红彩真猎蝽对斜纹夜蛾幼虫捕食行为及室内扩散能力的研究

为掌握红彩真猎对斜纹夜蛾蝽捕食能力的强弱,采用培养皿和自制仪器装置目测观察,在室内条件下研究了红彩真猎蝽成虫和1~5龄若虫对斜纹夜蛾幼虫的捕食行为以及红彩真猎蝽1~5龄若虫及成虫的水平爬行能力和垂直攀爬能力。结果表明,成虫的取食时间随斜纹夜蛾幼虫龄期的增加而增加,4龄和5龄若虫的取食时间较其它龄期若虫的取食时间长。成虫的爬行时间随斜纹夜蛾幼虫龄期的增加而减少。随着红彩真猎蝽龄期的增加第一次刺入时间逐渐减少。随着红彩真猎蝽龄期的增加最长取食时间逐渐减少,取食量逐渐增多,红彩真猎蝽成虫和4-5龄高龄若虫的捕食能力最强。红彩真猎蝽5龄若虫及成虫的扩散能力很强,龄期越大室内扩散能力越强。这些研究结果对制定烟田释放红彩真猎蝽防治烟草害虫控制策略具有重要的理论意义。     

红彩瑞猎蝽与蠋蝽同类相残和集团内捕食作用分析

红彩瑞猎蝽和蠋蝽均为防治斜纹夜蛾的重要捕食性天敌,为明确两种捕食蝽不同虫态间的相互竞争关系,在室内条件下测定了红彩瑞猎蝽和蠋蝽种内同类相残和种间集团内捕食作用。结果显示,两种捕食蝽同类相残效应随着虫龄的增加而增加,红彩瑞猎蝽同类相残效应比蠋蝽更明显。两种捕食蝽在各个若虫和成虫时期均有集团内捕食现象,但卵极少被捕食。红彩瑞猎蝽各发育阶段的存活率均高于同样发育阶段的蠋蝽,尤其红彩瑞猎蝽1龄若虫存活率显著高于蠋蝽1龄若虫。提供猎物斜纹夜蛾时,红彩瑞猎蝽和蠋蝽各虫态的集团内捕食效应均明显降低。表明红彩瑞猎蝽为集团内捕食者,而蠋蝽为集团内猎物;两种捕食蝽组合应用于斜纹夜蛾的防治,捕食效果显著高于单一捕食蝽的效果。     

取食烟蚜和斜纹夜蛾的红彩真猎蝽实验种群生命表比较

为探讨烟田捕食性天敌红彩真猎蝽人工饲养的可行性,组建了以烟蚜和斜纹夜蛾为食物的红彩真猎蝽实验种群特定年龄生命表和繁殖特征生命表。其中幼期累计存活率分别为0.67和0.74,完成一个世代平均时间分别需要84.61d和81.01d,种群趋势指数分别为84.61d and 81.01d,净繁殖率分别为24.79和30.89d,内禀增长力分别为0.0379和0.0424,周限增值率分别为1.0386和1.0433,种群加倍时间分别为17.42d和15.19d。试验结果表明,取食烟蚜和斜纹夜蛾幼虫的红彩真猎蝽,均可以完成生活史,这两种猎物可以作为红彩真猎蝽天然人工饲料的选择。      

高温胁迫对红彩瑞猎蝽存活率及捕食作用的影响

为探明高温条件下红彩瑞猎蝽耐受能力及对斜纹夜蛾幼虫的控害潜能，在室内测定了红彩瑞猎蝽经不同高温胁迫48 h后的卵孵化率，5龄若虫羽化率，3、4、5龄若虫和雌、雄成虫存活率，评估了红彩瑞猎蝽不同虫态在高温条件下24 h内对斜纹夜蛾3龄幼虫的捕食能力。结果表明，高温胁迫对红彩瑞猎蝽各虫态的存活率、卵孵化率和羽化率有显著影响，经42℃处理48 h后红彩瑞猎蝽雌成虫和5龄若虫的存活率最高，达66.67%；红彩瑞猎蝽存活率、卵孵化率和羽化率在27～33℃时随温度升高而增加，在33℃后均随着温度升高而降低，36℃后存活率、卵孵化率和羽化率均下降明显。红彩瑞猎蝽各虫态在30～33℃范围对斜纹夜蛾的捕食量和捕食效能随温度升高而增大，在33～39℃范围，捕食量和捕食效能随温度升高而降低，红彩瑞猎蝽各虫态对斜纹夜蛾的捕食功能反应类型符合HollingⅡ型，随着猎物密度的增加，对猎物的搜寻效应逐渐减弱，个体间存在竞争和相互干扰作用。可见红彩瑞猎蝽对高温逆境有一定的耐受能力，其适宜生存的高温范围为33～36℃。     

环斑猛猎蝽对斜纹夜蛾低龄幼虫的捕食功能反应

为挖掘环斑猛猎蝽(Sphedanolestes impressicollis)对斜纹夜蛾(Spodoptera litura)的捕食潜力，在室内条件下研究了环斑猛猎蝽4龄若虫对斜纹夜蛾1龄、2龄和3龄幼虫的捕食功能、寻找效应、环斑猛猎蝽不同密度对捕食斜纹夜蛾的干扰效应以及捕食空间大小对环斑猛猎蝽捕食功能的影响。结果显示，4龄环斑猛猎蝽若虫对低龄斜纹夜蛾幼虫的捕食功能反应与Holling II模型相符，对1~3龄斜纹夜蛾幼虫的瞬时攻击率分别为0.979、0.999和0.164，处理时间分别为0.013、0.020和0.018 d，最大日捕食量分别为74.5、51.2和6.1头。4龄环斑猛猎蝽若虫的寻找效应与斜纹夜蛾低龄幼虫密度呈负相关，对斜纹夜蛾低龄幼虫的捕食作用率随自身密度的增加而下降。在捕食1龄斜纹夜蛾幼虫时，环斑猛猎蝽4龄若虫自身密度对其捕食能力干扰最大。因此4龄环斑猛猎蝽若虫对低龄斜纹夜蛾幼虫具有一定的捕食能力，可用于烟田斜纹夜蛾幼虫的绿色防控。      

红彩真猎蝽对烟蚜的捕食功能反应及寻找效应

为掌握红彩真猎蝽对烟田烟蚜的捕食控制潜能,研究了红彩真猎蝽各虫态对烟蚜的捕食作用、捕食者密度和猎物密度、空间异质性对功能反应的影响。结果表明:红彩真猎蝽各虫态对烟蚜的功能反应均为 Holling Ⅱ型。其中红彩真猎蝽雌成虫对烟蚜捕食量最大,其捕食模型为 Na=1.1153Nt/(1+0.0164Nt),理论最大日捕食量分别为 194.89头。红彩真猎蝽对烟蚜的捕食效应随着捕食者个体间干扰作用的增加而下降,捕食作用率(E)随着红彩真猎蝽密度增加呈幂函数下降曲线,空间异质性对红彩真猎蝽捕食作用有很大的影响,捕食者在捕食过程中,叶片数越多,捕食作用率越低。      

蠋蝽对斜纹夜蛾幼虫的捕食作用

为明确蠋蝽对斜纹夜蛾的捕食能力,在实验室条件下进行蠋蝽3~5龄若虫及成虫对斜纹夜蛾3龄幼虫的捕食能力测试,数据采用HollingⅡ功能反应模型进行拟合以明确其捕食潜能,利用Hassell模型拟合并测定了蠋蝽自身密度对斜纹夜蛾捕食作用的影响。结果表明,蠋蝽3~5龄若虫及成虫对斜纹夜蛾幼虫的捕食模型均符合HollingⅡ模型;蠋蝽3~5龄若虫和成虫瞬时攻击率顺序是3龄（1.873） > 雌成虫（1.329） > 4龄（1.187） > 5龄（1.125） > 雄成虫（0.828）;蠋蝽雌成虫的日最大捕食量最大,为13.699头。随着斜纹夜蛾3龄幼虫密度增大,蠋蝽的搜寻效应逐渐降低,雌成虫的搜寻效应明显大于其他虫态。随着天敌蠋蝽密度增大,干扰增强,平均捕食量随之降低。本研究显示出蠋蝽雌成虫对斜纹夜蛾具有较大的捕食潜能。     

烟盲蝽对斜纹夜蛾幼虫和烟蚜的捕食功能反应

在实验条件下,烟盲蝽对斜纹夜蛾１龄幼虫和低龄烟蚜的功能均属Ｈｏｌｌｉｎｇ－Ⅱ型（１９５９）,其中,烟盲蝽成虫对斜纹夜蛾１龄幼虫的捕食功能反应参数为：ａ＝０．７３３１,Ｔｈ＝０．０２５９ｄ.烟盲蝽成虫对低龄烟蚜的功能反应参数为：ａ＝０．３１４３,Ｔｈ＝０００６３ｄ;烟盲蝽高龄若虫对低龄烟蚜的功能反应参数为：ａ＝０．３０１２,Ｔｈ＝０．０２２２ｄｏ烟盲蝽成虫自身密度的干扰反应均符合Ｈａｓｓｅｌｌ－Ｖａｒｌｅｙ（１９６９）模型,它对斜纹夜蛾１龄幼虫的干扰反应满足Ｅ＝０．４０４１Ｐ(-５９６８),对低龄烟蚜的干扰反应可用Ｅ＝０．２４６９Ｐ(－０６０７９)来描述     

豫西烟田细毛蝽发生规律与防治途径探讨

针对豫西烟田细毛蝽发生危害逐年加重的实际,通过4年调查研究得出以下初步结论:细毛蝽在豫西烟田以一代成虫和二代若虫取食危害,为害高峰为6月中下旬至7月上旬;该虫发生危害与豫西烟田的温度、湿度、环境条件等关系密切;对细毛蝽应采取农业措施与药剂相结合的防治方法。     

不同品种烟草对斜纹夜蛾幼虫生长和营养利用效率的影响

  目的  探究不同品种烟草对斜纹夜蛾幼虫生长和营养利用效率的影响。  方法  随机选取了6个烟草品种,分别是野生种的长花烟草和八旦野生烟,地方品种的梁桥晒烟和双管晒烟,选育品种的湘烟5号和中烟100,测试斜纹夜蛾幼虫取食不同品种烟草后的生长发育和营养效应参数。  结果  不同品种烟草对斜纹夜蛾的末龄幼虫干重、发育历期、存活率及各项营养效应参数均有显著影响,其末龄幼虫干重、存活率、相对生长率、相对消耗率、近似消化率、食物利用率的高低依次为选育品种>地方品种>野生种;其发育历期的长短依次为野生种>地方品种>选育品种。  结论  野生种烟草相对地方和选育品种而言对斜纹夜蛾抗性更高。      

Optimizing a submerged Monascus cultivation for production of red pigment with bug damaged wheat using artificial neural networks

The combined effect of temperature, agitation speed, and light on red pigment production by Monascus purpureus (M. purpureus) Went DSM 1604 using bug damaged wheat was studied using an artificial neural network (ANN). Information retrieved from the ANN was used to determine the optimal operating conditions for pigment production by M. purpureus using bug damaged wheat meal. The developed ANN had R ² values for training, validation, and testing data sets of 0.993, 0.961, and 0.944, respectively. According to the model, the highest pigment production of 1.874 absorbance units at 510 nm (A_{510 nm}) would be achieved at 29°C and 150 rpm under light conditions. The mean value of the experimental results obtained under these optimum conditions was 1.787±0.072 A_{510 nm}, corresponding to a pigment yield of 35.740 A_{510 nm}/g. The study showed that bug damaged wheat can be used as a substrate for red pigment production by M. purpureus.     

Effects of suni-bug (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Eurygaster</Emphasis> spp.) damage on size distribution of durum wheat (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Triticum durum</Emphasis> L.) proteins

Wholemeal samples were obtained from five durum wheat cultivars at two different bug (Eurygaster spp.) damage levels (medium and high damage). The samples were incubated (60 and 120 min) and used in size exclusion high performance liquid chromatography (SE-HPLC) analyses. The results showed that the amount of larger polymeric protein (TP1) and smaller polymeric protein (TP2) obtained from total (sodium dodecyl sulfate soluble) proteins decreased significantly in the bug-damaged samples, while the amount of total larger monomeric proteins (TP3) increased. The polymeric/monomeric protein ratio of all cultivars decreased at 60 min of incubation with increasing damage level. For all cultivars, the ratio of unextractable polymeric protein (UPP%) significantly decreased at 60 min of incubation except cv. Diyarbakir. The results suggested that bug protease caused depolymerization and/or disaggregation of polymeric proteins to lower their average molecular size. The changes in protein structure as determined using SE-HPLC supported by the decreases in gluten content and gluten index values which decreased with suni-bug damage. Deteriorative effects of bug damage on durum wheat quality were found to be quite similar to those on bread wheats.     

Effect of wheat bug (Eurygaster integriceps) damage on quality of a wheat variety grown in Turkey

Wheat bug (Eurygaster integriceps) damaged samples of a bread wheat variety (Ankara 093/44) were investigated. The damaged kernels were separated and added back to the sound wheat in different proportions (1%, 3%, 5%, 7%, 9% and 15%). These damaged samples were compared with undamaged sample (Control). A significant reduction in physical properties of wheat and protein quality parameters such as sedimentation value, gluten content, farinograph peak time, stability time and mixing tolerance index; alveograph P, L and W values of damaged flour samples were observed due to the increasing damaged kernel proportions. Wheat samples which have more than 5% bug damaged kernels showed significantly low-quality properties. The highly bug-damaged kernel samples were not available for making good-quality bread. © 1998 SCI.     

Wheat-bug damage in New Zealand wheats. Development of a simple SDS-sedimentation test for bug damage

Lines of three varieties of New Zealand wheat (cv. Aotea, Oroua and Kopara) damaged by wheat-bug were investigated. Hydrolysis of gluten proteins was shown to be of the endo- rather than the exo-proteolytic type. Electrophoresis revealed that the bug protease had a high specificity for the high molecular weight (HMW) glutenin subunits. An autolytic assay method was developed based on the decrease in sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS)-sedimentation volume for bug-damaged flours when they were incubated in distilled water for 30 min at 37°C. This method was specific for bug damage and exhibited no interference from other grain defects such as heat damage, field sprouting and laboratory germination.     

Wheat-bug damage in New Zealand wheats: Some properties of a glutenin hydrolysing enzyme in bug-damaged wheat

Some properties of a glutenin hydrolysing enzyme present in bug (Nysius huttoni) damaged wheat (Triticum aestivum) were examined using a modified SDS sedimentation test reported previously. The enzyme appears to be a water-soluble alkaline protease with an activity optimum at pH 9.0. It is relatively heat stable, but the temperature optimum for activity is quite low (35–40°C). The enzyme is not inhibited by EDTA or N-ethylmaleimide, but is inhibited by the metal ions Co²⁺, Mn²⁺ and Fe²⁺.     

如何改善CH机的小盒透明纸包装质量

小盒透明纸包装质量是衡量烟包外观质量的重要指标。然而,小盒透明纸包装缺陷现象却是经常出现的。本文通过研究和分析,发现GD-X2机组中的CH透明纸包装机出现的一些包装质量问题,其产生的原因是机器的某些结构或部件存在设计缺陷。通过对这些结构或部件进行合理化改进,可改善和提高小盒透明纸包装质量。     

长沙烟区天敌昆虫物种多样性及其与主要害虫的消长动态

采用多点调查和集中监测的方法对长沙烟区烟田天敌昆虫物种多样性及其与主要害虫的消长规律进行了调查和研究。共记录烟田害虫天敌昆虫18种,优势种5种,包括异色瓢虫、龟纹瓢虫、七星瓢虫、隐翅虫和棉铃虫齿唇姬蜂;天敌物种个体数相对较少,对烟田主要害虫的控制能力较弱;烟田天敌昆虫物种多样性系数以每年的6月最大;烟蚜及其天敌发生规律呈滞后现象,而鳞翅目害虫与其天敌主要呈跟随现象。     

Amylase activities in insect (Aelia and Eurygaster)‐damaged wheat

The extent of modification of wheat amylase activities caused by Aelia and Eurygaster attack on wheat grain was determined in different Spanish cultivars subjected to varying degrees of attack. High variation in diastatic activity and α‐amylase and β‐amylase activities was found between cultivars, but no relationship could be established between these activities and bug damage within cultivars. Scanning electron micrographs of the cross‐section of damaged kemels showed an empty cavity under the bite point. The surrounding cell walls and protein matrix were absent, but the starch granules were intact. Since wheat damaged by Aelia and Eurygaster does not have altered amylase activities, it appears that amylolytic enzymes are not involved in the alteration of bug‐damaged wheat. © 2002 Society of Chemical Industry