Influences of Injection Barrier and Mobility on Recombination Rate and Zone in OLEDs

The luminous efficiency of organic light-emitting devices depends on the recombination probability of electrons injected at the cathode and holes at the anode. A theoretical model to calculate the distribution of current densities and the recombination rate in organic single layer devices is presented taking into account the charge injection process at each electrode, charge transport and recombination in organic layer. The calculated results indicate that efficient single-layer devices are possible by adjusting the barrier heights at two electrodes and the carrier mobilities. Lowering the barrier heights can improve the electroluminescent（EL） efficiency pronouncedly in many cases, and efficient devices are still possible using an ohmic contact to inject the low mobility carrier, and a contact limited contact to inject the high mobility carrier. All in all, high EL efficiency needs to consider sufficient recombination, enough injected carriers and well transport.     

Study on energy threshold and spectral characteristics with spot radius based on LIBS technology

The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between the laser-induced optical breakdown energy threshold and the spectral signal changes with the spot radius. First of all, using the avalanche breakdown threshold theory calculates the threshold avalanche ionization rate ηc. Combining with the theory of light intensity distribution and the relationship between pulse energy and peak power, numerical calculations have obtained the law of change of spot radius and threshold laser energy. Secondly, the variation of the spectral signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) with the laser energy is measured according the experimental measurement, and the threshold laser energy required for optical breakdown at different spot radius is obtained. The theoretical threshold model of the relationship between the threshold laser energy and the quadratic function of the spot radius obtained by numerical calculation is verified, and it is revised, the results show that the relative error between the revised theoretical threshold model and the experimental threshold model is less than 5.3%. At last, the influence of the spot radius on the spectral signal and electron density is also analyzed, it is found that both the spectral intensity and the electron density have a maximum at the spot radius of 11 μm. The results show that it is necessary to find the best spot radius during the laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) experiment. This provides a reliable theoretical basis and experimental reference for further study of the influence of spot radius on LIBS technology measurement.     

Effect of modifying a Bi nanolayer on the charge transport in Sb-<Emphasis Type="Italic">n</Emphasis>-Si-Bi-Ge<Subscript>33</Subscript>As<Subscript>12</Subscript>Se<Subscript>55</Subscript>-Sb heterostructures

The current-voltage characteristics of the Sb-n-Si-Ge₃₃As₁₂Se₅₅-Sb and Sb-n-Si-Bi-Ge₃₃As₁₂Se₅₅-Sb heterostructures are studied. It is found that the presence of bismuth atoms in the transition region causes the current through the structure to increase. The width of the space-charge region and, correspondingly, the extent of penetration of the contact field into the p-type region are in the range from 0.2 to 0.5 μm. The introduction of a modifying bismuth layer also leads to radical changes in the current-voltage characteristic, which indicates that the mechanism of the charge-carrier transport in the structure is changed. The introduction of the Bi nanolayer leads to the transformation of an abrupt heterojunction into a gradient heterojunction. A soft breakdown is not observed in the structures with the modified transition layer. The soft breakdown is observed at a reverse bias; the cutoff voltage of ∼0.62 V corresponds to the barrier height of 0.65 eV for electrons. __________ Translated from Fizika i Tekhnika Poluprovodnikov, Vol. 38, No. 11, 2004, pp. 1339–1342. Original Russian Text Copyright ? 2004 by Kondrat, Popovich, Dovgoshej.     

Si/SiC-based DD hetero-structure IMPATTs as MM-wave power-source: a generalized large-signal analysis

A full-scale, self-consistent, non-linear, large-signal model of double-drift hetero-structure IMPATT diode with general doping profile is derived. This newly developed model, for the first time, has been used to analyze the large-signal characteristics of hexagonal SiC-based double-drift IMPATT diode. Considering the fabrication feasibility, the authors have studied the large-signal characteristics of Si/SiC-based hetero-structure devices. Under small-voltage modulation (～ 2%, i.e. small-signal conditions) results are in good agreement with calculations done using a linearised small-signal model. The large-signal values of the diode's negative conductance (5 × 10⁶S/m²), susceptance (10.4 × 10⁷ S/m^2}), average breakdown voltage (207.6 V), and power generating efficiency (15%, RF power: 25.0 W at 94 GHz) are obtained as a function of oscillation amplitude (50% of DC breakdown voltage) for a fixed average current density. The large-signal calculations exhibit power and efficiency saturation for large-signal (> 50%) voltage modulation and thereafter decrease gradually with further increasing voltage-modulation. This generalized large-signal formulation is applicable for all types of IMPATT structures with distributed and narrow avalanche zones. The simulator is made more realistic by incorporating the space-charge effects, realistic field and temperature dependent material parameters in Si and SiC. The electric field snap-shots and the large-signal impedance and admittance of the diode with current excitation are expressed in closed loop form. This study will act as a guide for researchers to fabricate a high-power Si/SiC-based IMPATT for possible application in high-power MM-wave communication systems.     

Few-mode vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers for space-division multiplexing

In order to choose the proper radius of oxide aperture for few-mode vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs), the influences of oxide aperture size on the multi-transverse-mode behaviors are investigated in detail. By establishing the effective refractive index model to simulate VCSELs with different radii of oxide apertures, the wavelength and corresponding order of different modes are obtained. VCSELs with three kinds of oxide apertures are manufactured. Then the multi-transverse-mode spectra and near-field are measured. It is found that when the radius is between 1.5 and 4.5 μm, few-mode VCSELs can be implemented. The 2.5 μm VCSEL manufactured in this paper only emits LP01 mode and LP21 mode. Since the space distance between the two modes is 2 μm, it is expected to realize direct-modulation few-mode VCSELs by channel etching or ion implantation between the two modes.     

High voltage SOI LDMOS with a compound buried layer

An SOI LDMOS with a compound buried layer (CBL) was proposed. The CBL consists of an upper buried oxide layer (UBOX) with a Si window and two oxide steps, a polysilicon layer and a lower buried oxide layer (LBOX). In the blocking state, the electric field strengths in the UBOX and LBOX are increased from 88 V/μm of the buried oxide (BOX) in a conventional SOI (C-SOI) LDMOS to 163 V/μm and 460 V/μm by the holes located on the top interfaces of the UBOX and LBOX, respectively. Compared with the C-SOI LDMOS, the CBL LDMOS increases the breakdown voltage from 477 to 847 V, and lowers the maximal temperature by 6 K.     

Extraction of the Defect Density of States in Microcrystalline Silicon from Experimental Results and Simulation Studies

The constant photocurrent method in the ac-mode (ac-CPM) is used to determine the defect density of states (DOS) in hydrogenated microcrystalline silicon (μc-Si:H) prepared by very high frequency plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (VHF-PECVD). The absorption coefficient spectrum (ac-α (hν)), is measured under ac-CPM conditions at 60 Hz. The measured ac-α (hν) is converted by the CPM spectroscopy into a DOS distribution covering a portion in the lower energy range of occupied states. We have found that the density of valence band-tail states falls exponentially towards the gap with a typical band-tail width of 63 meV. Independently, computer simulations of the ac-CPM are developed using a DOS model that is consistent with the measured ac-α (hν) in the present work and a previously measured transient photocurrent (TPC) for the same material. The DOS distribution model suggested by the measurements in the lower and in the upper part of the energy-gap, as well as by the numerical modelling in the middle part of the energy-gap, coincide reasonably well with the real DOS distribution in hydrogenated microcrystalline silicon because the computed ac-α (hν) is found to agree satisfactorily with the measured ac-α (hν).     

High-resolution 1 MS/s sub-2 radix split-capacitor SAR ADC

This paper proposes a high-resolution successive-approximation register (SAR) analog-to-digital converter (ADC) with sub-2 radix split-capacitor array architecture. The built-in redundancy of sub-2 radix architecture provides additional information in the digital calibration based on offset double injection. The calibration method is simple in structure and fast in convergence. The correction of errors in each bit is independent of those in the previous bit. A split-capacitor array is used to reduce the total capacitance especially in a high-resolution SAR ADC. An offset signal is injected by the switching scheme of capacitor array to minimize the hardware overhead. The prototype of 0.18 μm CMOS process obtains 14.46 bit ENOB and 95.65 dB SFDR after calibration. With calibration, the INL and DNL are -0.813/0.938 and -0.625/0.688, respectively.     

A high-efficiency low-voltage class-E PA for IoT applications in sub-1 GHz frequency range

We present and propose a complete and iterative integrated-circuit and electro-magnetic (EM) co-design methodology and procedure for a low-voltage sub-1 GHz class-E PA. The presented class-E PA consists of the on-chip power transistor, the on-chip gate driving circuits, the off-chip tunable LC load network and the off-chip LC ladder low pass filter. The design methodology includes an explicit design equation based circuit components values'' analysis and numerical derivation, output power targeted transistor size and low pass filter design, and power efficiency oriented design optimization. The proposed design procedure includes the power efficiency oriented LC network tuning, the detailed circuit/EM co-simulation plan on integrated circuit level, package level and PCB level to ensure an accurate simulation to measurement match and first pass design success. The proposed PA is targeted to achieve more than 15 dBm output power delivery and 40% power efficiency at 433 MHz frequency band with 1.5 V low voltage supply. The LC load network is designed to be off-chip for the purpose of easy tuning and optimization. The same circuit can be extended to all sub-1 GHz applications with the same tuning and optimization on the load network at different frequencies. The amplifier is implemented in 0.13 μm CMOS technology with a core area occupation of 400 μm by 300 μm. Measurement results showed that it provided power delivery of 16.42 dBm at antenna with efficiency of 40.6%. A harmonics suppression of 44 dBc is achieved, making it suitable for massive deployment of IoT devices.     

近红外光谱技术在水果品质无损检测中应用的研究与现状

简单概述了我国水果产业的发展现状,着重阐述了国内外利用近红外光谱技术进行水果品质无损检测的最新研究进展,分析了当今研究中存在的问题,并对利用近红外光谱技术进行水果检测的前景进行了展望,提出了一些建议。     

星载差分吸收光谱仪转动部件测试系统设计

基于星载差分吸收光谱仪转动部件控制需求,设计了星载光谱仪转动部件的测试系统。采用微动开关复位加定步的电机运动方式实现电机的精确定位。采用脉冲调制（PWM）的方式实现驱动电流的精细调节。并搭建平台对系统进行重复性测试,实验结果表明,测试系统具有较高的可靠性和稳定性,能够满足光谱仪的精确定位要求,使电机在工作寿命内按计划完成定标工作。     

“计算机组成原理”设计性实践教学模式研究

本文阐述了"计算机组成原理"设计性实验教学的重要性,对设计性实验教学的目的和基本特征进行了归纳,对"计算机组成原理"设计性实验教学的现状进行了调查,对存在的问题进行了较深入的分析;在此基础上.对组成原理设计性实验的教学模式进行了研究,对设计性实验的体系进行了初步设计,并对"计算机组成原理"设计性实验的实施方法进行了探讨.     

杂质吸收对光子晶体滤波器设计的影响

为了研究杂质的吸收对光子晶体滤波器设计的影响,引入复折射率并利用特征矩阵法,计算了滤波透射峰的峰值和半峰全宽。滤波透射峰的峰值随杂质的消光系数增加而迅速减小,滤波通道透射峰的半峰全宽随消光系数增加而增大,滤波透射峰的峰值和半峰全宽都随吸收杂质的光学厚度的增加而减小。结果表明,设计光子晶体滤波器时,必须考虑杂质吸收这一重要因素,应选择消光系数小于0.002的掺杂材料,并且杂质的光学厚度应设计在2(λ0/4)左右。     

电子技术基础实验课程混合式教学设计

近年来,在线学习掀起了一场席卷全球的教育革命,MOOC/SPOC、翻转课堂、混合式教学对高等教育带来了前所未有的冲击。电子技术基础实验课程地位特殊,传统教学方式已无法满足创新性人才培养的需要,文章从其教学特点出发,提出了“线上教学+自主实验+翻转课堂”的混合式教学模式,同时还阐述了与此密切相关的集约化线上教学资源平台、智能化翻转教学环境以及多元化过程性考核评价机制三个重要环节。经研究发现,学生的课堂主动参与度、自主学习能力、创新思维能力、动手实践能力以及教师的教学创造力得到全面提升。教学环境支持课堂互动和全周期教学行为数据采集,体现了教学过程的信息化、教学实施的精准化和教学评价的客观化,实现了信息技术与实验教学的深度融合。     

非同相口径场瞬态辐射的计算

利用电磁脉冲的口径瞬态辐射场计算公式,针对圆形口径的线性相移、平方律相移等非同相口径场情况,计算了辐射高斯脉冲时的能量方向图、半能量波瓣宽度、面积利用系数等参数.计算表明,对于圆形口径非同相口径场,最大辐射场的方向为口径面法线方向,同时能量方向图关于口径面法线方向对称;随着口径的增大,波瓣变窄,无副瓣;随着平方律相移的滞后参数的增加,波瓣变宽,主瓣不分裂.     

Sn-Zn-Ag系无铅钎料焊接性能研究

讨论了电子软钎料的钎焊性能及其影响因素，并采用铺张面积法对Sn-Zn-Ag系钎料钎焊性能进行评估。钎料的钎焊性能很大程度上取决于钎料对基板的润湿性能，而润湿性能与液态钎料在基板上的液、固、气三相界面的界面张力有关。对润湿角(θ)与铺展面积(S)之间的关系进行了探讨。     

两种自适应杂波抑制技术的比较：AMTI及ADPCA技术性能的分析和比较

本文在讨论机载雷达地面杂波回波的基础上，分析了ＡＭＴＩ和ＡＤＰＣＡ系统的性能。对这两个系统从原理上，并利用计算机模拟结果及实验结果进行了比较。本文将有助于工程实现。     

一种新型应答机数字化终端的实现

本文介绍了一种用数字信号处理器（DSP）及现场可编程门阵列（FPGA）实现脉冲应答测距和指令数据接收双重功能的数字化终端。     

凋亡神经元线粒体超微结构的形态计量学分析

目的:观察并分析人大脑皮层凋亡神经元线粒体超微结构的形态计量学变化.方法:取21例脑外科手术患者的额叶大脑皮质超薄切片中的正常神经元和凋亡神经元的电镜照片各80张,分为对照组与凋亡组.采用形态计量学方法对两组神经元的细胞体、细胞核、线粒体及细胞质基质灰度进行分析.结果:与正常神经元相比,凋亡神经元线粒体的体密度、面密度、数密度、比膜面明显增大(P＜0.01),比表面无明显改变(P＞0.05),线粒体基质与细胞质基质灰度之差明显增大(P＜0.01).结论:凋亡神经元线粒体未发生明显肿胀或增生,但其内膜和嵴的面积明显增加,基质密度降低.