂的相体积比1∶1,振摇速度180 r·min-1,温度30℃,pH 7.0.在该优化反应条件下,水/有机溶剂两相体系中出芽短梗霉SW0202细胞催化COBE生成(S)-CHBE不对称还原反应的最大摩尔转化率和产物的光学纯度分别达到了94.8%和97.9%e.e.,在用Na2CO3溶液控制水相pH 7.0条件下,有机相中的产物浓度积累达58.2 g·L-1.     

离子液体中酵母细胞催化的不对称还原反应

以咪唑类离子液体/水两相为反应体系,考察了咪唑类离子液体的不同咪唑环取代烷基链、离子液体与水相的体积比、反应温度、摇床转速和水相pH对酵母Candida Pseudotropicalis催化还原2'-氯-苯乙酮制备S-2'-氯-苯乙醇反应的影响。结果表明,随着离子液体咪唑环上取代烷基的增大,S-2'-氯-苯乙醇的收率呈下降趋势。以1-己基-3-甲基咪唑六氟磷酸盐/水两相为反应体系,在2'-氯-苯乙酮初始浓度为3 g/L,辅助底物葡萄糖浓度为50 g/L的条件下,较合适的反应条件为离子液体与水的体积比1:50,水相pH值6.8,反应温度30℃,摇床转速200 r/min,反应24 h,产物S-2'-氯-苯乙醇产率可达85.9%,ee值大于99.9%。酵母细胞催化剂的重复使用实验表明,随着使用次数增加,离子液体/水两相体系中酵母细胞的催化作用明显下降。     

生物催化不对称还原方法生产S-4-氯-3-羟基丁酸乙酯

通过筛选得到不对称还原4-氯乙酰乙酸乙酯(COBE)合成(S)-4-氯-3-羟基丁酸乙酯(S-CHBE)对映选择性好的微生物菌株出芽短梗霉菌(Aureobasidium pullulans)SW0202. 对其还原反应条件进行优化,得到最佳转化条件为：初始细胞浓度0.32 g/mL(以湿菌体计),底物浓度20 g/L,pH 7.0,温度30℃. 在此优化条件下,产物浓度达20.32 g/L,摩尔转化率为79.6%,产物对映体过量值e.e.为97.8%. 分批添加底物可显著减小底物的抑制作用.     

离子液体中酵母细胞不对称还原合成（R）-3-羟基丁酸乙酯

采用疏水性离子液体1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑六氟磷酸盐([BMIM]PF6)与缓冲液构成的两相体系,在其中进行了膜醭毕赤酵母(Pichia membranaefaciens Hansen)细胞催化乙酰乙酸乙酯(EOB)不对称还原,制备光学活性的(R)-3-羟基丁酸乙酯(R-EHB).系统地考察了一些因素,如离子液体浓度、缓冲液 pH、辅助底物种类和浓度、反应温度、底物浓度、菌体浓度和转化时间等对该反应的影响.结果表明,上述因素对反应的产率和产物光学纯度影响较大.较佳的生物还原反应条件为:[BMIM]PF6体积分数20 %,辅助底物为80 g·L-1葡萄糖,pH 7.8,反应温度30℃,底物乙酰乙酸乙酯浓度0.5 mol·L-1,菌体浓度280 g·L-1,转化18 h.在此优化条件下,反应产率达72.2 %,R-EHB对映体过量值为70.3 %.与单一水相体系和正己烷-缓冲液两相体系相比较,在[BMIM]PF6-缓冲液两相体系中进行EOB的生物不对称还原可有效减少底物抑制,提高反应效率.     

酵母细胞催化(S)-6-氯-5-羟基-3-羰基己酸叔丁酯的不对称还原

通过实验筛选出了对(S)-6-氯-5-羟基-3-羰基己酸叔丁酯具有较强还原能力的菌株。利用热预处理的方法提高了反应的立体选择性,并以稳定期的菌株为催化剂,考察菌龄、底物的加入量、菌体浓度、转化时间、转化温度和pH值对该反应的影响,得到较佳的反应条件是30℃,pH值6.0,底物浓度1 g/L,湿菌体浓度100 g/L,转化48 h。在此条件下进行反应,产物的收率和d.e.值可分别达到68.3%和95.1%。     

生物催化不对称还原制备(R)-2-羟基-4-苯基丁酸

以克隆表达的乳酸脱氢酶(D-LDH)为催化剂来还原前手性化合物2-羰基-4-苯基丁酸(OPBA),制备重要的手性中间体(R)-2-羟基-4-苯基丁酸(R-HPBA)。通过考察影响反应的各因素,确定了反应pH、初始底物浓度,酶加量及NAD+加量等参数。最后,以分批补料的方式进行产物制备,4 h内即可完全转化100 mmol/L底物。经验证,所得产物的构型完全正确,且e.e值>99.9%。     

树脂原位吸附促进高浓度底物不对称氧化还原合成（S）-苯基乙二醇

以近平滑假丝酵母(Candida parapsilosis)全细胞为催化剂,考察了添加吸附树脂对不对称氧化还原外消旋苯基乙二醇制备-(S)-苯基乙二醇(S-PED)的影响.通过树脂吸附性能考察,筛选出一种对底物有较快吸附速率和较大吸附量的树脂NKAⅡ,在反应体系中加入一定量NKAⅡ树脂,可以显著降低底物和产物对反应过程的抑制,提高反应的初始底物浓度.结合树脂对底物的吸附量和菌体反应的最适底物浓度,建立了树脂添加量随底物浓度变化的关系式,通过此公式添加树脂将溶液中底物产物总浓度控制在最适水平,从而实现高初始浓度底物,快速度反应.在40g/L初始底物浓度转化体系中加入0.74g树脂,平衡2h后,反应108h,产物S-PED的ee值和产率分别为98.1%和88.5%,产物浓度达到35.4 g/L.     

重组短链脱氢酶LcSDR催化(R)-1-苯基乙醇不对称合成的工艺开发

采用基因挖掘技术从Lactobacillus composti基因组中筛选到一条编码短链脱氢酶(LcSDR)的序列,该LcSDR能不对称还原苯乙酮(1a)合成(R)-1-苯基乙醇[(R)-1b]。构建了Lc SDR和葡萄糖脱氢酶(EsGDH)双酶偶联催化合成体系,优化了Lc SDR不对称还原1a合成(R)-1b的催化工艺参数。在较佳催化条件下,50 g/L1a转化反应2 h,产物(R)-1b得率93.8%,产物对映体过量值(eep)高于99%,该手性生物合成催化过程的时空产率达到562.8 g/(L·d)。     

Internal Alkene Hydroaminations Catalyzed by Zirconium(IV) Complexes and Asymmetric Alkene Hydroaminations Catalyzed by Yttrium(III) Complexes

The thiophosphinic amide 2 was prepared in 68 % yield by the reaction of 2,2‐dimethyl‐1,3‐propanediamine with diisopropylchlorophosphine followed by the addition of sulfur. Attachment of the proligand 2 to zirconium was achieved by direct metalation with Zr(NMe₂)₄ in benzene‐d₆ or toluene‐d₈ to afford complex 3 via elimination of dimethylamine. The neutral Zr(IV) complex 3 has been shown to be an effective precatalyst for intramolecular alkene hydroaminations that provide cyclic amines in good to excellent yields. A variety of chiral ligands ( 20 , 22 , 24 , and 25 – 30 ) were prepared for asymmetric internal alkene hydroaminations. Metalation of chiral ligands to yttrium was accomplished with Y[N(TMS)₂]₃ in benzene‐d₆ or toluene‐d₈ to give complexes. Treatment of 7 with 5 mol % of 33 in benzene‐d₆ (25 °C, 18 h) or toluene‐d₈ (25 °C, 15 h) afforded 2,4,4‐trimethylpyrrolidine 14 in 95 % yield (61 % ee).     

Asymmetric Borane Reduction of Prochiral Ketones Catalyzed by α,α-Disubstituted Aziridinemethanols

A series of novel α,α-disubstituted aziridinemethanols have been developed for the enantioselective reduction of ketones in refluxing tetrahydrofuran. The optically active secondary alcohol products were obtained in good enantiomeric excess (~96.8%) and excellent yields. The results showed that the substituent groups on the hydroxyl-bearing carbon of aziridinemethanols obviously affected the enantioselectivity.     

酵母细胞不对称还原4-氯苯乙酮合成相应手性醇

以4-氯苯乙酮(C l-ACP)为苯环上含卤素的芳香酮的模型底物,研究了活性酵母细胞在水相体系中催化该类芳香酮不对称还原合成相应手性醇的反应特性。结果表明,酵母细胞可催化C l-ACP的不对称还原反应,产物为S-型的4-氯-α-苯乙醇(C l-PEA),反应的立体选择性很高,S-C l-PEA的e.e.值可达到99%左右。较合适的反应条件为:反应60 h,底物浓度低于20 mmol/L,体系的pH为6~8,温度为30℃左右,酵母细胞用量为20 g/L左右,以质量浓度为20 g/L的葡萄糖为辅助底物。产物得率可达到33%。同时发现酵母细胞可以选择性地氧化外消旋C l-PEA中的S-型醇为C l-ACP。     

Asymmetric Hydrosilylation of Prochiral Ketones Catalyzed by Nanocrystalline Copper(II) Oxide

Asymmetric hydrosilylation of aryl alkyl ketones to afford chiral secondary alcohols with good yields and excellent enantioselectivity is realized by using nanocrystalline copper(II) oxide and BINAP in the presence of organosilanes as the stoichiometric reducing agents.     

An Enantioselective Cascade Cyclopropanation Reaction Catalyzed by Rhodium(I): Asymmetric Synthesis of Vinylcyclopropanes

N‐Tosylhydrazone‐yne‐ene substrates are satisfactorily prepared and their cyclization under rhodium catalysis is evaluated. A cascade process involving rhodium vinyl carbene formation – through carbene/alkyne metathesis – and cyclopropanation has been developed to stereoselectively afford vinylcyclopropanes.

     

Asymmetric Reduction of (R)-Carvone through a Thermostable and Organic-Solvent-Tolerant Ene-Reductase

Ene-reductases allow regio- and stereoselective reduction of activated C=C double bonds at the expense of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide cofactors [NAD(P)H]. Biological NAD(P)H can be replaced by synthetic mimics to facilitate enzyme screening and process optimization. The ene-reductase FOYE-1, originating from an acidophilic iron oxidizer, has been described as a promising candidate and is now being explored for applied biocatalysis. Biological and synthetic nicotinamide cofactors were evaluated to fuel FOYE-1 to produce valuable compounds. A maximum activity of (319.7±3.2) U mg⁻¹ with NADPH or of (206.7±3.4) U mg⁻¹ with 1-benzyl-1,4-dihydronicotinamide (BNAH) for the reduction of N-methylmaleimide was observed at 30 °C. Notably, BNAH was found to be a promising reductant but exhibits poor solubility in water. Different organic solvents were therefore assayed: FOYE-1 showed excellent performance in most systems with up to 20 vol% solvent and at temperatures up to 40 °C. Purification and application strategies were evaluated on a small scale to optimize the process. Finally, a 200 mL biotransformation of 750 mg (R)-carvone afforded 495 mg of (2R,5R)-dihydrocarvone (>95 % ee), demonstrating the simplicity of handling and application of FOYE-1.     

Asymmetric Cyanoethoxycarbonylation of Aldehydes Catalyzed by Heterobimetallic Aluminum Lithium Bis(binaphthoxide) and Cinchonine

Highly efficient catalytic asymmetric cyanoethoxycarbonylation of aldehydes was achieved by 10 mol % cinchonine with 10 mol % heterometallic (S)‐aluminum lithium bis(binaphthoxide), which gave the cyanohydrins ethyl carbonates in excellent isolated yields (up to 99 %) with moderate to high enantioselectivities (up to 95 % ee) under mild conditions (at −20 °C). Especially, the solid aluminum lithium bis(binaphthoxide) free of tetrahydrofuran was obtained by a new procedure using (S)‐bi(2‐naphthol), aluminum isopropoxide and n‐butyllithium in dichloromethane, which was insensitive to air and moisture and was very convenient to store and use. A catalytic cycle based on experimental phenomena was proposed to explain the nature of the asymmetric induction.