Transmitter diversity for OFDM systems and its impact on high-ratedata wireless networks

Transmitter diversity and down-link beamforming can be used in high-rate data wireless networks with orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) for capacity improvement. We compare the performance of delay, permutation and space-time coding transmitter diversity for high-rate packet data wireless networks using OFDM modulation. For these systems, relatively high block error rates, such as 10%, are acceptable assuming the use of effective automatic retransmission request (ARQ). As an alternative, we also consider using the same number of transmitter antennas for down-link beamforming as we consider for transmitter diversity. The investigation indicates that delay transmitter diversity with quaternary phase-shift keying (QPSK) modulation and adaptive antenna arrays provides a good quality of service (QoS) with low retransmission probability, while space-time coding transmitter diversity provides high peak data rates. Down-link beamforming together with adaptive antenna arrays, however, provides a higher capacity than transmitter diversity for typical mobile environments     

Clustered OFDM with channel estimation for high rate wireless data

Clustered OFDM can provide in-band diversity gain for wideband wireless communication systems. It is a promising technique for high rate packet data access over wideband mobile wireless channels. Due to the smaller size of each cluster for clustered OFDM than for classical (nonclustered) OFDM, edge effects can be very large. In this letter, we present new transforms for channel estimators in clustered OFDM systems. The new transforms are independent of the channel delay profiles and can effectively mitigate the edge effects. It is shown by computer simulation that the performance of clustered OFDM with the estimator using the new transforms is very close to the performance with the optimum estimator that is determined by the individual channel delay profile. Furthermore, clustered OFDM with the new estimator is almost as good as classical OFDM with transmit diversity     

Degree of polarization detection: a dual‐polarized antenna based spectrum sensing algorithm for cognitive radio

A new spectrum sensing algorithm‐degree of polarization (DoP) sensing algorithm is proposed in this paper. By exploiting a pair of dual‐polarized antenna at the receiver, DoP of the received vector signal is estimated and utilized to detect the presence of primary users based on the polarization characteristics of electromagnetic waves. The dual‐polarized narrowband and broadband systems are both considered for DoP detection. In theoretical analysis, we derive the probability of detection, the probability of false and detection threshold of the proposed algorithm. It is shown that our algorithm overcomes the noise uncertainty problem. Considering the polarization‐sensitive channel impairments, the impact of polarization mode dispersion on DoP detector is discussed. This method can be utilized for various signal detection applications without requiring the knowledge of signal, transmission channel, and noise power. In simulations based on wireless microphone signals, by applying polarization information signal carries, DoP achieves a better detection performance than arithmetic‐to‐geometric mean detector, the maximum‐to‐minimum ratio eigenvalue detector, and energy detector with noise uncertainty. The simulations based on digital video broadcasting‐terrestrial signals are also presented, which may show the detection performance of the proposed method may be affected by polarization mode dispersion. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

对角馈电的SIW单腔体双极化领结形缝隙天线

多极化天线能够有效利用电磁波的空间维度,使无线通信或雷达系统容量得到很大提高。从对角馈电的基片集成波导腔体的场分布出发,分析其传输模式。通过在腔体表面设置正交缝隙,可以实现两种相互垂直的极化方式。在分析正交矩形缝隙和领结形缝隙的尺寸对天线性能影响的基础上,获取了TE120模谐振频率的经验计算公式,从而设计了两种双极化天线并比较了两者的工作性能。测试和分析结果表明,双极化领结形缝隙天线具有更大的带宽和更小的缝隙尺寸,测试的工作带宽为200 MHz,天线增益为5.2 dBi,具有广阔的应用前景。     

An adaptive technique for transmit antenna diversity with feedback

Transmit antenna diversity (TAD) has been employed for third-generation wireless systems. We propose an adaptive technique for TAD with feedback. It is shown that the proposed adaptive technique can efficiently increase the number of transmit antennas without significantly increasing the feedback bit rate under ideal conditions. As a result, we can increase the number of transmit antennas and expect a performance improvement. Unfortunately, the proposed adaptive technique suffers from channel variation and error propagation due to feedback error. From this, the use of the adaptive technique shall be limited: it can be effective for indoor communications and for pedestrians with a reliable feedback channel     

高速无线数字传输MIMO-OFDM技术

MIMO(多输入多输出)-OFDM(正交频分复用)技术通过在OFDM传输系统中采用阵列天线实现空间分集,利用时间、频率和空间3种分集技术,使无线系统对噪声、干扰、多径的容限大大增加.在介绍MIMO-OFDM各种技术的基础上,给出其系统模型.MIMO-OFDM技术在提高无线链路的传输速率和可靠性方面具有巨大潜力,并会成为未来宽带无线领域的关键技术.     

MIMO-OFDM技术

多进多出(MIMO)系统在发射端和接收端分别设置多副发射天线和接收天线,采用MIMO技术可以提高信道容量和信道可靠性,降低误码率。正交频分复用(OFDM)是一种特殊的多载波传输方案,各子载波在整个符号周期上正交,各子载波信号频谱可以互相重叠,子载波正交复用技术大大减少了保护带宽,提高了频带利用率。MIMO-OFDM技术是OFDM与MIMO技术结合形成的一种新技术,该技术是在OFDM传输系统中采用阵列天线实现空间分集,提高了信号质量。MIMO-OFDM技术将成为下一代移动通信核心技术的解决方案。文中全面介绍了MIMO技术和OFDM技术及两者的结合,分析了实现MIMO-OFDM技术的关键,展望了发展前景。     

Integratable wide-band dual polarized antennas with rear field cancellation

Two variations of an integratable coplanar waveguide fed aperture stacked patch antenna are presented, which are capable of generating wideband dual polarized radiation. One of the antennas displays the desired characteristics for reducing polarization loss between an antenna remote unit (ARU) and mobile units at arbitrary angles. The other has a dual input structure and low cross-polarization useful for polarization diversity applications, or it can also produce circular polarization with the addition of a 90/spl deg/ hybrid. Back radiation concerns are addressed with the use of reflector patch elements. Results indicate that the rear directed radiation of the two slot coupled printed antennas mounted on small ground planes can be reduced across a wide bandwidth with the addition of a reflector element.     

Best antenna selection for coded SIMO–OFDM

Multiple receive antennas with optimal combining have been known to improve error performance over fading multipath channels by providing spatial diversity. This benefit is obtained at the cost of greatly increased system complexity due to the need for multiple RF chains and signal combiners. Best antenna selection is a technique that can provide multiple antenna gains with only a single RF chain and no combiners. Best antenna selection is complicated by frequency selectivity in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) as the signal at any one antenna may not be the best at all subcarriers. In this paper, we propose a novel technique for best antenna selection in coded OFDM. To simplify the receiver, we assume a block fading model for the underlying frequency selective channel. The best antenna will then determined based on coding theorems known for block fading channels. Our simulations show significant improvement in coded OFDM performance over existing techniques.     

基于极化二元阵雷达的空域虚拟极化滤波算法

极化滤波利用干扰信号和目标信号的极化状态差异,可有效抑制有源压制干扰,然而,现有极化雷达需要两路发射通道和接收通道,存在系统复杂、实现代价高等诸多困难。该文提出了一种新体制极化雷达模型极化二元阵雷达,该系统仅需一路发射通道和接收通道即可实现极化测量。基于极化二元阵天线的空域极化特性,建立了有源压制干扰、目标回波的接收信号模型,研究了抑制有源压制干扰的空域虚拟极化滤波算法,仿真实验结果表明:对于窄带噪声调频干扰,信干比(SIR)改善因子能达到20 dB以上。     

High-speed indoor wireless communications at 60 GHz with coded OFDM

A high-speed indoor wireless communication system using coded orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) and working at 60 GHz is proposed and analyzed. An actual propagation environment consisting of a medium sized research laboratory, characterized by means of a ray-tracing technique, is considered for the analysis. In this contest the paper investigates and discusses the effects of frequency diversity, antenna sectorization, OFDM clustering, and different block coding strategies. Moreover, to characterize the communication between stationary indoor terminals at millimeter waves, a new definition of coverage is introduced. In order to evaluate the performance of the coded system in the actual environment, a suitable semianalytical algorithm is defined and applied. In the results the feasibility of a coded OFDM system for 155 Mbit/s packet transmission is checked. It is shown that all the line-of-sight (LOS) positions and 70% of the no LOS points can be covered in the scenario considered with a transmitted power of 10 dBm     

新一代宽带无线局域网系统中的OFDM技术研究

无线局域网是一种高速的无线数据传输系统,其调制技术的选择非常关键。OFDM(正交频分复用)是一种无线环境下的高速传输技术,适合在多径传播和多普勒频移的无线移动信道中传输高速数据。他能有效地对抗多径效应,消除符号间干扰,对抗频率选择性衰落,而且信道利用率高。文中对OFDM技术在新一代宽带无线局域网无线接入系统中的应用进行了分析和研究。     

Narrow and wide band monopole antenna design using heterogeneous bidirectional recurrent neural network for LTE and UWB applications

The proposed antenna is a small wideband monopole with wideband circular polarization using heterogeneous bidirectional recurrent neural network for both narrow and wide band applications (NWB-MAD-HBRNN). The electromagnetic structure is designed, fabricated, and simulated with 1 mm thickness on FR4 substrate material along dielectric constant 4.3. The proposed antenna includes 4.3–8.85 GHz for ultrawideband applications; it contains reconfigurable narrow band for L-band 1.27 GHz, LTE, and ultrawideband applications. To enhance the antenna impedance bandwidth (BW) along axial ratio bandwidth (ARBW), a slit is etched at the antenna patch, a rectangular stub is inserted into the ground plane, and semicircular stub is added to the top of antenna feed line. The better agreement is observed in the measured and simulated gain performance of 4.8 dB for LTE band applications. The proposed NWB-MAD-HBRNN design provides 13.50%, 18.91%, and 22.58% higher bandwidth and 18.36%, 20.38%, and 27.58% lower return loss than the existing designs, such as bio-inspired wideband antenna for wireless applications based on perturbation technique (BWA-WA-PA), a compact circularly polarized modified printed monopole antenna for wireless applications (CCP-MPMA-WA), and new multiband monopole antenna for certain broadband wireless applications along wireless personal communications (PA-MMA-BWA), respectively.     

Performance improvement of fixed wireless access networks by conjunction of dual polarization and time domain radio resource allocation technique

This paper considers the impact of dual polarization adoption on the performance for a fixed wireless access (FWA) network. The major limiting factor of the performance in these systems is co‐channel interference (CCI) originating from intracell and intercell concurrent transmissions. The proposed framework combines an appropriate time domain radio resource allocation technique with a dual polarization pattern to mitigate CCI and enhance the obtained signal to interference plus noise ratio (SINR). Simulation results present the performance of the proposed framework against various terrain categories and sector antenna characteristics. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Polarization diversity measurements and analysis for antenna configurations at 1800 MHz

In wireless communication systems, multipath interference has a significant impact on system design and performance. Fast fading variations are caused by the coherent summation of multiple echoes from many reflection points reaching the receive antenna. Antenna diversity is one technique that can be used to overcome multipath fading. A test system used to measure the diversity performance of an antenna pair was used to experimentally determine the complex correlation coefficient between the two antenna branches. A local mean estimation algorithm based on the channel mean square error equalization was implemented. Thus, the two parameters that determine the expected diversity gain, i.e., the complex correlation coefficient and the mean level signal difference, were estimated. The test system was used to evaluate the polarization diversity performance of different antenna pairs in Rayleigh and Rician environments, both in the absence and in the presence of a human head phantom.     

具有谐波抑制功能的双极化缝隙天线

针对微波能量传输领域中接收天线与发射天线发生极化失配时,整流天线接收的能量会急剧下降的问题,设计了一款工作在2.45 GHz具有谐波抑制功能的双极化缝隙接收天线,该接收天线本身发生一定角度旋转时仍可通过双极化的特性接收能量。通过在贴片上开大小合适、结构对称的缝隙,实现天线水平极化和垂直极化;运用缺陷地结构,实现谐波抑制功能。仿真结果显示,在2.45 GHz处,天线的隔离度高于17.6 dB,增益3.9 dBi,阻抗匹配良好,在二次、三次谐波处天线的回波损耗为-0.38 dB和-0.96 dB,仿真结果和实测基本吻合。     

Performance analysis of diversely polarized antenna arrays

The performance of direction finding systems utilizing diversely polarized antenna arrays is investigated. The Cramer-Rao bound (CRB) is used to evaluate the accuracy of the estimated directions of arrival. The resolving power of the array is evaluated by analyzing the performance of a likelihood ratio detector designed to determine whether the signals observed by the array originate from a single source or from two closely spaced sources. Numerical examples and analysis of some special cases provide insights into the improvement in direction finding accuracy and in the resolving power of the array due to polarization diversity. The case of a signal in the presence of an interferer is studied in some detail. The CRB and the probability of detection are evaluated as functions of the spatial separation and the polarization difference between signal and interferer, signal-to-noise ratio, and signal-to-interference ratio. Performance comparisons are made between uniformly polarized and diversity polarized arrays. It is shown that improved direction finding performance can be obtained by using polarization diversity, with no increase in hardware complexity     

具有谐波抑制功能的多极化微带天线阵设计

本文提出了一种基于切换馈电网络的极化可重构微带天线阵。阵列单元采用正方形辐射贴片,利用微带线缝隙耦合进行馈电,通过在馈电结构中心加载短路柱,可获得宽带性能的同时,有效抑制偶次谐波。综合采用串联组阵和并联组阵技术,优化设计了一款2×2的天线阵列,将阵列端口分别与微带分支线耦合器及微带混合环相连,最终实现了水平和垂直线极化,左旋和右旋圆极化四种模式的切换。实验结果表明,所提出的天线在ISM频段2.4~2.5 GHz频率范围内获得了良好的匹配和多极化特性。该天线阵设计简单、易于操作,可潜在应用于无线通信系统中天线极化分集的场合。     

Maritime VHF communications with polarization diversity over a Rician channel

In this paper, we propose a polarization diversity scheme to enhance maritime VHF communications. Multiple antenna systems require an antenna separation of 5–10 wavelengths to keep the correlation coefficient below 0.7 to permit the realization of space diversity. However, this may be difficult to implement in a maritime VHF system, because the maritime VHF is working in the frequency range from 156 to 174 MHz, with wavelength of approximately 2 m. On the other hand, the polarization device technique allows two co‐located antennas by using a micro‐strip technique. For this reason, the polarization technique is a practical method of attaining diversity. However, the theoretical model of polarization is very difficult and complex. Therefore, we express the cross correlation of each polarization antenna and the cross polarization discrimination of multiple polarization antennas with a simple model. Simulations show that the polarization diversity of a maritime VHF system shows better BER performance than that of the conventional reception diversity on the basis of vertical antenna with the antenna separation of 10 wavelengths. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Exploiting Multipath Diversity in Multiple Antenna OFDM Systems With Spatially Correlated Channels

Multiple antennas are useful in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems for providing transmit and receive diversity to overcome fading. Typically, these designs require considerable separation between the antennas. Spatial correlation is introduced when antennas are not well separated, and it often leads to performance degradation in a flat fading environment. However, in frequency selective fading channels with rich multipath diversity, OFDM receivers can overcome this performance degradation due to antenna correlation. This is due to transformation of a highly spatially correlated channel impulse response to a less spatially correlated channel frequency response inherently by an OFDM system in the presence of rich multipath diversity. We illustrate this for a simple receive diversity OFDM system and hence introduce the concept of space sampling at the receiver where antennas are placed relatively close to each other. The minimum separation required between the antennas under such circumstances is derived analytically, and it is shown that even with a separation of only$0.44lambda$, the required spatial correlation in the channel frequency response becomes sufficiently low. Simulated performance results with such spacing for various multiple antenna OFDM systems corroborate the analytical results.