Soaking Conditions Affect the Contents of Tocopherols,Tocotrienols, and γ-Oryzanol in Pigmented and Non-Pigmented Brown Rice

Tocopherols (Toc), tocotrienols (T3), and γ‐oryzanol (GO), important lipid antioxidants in rice, are known to possess various pharmacological properties. In this study, our aim was to examine the effects of soaking conditions on the extractable contents of Toc, T3, and GO in cooked pigmented (PBR) and non‐pigmented brown rice (non‐PBR). The results showed that Toc, T3, and GO concentrations in non‐PBR peaked after soaking at 25 °C for 120 min, whereas soaking conditions showed minimal effects on these compounds in PBR. In non‐PBR, high Toc, T3, and GO levels were also noted in the treatments at higher soaking temperatures (45 and 55 °C) with a shorter soaking time (less than 60 min). The GO level in both cultivars was at least ten times greater than the total vitamin E content. Vitamin E analogues having concentrations greater than 10 mg/kg in PBR and non‐PBR were γ‐Toc and γ‐T3, and α‐Toc and γ‐T3, respectively. This study concludes that presoaking and cooking processes can improve the extractable contents of Toc, T3, and GO in cooked PBR and non‐PBR, and the extraction yield of these bioactive compounds was significantly different between cultivars.     

Accelerated“Enclosure Movement”in Oil Refining

Qingdao Large Oil Refining thatcaught great attention of the publicat one time before has once againbecome a focus today.SINOPECQingdao Refining and Chemical Co.,Ltd.was established on Nov.182004.It shows that the execution ofthe project is speeding up.Accord-     

Comparison of the Impact of γ-Oryzanol and Corn Steryl Ferulates on the Polymerization of Soybean Oil During Frying

Corn steryl ferulates (CSF), oryzanol, a combination of equal amounts of CSF and oryzanol, and ferulic acid were added to refined, bleached, deodorized, soybean oil at a concentration of 8.1–8.4 μmol/g oil, which corresponded to 0.5% (w/w) for the steryl ferulates. The rate of polymerized triacylglycerol (PTAG) formation was determined in three replicate, two-day frying experiments using a miniature frying protocol with potato cubes. Oryzanol and ferulic acid slightly inhibited PTAG formation on the first day of frying. However, the two treatments were not significantly different from the SBO control on the second day of frying. CSF and the combination of CSF and oryzanol significantly inhibited PTAG formation on both days of frying, but the combination was slightly more effective on the second day of frying. Tocopherol degradation in SBO with added oryzanol or ferulic acid proceeded more rapidly compared to the control. However, CSF and the combination of CSF and oryzanol appeared to protect tocopherols from degradation. In addition, CSF was more stable to frying compared to oryzanol, but when CSF and oryzanol were combined, CSF protected oryzanol from degradation.     

The Phase Behavior of γ-Oryzanol and β-Sitosterol in Edible Oil

The phase behavior of binary mixtures of γ‐oryzanol and β‐sitosterol and ternary mixtures of γ‐oryzanol and β‐sitosterol in sunflower oil was studied. Binary mixtures of γ‐oryzanol and β‐sitosterol show double‐eutectic behavior. Complex phase behavior with two intermediate mixed solid phases was derived from differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and small‐angle X‐ray scattering (SAXS) data, in which a compound that consists of γ‐oryzanol and β‐sitosterol molecules at a specific ratio can be formed. SAXS shows that the organization of γ‐oryzanol and β‐sitosterol in the mixed phases is different from the structure of tubules in ternary systems. Ternary mixtures including sunflower oil do not show a sudden structural transition from the compound to a tubule, but a gradual transition occurs as γ‐oryzanol and β‐sitosterol are diluted in edible oil. The same behavior is observed when melting binary mixtures of γ‐oryzanol and β‐sitosterol at higher temperatures. This indicates the feasibility of having an organogelling agent in dynamic exchange between solid and liquid phase, which is an essential feature of triglyceride networks.     

Changes in the Glucosinolate–Myrosinase Defense System in Brassica juncea Cotyledons During Seedling Development

Optimal defense theory (ODT) predicts that plant defenses will be allocated to plant organs and tissues in proportion to their relative fitness values and susceptibilities to attack. This study was designed to test ODT predictions on the myrosinase–glucosinolate defense system in Brassica juncea by examining the relationships between the fitness value of B. juncea cotyledons and the levels and effectiveness of cotyledon defenses. Specifically, we estimated fitness value of cotyledons during plant development by measuring plant growth and seed production after cotyledon damage or removal at successive seedling ages. Cotyledon removal within five days of emergence had a significant impact on growth and seed production, but cotyledon removal at later stages did not. Consistent with ODT, glucosinolate and myrosinase levels in cotyledons also declined with seedling age, as did relative defenses against a generalist herbivore, Spodoptera eridania, as estimated by bioassay. Declines in glucosinolates were as predicted by a passive, allometric dilution model based on cotyledon expansion. Declines in myrosinase activity were significantly more gradual than predicted by allometric dilution, suggesting active retention of myrosinase activity as young cotyledons expand.     

Pressure and Porosity Profiles During Filtration–Expression Process

Theoretical Foundations of Chemical Engineering - This study presents a numerical model for pressure deliquoring of compressible solids, covering both filtration and expression. A simple and...     

Development and Application of High Quality Magnesite—Chrome Bricks for VOD Refining Furnaces

The paper describes the process of producing high quality magnesite-chrome bricks for VOD re-fining furnace,The service life reaches 14 heats,average life 12 heats.The studies show that the wear of the magnesity-chrome bricks is mainly due to chemical corrosion,thermal spalling induced by thermal shock and the corrosion aroused from accumulation of molten materials in transition zone.     

Effect of Fruit Maturity on Microstructural Changes and Oil Yield during Cold-Pressed Oil Extraction of ‘Hass’ Avocado

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of avocado fruit maturity (as estimated by time of harvest during the season) on cold-pressed oil yield. ‘Hass’ avocado fruit at six different stages of on-tree maturity (harvested between September and April 2016/2017) were processed in a commercial cold-pressed oil extraction plant. After destoning and grinding, the fruit pulp was malaxed for 120 min. Avocado pulp samples were examined by light microscopy, electrical conductivity, and electrical impedance spectroscopy. More intact parenchyma cells were observed by microscopy in early-season fruit. The greatest cell disruption occurred after the grinding step as shown by electrical resistance values. The late-season fruit were found to have higher conductivity and lower electrical resistance values which indicated more cell disruption occurred during extraction. Cell walls extracted from fruit harvested later in the season showed a higher yield of the water-soluble polysaccharides and a lower yield of the trans-1,2-diaminocyclohexane-N,N,N′,N′-tetraacetic acid (CDTA)-soluble polysaccharides. The cold-pressed oil extraction yield (g oil/100 g fresh flesh) was found to increase with fruit maturity from 10.4 in the early season to 22.5 (g oil/100 g fresh flesh) in the late season. The extraction efficiency (cold-pressed extraction yield/total oil content) also increased from early season (77.2%) to late season (96.6%). In conclusion, the avocado flesh cellular structure ruptured more easily in late-season fruit suggesting of a contribution to more oil release and improved extraction yields.     

Quality Characterization of the Olive Oil from Var. Tosca 07® Grown in a Commercial High Density Orchard

A high density olive orchard represents a new planting system that requires cultivars with low vegetative vigor, such as Arbequina and Arbosana varieties. Different cultivars provide different performances in such orchards. This research was performed in order to determine the behavior of the new olive variety Tosca 07^® in a commercial, high density orchard. The quality of Tosca 07^® olive oils in three different maturity degrees during two crops seasons by physico-chemical and nutritional characterization were compared with Arbequina olive oils obtained from trees grown under the same conditions. Tosca 07^® is a very interesting olive variety for high density orchards. Because of its early ripening, it would be suitable for early harvesting, and this could be interesting for avoiding cold temperatures, frost, etc. Tosca 07^® olive oils have also demonstrated a very suitable chemical composition in comparison with Arbequina olive oils, especially for their high content of antioxidant compounds (α-tocopherol and pigments) present within the oils.     

Canopy Fruit Location Can Affect Olive Oil Quality in ‘Arbequina’ Hedgerow Orchards

The effect of location of fruit in canopies of hedgerow olive trees (Olea europaea L., cv. ‘Arbequina’) on quality of virgin oil was tested by analyzing oils extracted from different height layers and faces of nine olive hedgerows (6 North–South oriented and 3 East–West). Although sensory attributes were not different, other oil quality parameters may be significantly modified by fruit position. Oils extracted from fruits harvested from higher layers exhibited significantly higher stability against oxidation, along with higher palmitic acid, linoleic acid and phenol contents, but lower oleic acid content. Oils extracted from fruits harvested from East and North facing hedgerows oriented North–South and East–West, respectively, exhibited higher oleic contents and lower saturated and polyunsaturated fatty acid contents. The mean phenol content of oils extracted from fruits from a North–South oriented hedgerow was significantly greater from one of the East–West oriented hedgerows. These findings may be relevant for the design of future olive hedgerows destined for olive oil production.     

Mass Spectrometric Confirmation of γ-Linolenic Acid Ester-Linked Ceramide 1 in the Epidermis of Borage Oil Fed Guinea Pigs

Ceramide 1 (Cer1), a Cer species with eicosasphingenine (d20:1) amide‐linked to two different ω‐hydroxy fatty acids (C30wh:0:C32wh:1), which are, in turn, ester‐linked to linoleic acid (LNA; 18:2n‐6), plays a critical role in maintaining the structural integrity of the epidermal barrier. Prompted by the recovery of a disrupted epidermal barrier with dietary borage oil [BO: 36.5 % LNA and 23.5 % γ‐linolenic acid (GLA; 18:3n‐6)], in essential fatty acid (EFA)‐deficient guinea pigs, we further investigated the effects of BO on the substitution of ester‐linked GLA for LNA in these two epidermal Cer1 species by LC–MS in positive and negative modes. Dietary supplementation of BO for 2 weeks in EFA‐deficient guinea pigs increased LNA ester‐linked to C32wh:1/d20:1 and C30wh:0/d20:1 of Cer1. Moreover, GLA ester‐linked to C32wh:1/d20:1, but not to C30wh:0/d20:1, of Cer1 was detected, which was further confirmed by the product ions of m/z 277.2 for ester‐linked GLA and m/z 802.3 for the deprotonated C32wh:1/d20:1. C20‐Metabolized fatty acids of LNA or GLA were not ester‐linked to these Cer1 species. Dietary BO induced GLA ester‐linked to C32wh:1/d20:1 of epidermal Cer1.     

Experiments and Correlations of the Solubility of γ-DL-Methionine in Binary Solvent Mixtures

Antisolvents increase the supersaturation in the crystallization process which can enhance the product yield. The effect of an antisolvent on the solubility of γ-DL-methionine (γ-DL-met) in aqueous solution was investigated. The solubility of γ-DL-met was measured with various binary solvent mixtures. It improved with higher temperature but decreased with increasing the antisolvent mass fraction. Acetone showed the highest efficiency to reduce the solubility. The solubilities were correlated with the van't Hoff-Jouyban-Acree model and the modified Apelblat-Jouyban-Acree model. Both models fitted to the experimental results with high accuracy. Enthalpy, entropy, and Gibbs free energy of dissolution were determined by van't Hoff analysis. The thermodynamic properties indicated that the dissolution process is endothermic and entropy-driven.     

Lipase-Catalysed Enrichment of γ-Linolenic Acid from Evening Primrose Oil in a Solvent-Free System

The enrichment of γ-linolenic acid (GLA) was carried out in a solvent-free system by lipase-catalysed esterification of free fatty acids from evening primrose oil (EPO-FA) and 1-butanol (BtOH). The lipase employed to conduct this study was a free preparation of Candida rugosa. Variables evaluated were: substrate molar ratio (1:4, 1:6, 1:8, 1:10 and 1:12, EPO-FA:BtOH), temperature (10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 °C), and enzyme loading (5, 10, 15 and 20 %, based on the total weight of substrates). GLA was highly enriched in the non-esterified fatty acid fraction since C. rugosa showed very low selectivity for this fatty acid. We were able to increase the content of GLA to ca. 70 wt.% under the following optimal conditions: 30 °C, 10 % enzyme loading and a 1:10 molar ratio (EPO-FA:BtOH), after 24 h. An additional set of experiments was conducted whereby the amount of water was controlled by addition of molecular sieves to the reaction mixture. The latter experiments produced a higher GLA concentrate (83.74 wt.%), under the optimal conditions described above and by adding 10 % molecular sieves (based on the total weight of substrates) after 36 h.     

The Influence of pH on the Hydrolysis Process of γ-Methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane,Analyzed by FT-IR,and the Silanization of Electrogalvanized Steel

Silanes are commonly used as coupling agents to enhance the adhesion between polymeric and inorganic materials. Once silane hydrolysis has taken place, the condensation of the silane on the substrate surface should follow. Optimum hydrolysis conditions will depend on the type of silane and the process conditions of the solution. The pH is particularly important as it has a significant effect on the hydrolysis process. This paper deals with the hydrolysis process of 1 vol% γ-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (MPS) in aqueous solution at different pHs (2, 4, 6, 8 and 10). Because the hydrolysis rate is a function of pH, hydrolysis times, ranging from 2 min to 48 h, were studied. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was used to evaluate the chemical modifications produced by changing the hydrolysis time. The disappearance of the infrared band due to the Si–O–C groups and the appearance of the bands due to the Si–OH bonds were studied. It was shown that longer times were necessary for complete hydrolysis, under almost neutral pH conditions. On the other hand, the Zn-electrocoated steel was silanized with MPS under an optimum pH and the hydrolysis time conditions and the resulting surfaces were analysed by Reflection–Absorption Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy.     

Changes in the Number of Double-Strand DNA Breaks in Chinese Hamster V79 Cells Exposed to γ-Radiation with Different Dose Rates

A comparative investigation of the induction of double-strand DNA breaks (DSBs) in the Chinese hamster V79 cells by γ-radiation at dose rates of 1, 10 and 400 mGy/min (doses ranged from 0.36 to 4.32 Gy) was performed. The acute radiation exposure at a dose rate of 400 mGy/min resulted in the linear dose-dependent increase of the γ-H2AX foci formation. The dose-response curve for the acute exposure was well described by a linear function y = 1.22 + 19.7x, where “y” is an average number of γ-H2AX foci per a cell and “x” is the absorbed dose (Gy). The dose rate reduction down to 10 mGy/min lead to a decreased number of γ-H2AX foci, as well as to a change of the dose-response relationship. Thus, the foci number up to 1.44 Gy increased and reached the “plateau” area between 1.44 and 4.32 Gy. There was only a slight increase of the γ-H2AX foci number (up to 7) in cells after the protracted exposure (up to 72 h) to ionizing radiation at a dose rate of 1 mGy/min. Similar effects of the varying dose rates were obtained when DNA damage was assessed using the comet assay. In general, our results show that the reduction of the radiation dose rate resulted in a significant decrease of DSBs per cell per an absorbed dose.     

Sodium Bisulfite-Induced Changes in the Physicochemical,Surface and Adhesive Properties of Soy β-Conglycinin

The effects of sodium bisulfite on the electrophoresis profile; turbidity; and thermal, surface, and adhesive properties of soy β-conglycinin protein were studied. Sodium bisulfite dissociated high-molecular-weight aggregates in the protein, and the aggregate percentage decreased with increasing sodium bisulfite concentration. Denaturation temperature of sodium-bisulfite-treated β-conglycinin increased as sodium bisulfite increased. However, at high sodium bisulfite concentration (i.e. 36 g/L), denaturation enthalpy decreased significantly. Sodium bisulfite caused changes in the β-conglycinin secondary structure and promoted ionization of lysine residues as indicated by FT-IR results. A sudden drop in turbidity at pH 4.8 was observed at the same salt level. The contact angle of β-conglycinin on cherry wood reached its minimum at 6 g/L sodium bisulfite and 24 g/L on glass. Water resistance of β-conglycinin was improved but not significantly by 6 g/L sodium bisulfite at pH 9.5. An obvious increase in adhesion strength of the protein occurred at 3 and 6 g/L sodium bisulfite at pH 4.8. A high sodium bisulfite concentration at 36 g/L sharply reduced the adhesive performance of β-conglycinin.     

Molecular and Biochemical Analysis of Two Rice Flavonoid 3’-Hydroxylase to Evaluate Their Roles in Flavonoid Biosynthesis in Rice Grain

Anthocyanins and proanthocyanidins, the major flavonoids in black and red rice grains, respectively, are mainly derived from 3′,4′-dihydroxylated leucocyanidin. 3′-Hydroxylation of flavonoids in rice is catalyzed by flavonoid 3′-hydroxylase (F3′H: EC 1.14.13.21). We isolated cDNA clones of the two rice F3′H genes (CYP75B3 and CYP75B4) from Korean varieties of white, black, and red rice. Sequence analysis revealed allelic variants of each gene containing one or two amino acid substitutions. Heterologous expression in yeast demonstrated that CYP75B3 preferred kaempferol to other substrates, and had a low preference for dihydrokaempferol. CYP75B4 exhibited a higher preference for apigenin than for other substrates. CYP75B3 from black rice showed an approximately two-fold increase in catalytic efficiencies for naringenin and dihydrokaempferol compared to CYP75B3s from white and red rice. The F3′H activity of CYP75B3 was much higher than that of CYP75B4. Gene expression analysis showed that CYP75B3, CYP75B4, and most other flavonoid pathway genes were predominantly expressed in the developing seeds of black rice, but not in those of white and red rice, which is consistent with the pigmentation patterns of the seeds. The expression levels of CYP75B4 were relatively higher than those of CYP75B3 in the developing seeds, leaves, and roots of white rice.     

Process integration aspects for the production of fine chemicals illustrated with the biotransformation of γ-butyrobetaine into l-carnitine

l-carnitine is a fine chemical with pharmaceutical, nutritional and animal food applications. Thus, the product purification forms an essential part of the production process. Consequently, process optimization of biotransformation and downstream processing should be done in an integral way. There are several options for the process design of the biotransformation, e.g. chemostat with cell recycling, one-stage or multistage, fed-batch. Blackman kinetics for the product formation of the biotransformation of γ-butyrobetaine into l-carnitine provided adequate modelling of the bioprocess in order to define the optimal process design with respect to productivity, downstream processing and cost. With respect to these criteria, the fed-batch biotransformation of γ-butyrobetaine into l-carnitine appeared to be superior over several modes of operation of the continuous process with cell recycling. A lower productivity of the fed-batch process was compensated by a disproportionally cheaper downstream processing or a lower investment cost.Furthermore, process integration considerations determined the choice of raw materials for the biotransformation, such as carbon and nitrogen sources, resulting in optimized or even a reduced number of unit operations of the downstream processing.