白酒糟双床解耦燃烧模拟实验研究

采用实验与Aspen Plus模拟相结合的方法,以白酒糟作为富氮高含水生物质残渣的典型代表,研究了生物质残渣双床解耦燃烧的必要性与可行性. 结果表明,高水分白酒糟在普通流化床中存在点火时间长、燃烧稳定性差及NO浓度排放高(>800 mg/m3)的缺点,而采用双床解耦燃烧可减少点火时间,提高燃烧稳定性并降低NO排放浓度50%以上. 模拟结果显示,55%含水率的白酒糟可在双床系统中实现自热燃烧. 以石英砂为床料,在500~900℃的流化床燃烧实验中证实了经工业发酵的纤维素更易燃烧,且未发现白酒糟灰的烧结现象.     

柠檬酸改性白酒糟对Cu、Cd、Cr和Pb的吸附特性研究

以柠檬酸改性白酒糟为吸附剂,考察了pH值、吸附剂投加量、反应时间、吸附质初始浓度等对水中Cu、Cd、Cr和Pb吸附性能的影响,探究了改性白酒糟的等温吸附及吸附动力学特性.结果表明,相对最优的实验条件为pH=4,吸附剂投加量4 g/L,反应时间3 h,吸附质初始浓度60 mg/L;改性白酒糟对Cu、Pb、Cd、Cr的吸附...     

微生物菌肥施用量对油菜种子发芽及幼苗生长的影响

通过盆栽实验揭示微生物菌肥施用量对油菜种子发芽及幼苗生长的影响,探寻土壤中适合油菜种子发芽和幼苗生长的微生物菌肥的最佳施用量。结果表明:土壤中微生物菌肥施用量≤8.53%时,对油菜种子发芽无显著影响;当施用量为10.00%时,则会显著抑制油菜种子发芽,相对发芽率降低到61.8%。微生物菌肥施用量为0.53%～4.27%时,会显著促进油菜生长,油菜株高、根长和生物量分别增加2.4%～9.6%、15.9%～30.1%、1.4%～15.3%,其中施用量为2.13%时,油菜各项生理指标均最大。总体来看,对油菜的育苗或种植而言,微生物菌肥的最佳施用量为2.13%。     

柠檬酸改性白酒糟对Cu、Cd、Cr和Pb的吸附特性研究

以柠檬酸改性白酒糟为吸附剂,考察了pH值、吸附剂投加量、反应时间、吸附质初始浓度等对水中Cu、Cd、Cr和Pb吸附性能的影响,探究了改性白酒糟的等温吸附及吸附动力学特性。结果表明,相对最优的实验条件为pH=4,吸附剂投加量4 g/L,反应时间3 h,吸附质初始浓度60 mg/L;改性白酒糟对Cu、Pb、Cd、Cr的吸附过程更符合准二级动力学方程和Langmuir等温线方程,计算得到理论最大吸附量为Cu 11.19 mg/g, Cd 7.49 mg/g, Cr 5.63 mg/g, Pb 9.36 mg/g。     

腐植酸肥料对茶园土壤改良的应用效果

通过对湖南湘丰茶业(集团)有限公司飞跃基地茶园的试验,研究腐植酸肥料对茶园土壤改良的效果。试验结果表明,施用腐植酸肥料后,能明显提高土壤有机质含量、养分含量及pH值,同时降低重金属含量。与对照相比,施腐植酸肥料地块w(有机质)提高145%以上;土壤养分均有不同程度提高,w(速效磷)提升最为显著,提高65.69%～152.96%;pH有不同程度的提高,最高提升8.10%;重金属含量均降低。     

山西某煤矿脱水污泥及矿区固废制备土壤调节剂的试验研究

将矿区脱水生活污泥与煤矸石、粉煤灰和矿区土壤按不同质量比复配,并以黑麦草为供试植物进行盆栽试验,分析种植前后复合基质的pH值、营养成分及供试植物生长情况的变化,研究脱水污泥与煤系固体废物制备土壤调节剂的可行性;结果表明:土壤中添加脱水污泥、煤矸石与粉煤灰混合物均不同程度地改善了土壤养分含量,满足植物生长需要;污泥、粉煤灰、煤矸石与土壤配比为5%∶20%∶15%∶60%,对土壤调节效果最好。     

石油污染土壤对植物种子发芽的影响研究

通过观察不同植物接种高效石油降解菌I（芽孢杆菌属）在水模拟、无污染土壤以及不同石油污染浓度土壤条件下的生长情况,记录种子发芽数,就石油污染土壤对植物种子发芽的影响进行了研究。结果表明,培养15d后,I菌预浸泡能促进种子发芽;无污染土壤培养条件下,一直浇灌I菌,种子的发芽数相对未加菌组有所降低,说明无污染条件下一直浇灌I菌对植物种子发芽有抑制作用;不同石油污染浓度条件下,种子发芽数随污染浓度升高而降低,加菌组发芽数均高于未加菌组,表明污染条件下I菌能促进植物种子发芽。     

生物炭基肥在玉米上的应用效果

通过小区试验,研究普通复合肥和在此基础上添加不同种类生物炭对玉米生长和产量的影响。结果表明,施用添加生物炭的肥料,土壤pH提高了0.03～0.14,土壤w(有机质)、w(有效磷)和w(速效钾)分别增加了2.6%～11.9%、16.0%～126.6%、12.3%～22.4%;加入不同种类的生物炭,玉米产量提高幅度为4.61%～30.94%。肥料中加入生物炭既能改良土壤理化性质,又能提高作物产量。     

腐植酸肥料对生姜土壤磷酸酶活性及磷素吸收的影响

通过小区试验,研究了腐植酸肥料对生姜不同生育时期土壤磷酸酶活性、磷素吸收以及产量的影响.结果表明:与对照比较,施用腐植酸提高了土壤磷酸酶活性、土壤速效磷含量和植株对磷的吸收量,显著提高了根茎产量,增产22.1 5%.与施用无机养分处理比较,施用腐植酸肥料提高了土壤磷酸酶活性,尤其在生姜生长后期,土壤速效磷含量和植株的磷素吸收量都明显提高,显著提高了生姜产量.增产9.17%.     

施灰土壤的理化性质分析及作物增产机理探讨

利用南京第二热电厂湿排陈灰进行菜田土壤改良试验。试验结果表明 ,在本次施灰量范围内 ,蔬菜的产量与施灰量成正相关 ,增产效果明显。试验中测试了不同施灰量土样的粒度、容重、孔隙率、有机质、全P、全N、全K、速效K、pH值等理化参数 ,对蔬菜的增产机理作了深入的探讨。由于施用粉煤灰能降低土壤容重 ,提高土壤孔隙率 ,协调土壤的水、肥、气、热 ,调节土壤三相比 ,因而能为蔬菜生长创造良好的土壤环境     

Fluidized bed pyrolysis of distilled spirits lees for adapting to its circulating fluidized bed decoupling combustion

Distilled spirits Lees, rich in cellulose, water and N element, are difficult to burn efficiently and cleanly in grate chain stock boiler. The circulating fluidized bed decoupling combustion (CFBDC) was therefore proposed to burn the distilled spirits lees efficiently and with low-NOx emission. The pyrolysis behavior of the distilled spirits lees was investigated in a fluidized bed reactor for optimizing the pyrolysis conditions of the pyrolyzer in CFBDC. The results showed that the distilled spirits lees began to devolatize at 250 °C and at 350–450 °C the tar yield reached its maximum of about 16.3 wt.% (dry base). The chemical oxygen demand (COD) value of the condensed liquid reached its maximum of about 50,000 mg/L at 450 °C. With raising temperature the pyrolysis gas tended to contain more CO and H₂ and less CO₂. The functional groups H-O, aliphatic C-H, aromatic ring, C=O and C-O were all presented in the char generated at low-temperatures, while only the C-O group was identified for the char from the pyrolysis at 650 °C. The article suggested that the pyrolysis for the CFBDC was better around 500 °C so that certain volatiles could remain in the char to sustain stable combustion.     

流化床中燃烧高水高氮酒糟的NO排放特性

采用流化床反应器,研究富水蒸气条件下酒糟燃烧的NO排放特性。结果表明,增加过量空气系数和升高燃烧温度,NO排放浓度升高;对送入燃烧反应器的气体中添加水蒸气模拟高水分燃料燃烧有效地降低了酒糟燃烧的NO排放浓度及总排放量,且在适当条件下可减少NO排放约46%(质量)。酒糟灰分中的金属氧化物对NO的还原有催化作用,且随着温度的升高变强。在含H₂或CO的N₂气氛中,灰分对NO催化还原作用更明显。水蒸气本身对NO没有明显还原作用,说明水蒸气是通过与碳氢化合物反应生成还原性气体,如H₂和CO,从而在酒糟灰催化作用下强化NO的还原。     

高硅灰酒糟基粉状活性炭成型及性能

以粉状白酒糟物理活化炭为原料,以羧甲基纤维素(CMC)、煤焦油和酒糟活性炭灰分碱处理溶出液为粘结剂,研究了高含Si灰生物质粉末活性炭的成型方法. 结果表明,单独以CMC和煤焦油作为粘结剂,在4.0 MPa成型压力下所制成型活性炭的侧压强度达120 N/cm,但其碘吸附能力低于400 mg/g. 利用酒糟基活性炭灰碱处理溶出液,仅添加少量CMC成型的活性炭达到相同侧压强度,吸附能力达600 mg/g以上,明显高于仅添加CMC或煤焦油成型的活性炭,以及原活性炭粉. 对成型活性炭进行了红外光谱、XRD及SEM表征,分析了其粘结机理.     

不同控释氮比例的控释氮掺混肥氮素淋失特征研究

采用模拟灌溉和模拟降雨方法,研究不同控释氮比例的控释氮掺混肥在原状土柱土壤中养分的淋失特征。研究结果表明,控释氮掺混肥显著降低了土壤中铵态氮、硝态氮的淋失,增强了土壤pH值缓冲性,提高了后期土壤溶液电导率;控释氮占59％的控释掺混肥具有“前控后保”的特点,适于推广应用。     

海藻废渣有机肥肥效的研究

针对海藻工业废渣有机肥的性质,分别从小白菜种子萌发、促生长及抗盐碱三方面对有机肥的肥效进行研究。结果表明,在发芽率实验中,有机肥稀释1 000倍的小白菜发芽率和发芽势最好,在5‰的盐溶液中,稀释3 000倍效果最好。生长实验中,普通花园土中,海藻渣有机肥的最佳添加量为2‰,发芽率比对照组提高28.9%,盐碱土中,添加1‰海藻渣有机肥效果最好,明显改善小白菜生长情况,发芽率可达到对照组的3倍。     

粉煤灰控失肥的制备及其铵氮溶出特性的评价

将粉煤灰在850℃焙烧2～3 h,用2 mol·L-1盐酸在70℃、搅拌条件下对焙烧产物酸溶2～3 h,得到改性粉煤灰;将改性粉煤灰与氢氧化铝、碳酸钠按质量比为10 ∶ 1∶15混合,在850℃焙烧2～3 h,得到焙烧产物;将焙烧产物进行浸取、晶化、烘干等处理,然后添加一定比例的高分子聚合物,制得化肥控失剂;将控失剂与...     

腐植酸肥料在膜下滴灌水稻种植中的应用效果试验

在水稻生长的不同时期,分6次滴施5 kg/667 m~2和7 kg/667 m~2腐植酸肥料,研究其对水稻的根系发育、株高、分蘖数、叶绿素含量、净光合速率、理论产量及产量构成因素的影响。研究结果表明:7 kg/667 m~2施用量处理在株高、平均分蘖数、净光合速率等方面优于5 kg/667 m~2施用量处理,但5 kg/667 m~2施用量处理在根系发育、叶绿素含量、理论产量及产量构成因素等方面要优于7 kg/667 m~2施用量处理,且施用腐植酸肥料处理各指标均优于未施用腐植酸肥料的对照组。综合考虑肥料成本和经济效益,建议在推广水稻膜下滴灌种植时采用腐植酸肥料5 kg/667 m~2的施用量。     

Soil application of ash produced by low-temperature fluidized bed gasification: effects on soil nutrient dynamics and crop response

Recycling of residual products of bioenergy conversion processes is important for adding value to the technologies and as a potential beneficial soil fertility amendment. In this study, two different ash materials originating from low temperature circulating fluidized bed (LT-CFB) gasification of either wheat straw (SA) or residue fibers mainly from citrus peels (CP) were tested regarding their potential to be used as fertilizer on agricultural soils. A soil incubation study, a greenhouse experiment with barley and faba bean, and an accompanying outdoor experiment with maize were carried out to investigate the effects of the ashes on soil microbiological and chemical properties and on the response of the three crops. The ash treatments were compared with a control treatment that received only nitrogen, magnesium, and sulphur (CO) and a fully fertilized control (COPK). Soil microbial parameters were not significantly altered after ash application. SA was generally able to increase the levels of Olsen-P and of the ammonium acetate/acetic acid-extractable K in soil as well as to improve the yield of barley and maize, whereas faba bean did not react positively to ash amendment. CP did not show beneficial effects on soil nutrient levels or on crop biomass. We conclude from the results of this study, that??depending on the feedstock used??ashes from LT-CFB gasification of plant biomass can be used to replace mineral fertilizers if they are applied according to their nutrient content, the crop demand, and soil properties.     

Comparing the effectiveness of radish cover crop, oilseed rape volunteers and oilseed rape residues incorporation for reducing nitrate leaching

The soil water and N dynamics have been studied during two long fallow periods (between wheat or oilseed rape and a spring crop) in a field experiment in Châlons-en-Champagne (eastern France, 48°50 N, 2°15 E). The experiment involved frequent measurements of soil water, soil mineral N, dry matter and N uptake by cover crops. Water and N budgets were established using Ritchie's model for calculating evapotranspiration in cropped soils and a model (LIXIM) for calculating water drainage, N leaching and N mineralisation in bare soils. During the first autumn and winter, a radish cover crop (grown from September 1994 to January 1995) was compared to a bare soil. During the second period (July 1995 to April 1996), a comparison was carried out between (i) oilseed rape volunteers, (ii) bare soil with two types of oilseed rape residues incorporated into the soil (R0 and R270 residues) and (iii) bare soil without residues incorporation. R0 and R270 residues came from two preceding oilseed rape crops which received two rates of N fertilizer (0 and 270 kg N ha^-1).Soil mineral N content was markedly reduced by the presence of radish cover crop or oilseed rape volunteers during autumn. The calculated actual evapotranspiration (AET) did not differ much between treatments, meaning that the transpiration by the cover crop or volunteers was relatively low (100–150 L kg^-1 of dry matter). Consequently, nitrate leaching was reduced during the rest of the winter and spring as well as nitrate concentration in the percolating water: 45 vs. 91 mg NO₃ ^- L^-1 for radish cover crop and bare soil, respectively. The incorporation of oilseed rape residues to soil also exerted a beneficial but smaller action on reducing the nitrate content in the soil. This effect was due to extra N immobilisation which reached a maximum of about 20 kg N ha^-1 in mid-autumn for both types of residues. Nine months after the incorporation of the oilseed rape residues, and comparing to the control soil without residues incorporation, N rich residues induced a significant positive N net effect (+ 9 kg N ha^-1) corresponding to 10% of N added whereas for N poor residues no net effect was still obtained at the end of experiment (–3 kg N ha^-1, not significantly different from 0).To reduce nitrate leaching during long fallow periods, it is necessary to promote techniques leading to decrease mineral-N contents in the soil during autumn before the drainage period, such as (i) residue incorporation after harvest (without fertiliser-N) and (ii) allowing volunteers to grow or sowing a cover crop just after the harvest of the last main crop.