中国实验快堆主容器母材及其颈部支撑焊接件在高温钠及钠蒸气中的腐蚀

在450℃钠和190℃钠蒸气中分别试验研究了中国实验快堆(CEFR)主容器316-316不锈钢焊接件及其颈部支撑316-5083钢焊接件与高温钠及钠蒸气的相容性特征.试验时间为3 000 h,钠中的氧含量及碳含量分别为＜25 μg/g和＜14 μg/g.试验后对腐蚀速率、微观腐蚀形貌、表面元素含量、力学性能进行了分析测试,结果表明,在本试验条件下,两种焊接件与高温钠及钠蒸气的相容性良好.     

99Tcm-HL91乏氧显像脑缺血动物实验与初步临床研究

乏氧显像是近年来核医学显像的一种新技术。研究表明乏氧组织与正常组织的摄取比明显提高,可用于病灶组织缺血缺氧的判断。^99Tc^m作为一种新型乏氧组织显像剂能够选择性地滞留于缺血部位的脑组织中,通过SPECT显像可为脑缺血性疾病提供诊断信息。本研究通过脑缺血动物模型,探讨^99Tc^m在局部脑缺血模型脑组织中的分布特点,应用放射性自显影技术对局部脑缺血模型进行脑组织宏观放射性自显影研究。同时对21例急性脑梗塞患者进行了初步^99Tc^m脑显像观察。     

真空蒸馏-石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定钠中锂

快堆用钠冷却剂中锂的含量对堆的核性能有较大影响,为了检测核级钠中锂的含量,建立了真空蒸馏-石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定金属钠中微量锂的方法。在氩气氛下取4.0g左右钠于钽坩埚中,在360℃及0.01Pa真空度下蒸馏除钠,残渣用硝酸(1:2)溶解后,在671.0nm波长处,用石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定锂。实验中对蒸馏条件、石墨炉原子吸收测试条件及来自于基体钠、酸及共存元素的干扰等进行了一系列研究,用氯化锂和硝酸锂做加钠回收实验,回收率分别为96.8％及97.4％,相对标准偏差小于5％。该方法满足了核级钠中杂质锂(<1×10~(-5))的质量监测要求,达到了国际上同类分析方法的水平,已用于国产工业钠原料和净化后的高纯钠中锂含量的分析。     

中子活化分析研究长期摄入氯化镧对大鼠脑中部分常量和微量元素含量的影响

利用中子活化分析技术,初步研究了长期从饮水中摄入不同剂量的稀土元素镧对大鼠脑中12种常量和微量元素含量的影响。结果发现,镧的剂量越高,实验大鼠脑组织中含量发生变化的元素种类越多。1000mg/L组大鼠脑组织中有5种元素的含量与对照组相比发生了明显改变,而且这些元素都与脑功能密切相关。因此,镧的摄入可能会对脑的功能产生不利影响。     

EDXRF法测量饲料添加剂中钠元素含量

钠元素是动物体内代谢所必需的矿物质元素,在畜牧业养殖中主要以饲料添加剂的形式提供,适当的钠元素含量对畜牧业养殖安全和效益产值都具有重要意义,但是目前缺乏简便快捷的有效分析方法.利用能量色散X射线荧光光谱仪(Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence,EDXRF)开展饲料盐中的钠元素含量测定...     

用多元统计方法和微束扫描技术分析急性镉中毒的鼠肾中微量元素的分布

用同步辐射X荧光微束扫描技术测量了未经处理的，腹腔注射CdCl2的及注射后用新型的络合剂促排的三组Wistar大鼠的肾切片。结果表明Cd主要分布在肾的皮质部分，而髓质部分含量很低。用多元素统计分析探讨了元素间的关系；在正常鼠肾中，元素分布基本上聚类成两大类。其中微量元素Cu,Zn,Mn和Se为一类，它们在肾中的分布有较强的共位性，处于平均状态；急性中毒时，Cd与Se的距离最近。有较强的相互作用。其次是与Ca，此时元素的分类不明显，平衡被打乱；中毒后用新药促排的Se和Zn强相关并聚为一类，其它元素间的相关性变弱，元素基本上又趋于分为两类。     

人发元素分析作为评价人体摄入环境污染物意义的研究

用仪器及放化中子活化分析法研究了人发微量元素与人体内脏器官的相关性。对人体生物样品中的毒性元素As、Cd、Hg及人体必需元素Se、Cu、Zn含量作了分析。从24例男性尸体的器官组织肝、肾、肺、大脑及人发研究结果表明,在发As和肾As之间,在发Se和肝、肾、肺Se水平之间存在有明显的相关性。吸烟与否与体内肾Cd和肺Cd的积累有明显的差异,但对其余元素As、Se、Cu、Zn、Hg在人发和内脏器官组织水平之间未观察到有显著的相关性。     

中药标准物质连翘的中子活化定值分析

用仪器中子活化法测定了中药标样连翘中Ｃｕ，Ｆｅ，Ｍｎ，Ｔｉ，Ｚｎ等２０种微量元素含量。为检验分析数据的可靠性，还分析了标准物质西红柿叶，茶叶和潞党参中微量元素的含量，结果表明：测定值与推荐植吻合。文中还给出了实验条件下各元素的探测极限。     

仪器中子活化法研究核设施周围土壤中的铀、钍、钾

采用仪器中子活化分析方法测定了从中国西南某核设施场区周边采集的150个土壤样品中的U、Th、K含量。样品在中国核动力研究院实验型反应堆活性区孔道辐照,中子积分注量为3×1017/cm2。照射后的样品在相同几何条件下用高纯锗γ射线能谱分析系统测量其γ放射性。用相对比较法,求出待测元素的含量,并用统计理论分析了对照区与异常区土壤中U、Th、K三种元素含量的相关性。结果表明,异常区和对照区的3种元素含量及Th/U比均呈负相关或相关性不强。另外,U、Th在土壤粘粒中的含量较土壤其它组分中的要高,这个趋势U比Th更加明显。     

全反射X射线荧光分析测量小白鼠小肠细胞的初步研究

介绍了利用北京同步辐射实验室的全反射Ｘ射线荧光谱仪测量生物细胞样品的可行性；用此谱仪测量了正常的和受辐照的小白鼠小肠细胞的痕量元素含量，发现Ｋ、Ｃａ、Ｆｅ等元素含量有明显提高，Ｃｕ元素含量明显降低，Ｍｎ元素含量变化不大，Ｚｎ元素含量基本稳定；讨论了其在临床医学上的重要价值。     

糖尿病大鼠组织中微量元素的仪器中子活化分析

使用链脲佐菌素诱导出大鼠的Ｉ型糖尿病（ＩＤＤＭ）模型,以正常大鼠作对照。用仪器中子活化分析法测定了大鼠的肝、肾和胰腺组织中Ａｓ、Ｂｒ、Ｃａ、Ｃｏ、Ｃｌ、Ｃｕ、Ｆｅ、Ｈｇ、Ｍｇ、Ｍｎ、Ｎａ、Ｒｂ、Ｓ、Ｓｅ和Ｚｎ等元素的含量。结果表明,ＩＤＤＭ大鼠模型的这３种组织中的一些微量元素含量发生了明显改变。并对这些元素含量发生变化的原因和意义作了讨论。     

DISTRIBUTION OF SOME ELEMENTS IN HUMAN HAIR AND ORGANS DETERMINED BY NAA

Twenty four male autopsies were obtained from Shanghai. The samples of liver, lung, kidney cortex, brain and scalp hair were collected from the autopsies. The elements As, Br, Ca, Cd, Cl, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mg, Mn, Na, Rb, 8, Se and Zn were determined by neutron activation analysis (NAA). The present study provides the elemental levels of different tissues for normal male adults. The distribution pattern of elements was discussed. Great difference on distribution of some elements in different tissues was observed.     

中国五个城市的中期胎儿组织中几种元素含量的PIXE分析

应用质子激发Ｘ荧光分析法（ＰＩＸＥ）对我国五个城市的近５０例流产胎儿（５－６个月）的肝、脑、肾、肺、胃组织进行了１２种元素的含量分析，结果可见，广州地区胎儿的五个器官中的钙含量几乎均显著地低于其它四个地区（Ｐ＜０．０１）；昆明地区胎儿的五个器官中的铷含量均显著地高于其它四个地区（Ｐ＜０．０１）；上海地区胎儿的大部分组织中的铅含量均显著地高于其它四个地区（Ｐ＜０．０１）。比较胎儿元素谱与空气气液胶中     

TRACE ELEMENTAL ANALYSIS OF RAT CATARACTOUS LENSES BY PIXE

Cataracts were observed in the eye lenses of a group of Wistar rats that had been injected with Na2SeO3. The trace elemental analysis of their lenses was carried out by PIXE. The results showed that the variations of elemental contents were different between the injected rats and the controls. The elemental concentrations, which exhibited a certain regularity in their variations,could be related to the time of formation of cataract and to its state.     

Biomonitoring study of seasonal anthropogenic influence at the Itamambuca beach (SP, Brazil)

The present work is focused on the study of a seasonal anthropogenic influence on the beach of Itamambuca (Ubatuba, SP, Brazil) carried out using Atherinella brasiliensis as biomonitor. In total 84 fish were caught between July 2004 and February 2005 in different locations at the beach and inside the Itamambuca river. The fish were pooled according to catch and their musculature was analyzed by Particle-Induced X-ray Emission (PIXE) and Rutherford Backscattering (RBS) techniques. While the concentration of light (matrix) elements like C and O were obtained using the RBS technique, major (Na, Mg, P, S, Cl, K and Ca) and trace (Si, Al, Ti, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Br and Sr) elements were measured by PIXE. The results show that differences were observed for several elemental concentrations of fish tissue between high season (spring-summer) and low season (winter-fall), indicating that increased human activity in the beach during high season may have some impact on the beach ecosystem. The role of the water salinity in the results is also discussed.     

应用PIXE分析胎儿肝、脑、肾、肺组织及其亚细胞组分中的元素分布

质子激发X射线荧光(PIXE)分析了上海市6例自然流产胎儿(5—6个月)的肝、脑、肾、肺的组织匀浆及其线粒体、溶酶体和微粒体中K、Ca、Mn、Fe、Cu、Zn、Pb、Rb、Sr的含量。结果显示了元素在不同脏器的分布以及同一脏器的亚细胞水平的分布,并且通过与成年人肝的数据比较,得出胎儿中必需微量元素Zn、Cu、Fe等含量显著高,并且有的亚细胞分布模式也不同,这一结果提示了必需微量元素的亚细胞分布与细胞发育有密切关系。     

Nuclear microscopy of single whole cultured cells: Beam damage studies

Elemental analysis of individual whole cultured cells using Particle Induced X-ray Emission (PIXE), Scanning Transmission Ion Microscopy (STIM) and Rutherford Backscattering Spectrometry (RBS) can yield quantitative results at the parts per million level. During a continuous scan over a single cell using 2 MeV protons (with a beam current of 100 pA, spot size of 1 μm), elemental loss was monitored and a 60% reduction in hydrogen and oxygen was observed. Concentrations of C, Na, Mg, P, S, Cl, K, Ca, Fe, Cu, and Zn remained constant. The elemental analysis, at the parts per million level, of single whole cultured cells is therefore not limited by beam damage. However, during the irradiation, the size of the cell was observed to shrink by 20%, placing severe restrictions on the imaging and analysis of subcellular structures such as organelles.     

Evaluation of elemental status of ancient human bone samples from Northeastern Hungary dated to the 10th century AD by XRF

The present study is a multielemental analysis of bone samples belonging to skeletal individuals originating from two contemporaneous (10th century AD) cemeteries (Tiszavasvári Nagy-Gyepáros and Nagycserkesz-Nádasibokor sites) in Northeastern Hungary, using the XRF analytical technique. Emitted X-rays were detected in order to determine the elemental composition of bones and to appreciate the possible influence of the burial environment on the elemental content of the human skeletal remains. Lumbar vertebral bodies were used for analysis. Applying the ED(P)XRF technique concentration of the following elements were determined: P, Ca, K, Na, Mg, Al, Cl, Mn, Fe, Zn, Br and Sr. The results indicated post mortem mineral exchange between the burial environment (soil) and bones (e.g. the enhanced levels of Fe and Mn) and referred to diagenetic alteration processes during burials. However, other elements such as Zn, Sr and Br seemed to be accumulated during the past life. On the basis of statistical analysis, clear separation could not be observed between the two excavation sites in their bone elemental concentrations which denoted similar diagenetic influences, environmental conditions. The enhanced levels of Sr might be connected with the past dietary habits, especially consumption of plant food.     

PM10颗粒物致大鼠肺炎过程中肺组织元素变化的研究

应用两级核孔滤膜的空气采样器采集了上海市区PM10颗粒物。用质子激发X荧光（PIXE）分析了其元素含量。以SD大鼠为实验对象，隔日气管灌注PM10进行染毒，对照用生理盐水；1个月后处死大鼠，提取支气管灌洗液并分析一些金属结合的蛋白质含量；观察肺组织病理改变及应用扫描质子微探针（SPM）研究染毒组与对照组肺组织元素分布的变化。结果显示染了毒的大鼠肺具有肺炎的特征；其Ca与Zn的浓度明显低于对照组，而Fe则明显增高；在提取的支气管灌洗液中金属结合的蛋白质含量明显提高。由于SPM已观察到肺中不可溶的铁颗粒，所以增高的Fe元素可能是由于颗粒带入。Ca，Zn元素的降低则可能是由于机体炎症生化过程所引起的，这也许使周围组织中不可溶的Zn,Ca转换成可溶性化合物而导致组织中的Zn,Ca的流出。这一过程也许是炎性细胞导致肺组织损伤的一个途径。     

眼晶体中某些元素含量与白内障关系的研究

用中子活化分析法测定了正常人眼晶体及老年性白内障晶体中的Ｋ、Ｃａ、Ｎａ、ＣＩ、Ｓ、Ｓｅ、Ｚｎ、Ｍｇ、Ｆｅ、Ｒｂ、Ｃｓ、Ｃｒ、Ｃｏ、Ｃｅ、Ｍｎ、Ｓｂ、Ｓｃ、Ｅｕ和Ｔｈ等１９种元素的含量，发现在白内障晶体中Ｃａ、Ｎａ、Ｃｌ、Ｅｕ、Ｓｂ、Ｆｅ等元素含量显著高于正常晶体；Ｋ、Ｒｂ、Ｃｓ、Ｃｒ、Ｍｎ、Ｃｏ、Ｓｃ和Ｃｅ等元素含量显著低于正常晶体。其中Ｎａ、Ｃｌ、Ｃａ之间；Ｋ、Ｒｂ、Ｃｓ之间存在显著性正相关。Ｎ