拉萨地区牦牛屠宰过程中的微生物污染

为探明拉萨地区牦牛胴体屠宰过程中的微生物污染程度,明确微生物关键控制点,对拉萨地区某具有代表 性的规范屠宰企业屠宰前车间空气中的微生物、各屠宰工艺环节牦牛胴体表面以及人员用具的菌落总数和大肠菌群 数量进行测定。结果表明：屠宰前车间微生物污染严重;随着剥皮和去内脏工艺的进行,牦牛胴体的菌落总数和大 肠菌群数量显著增加;斧劈四分体后胴体的菌落总数和大肠菌群数量均显著高于剥皮和去内脏后;牦牛屠宰过程中 微生物的主要来源是垫板和斧头。     

肉牛屠宰工序微生物污染状况分析和喷淋减菌技术

以减少冷却后牛胴体表面的微生物数量为目标,在企业实际生产条件下,以菌落总数为指标分析屠宰过程中各工序胴体表面的微生物变化状况,探讨不同喷淋方式的减菌效果。结果表明,屠宰工序中初始剥皮操作对胴体造成的污染最严重,其次为去脏工序。高压清水清洗对全胴体的减菌量为0.62(log10CFU/cm2);2%的乳酸喷淋对胸口部位菌落总数的减少量为1.06(log10CFU/cm2)。采用2%的乳酸喷淋可以有效减少肉牛屠宰过程中的胴体污染。     

肉鸡屠宰过程中腐败微生物的污染情况分析

采用PCR-DGGE指纹图谱技术研究肉鸡屠宰加工过程中微生物的污染情况,以确定关键控制点。分别采取肉鸡屠宰加工过程中胴体表面、工人手表面、预冷池中的水、空气中的样品和真空包装贮藏过程中样品,然后进行PCR-DGGE指纹图谱分析。结果表明:肉鸡的屠宰加工过程包括浸烫脱毛、倒挂、去内脏、冷却和分割,不同处理会对胴体表面的污染微生物产生不同的影响,去内脏后肉鸡胴体表面微生物的种类和数量都有所增加,但预冷能有效减少肉鸡胴体表面微生物的种类和数量,空气中微生物数量随着生产时间的延长不断增加,这些操作点也会成为交叉污染的地方,尤其工人的手表面的污染是引起交叉污染最主要的原因。     

猪胴体冷却过程中表面微生物的时空分布研究

为了研究在猪胴体冷却过程中风速、温湿度及微生物数量的变化情况,建立猪胴体在冷却期间微生物的时空变化的模型,从而为冷库防治污染提供依据,本文采用热敏式风速仪测量夏季冷库内的风速、温湿度,利用擦拭法测定猪胴体表面微生物菌落总数,最终得到猪胴体冷却过程中微生物的时空变化情况,结果表明:在冷却前期(冷却时间0~8 h),由于冷库门的开启、猪胴体本身散热等原因导致冷库内的风速并非均匀分布,温湿度也逐渐上升,从而导致冷库内不同位置处猪胴体表面微生物的菌落总数均有不同程度的增加,其中冷库中间位置的猪胴体表面菌落总数显著增加(P<0.05),其余位置的猪胴体表面菌落总数增加不显著(P>0.05);在冷却后期(冷却时间8~14 h),冷库门关闭,不再有猪胴体进入冷库,冷库内的温湿度迅速下降,使猪胴体表面微生物的菌落总数显著减少(P<0.05)并趋于稳定;猪胴体迎风面的菌落总数略高于背风面,其中前腿、胸腹腔的微生物较多;相关性分析结果表明猪胴体表面菌落总数与温度、湿度、冷却时间、采样部位有极显著的相关关系(P<0.01),与风速有显著的相关关系(P<0.05)。总之,随着冷却时间的延长,猪胴体表面菌落总数有显著差异(P<0.05),冷库内不同位置的猪胴体表面菌落总数不同,同一猪胴体的不同部位之间也有差异,这为冷库的改进布局和污染控制奠定了基础。     

冷鲜肉生产过程中微生物污染分析及控制对策

冷鲜肉由于营养丰富且水分活度高,在生产加工过程中极易受微生物的污染而腐败变质。检测分析生猪屠宰和生产分割线上肉样的微生物污染状况,并对其污染的控制提出了应对措施。试验采集冷鲜肉加工环节中的不同肉品样本和器具样本,按照国家标准方法对其中细菌总数和大肠菌群指标进行检测。研究结果揭示生产线上不同分割肉品微生物卫生指标的菌落总数和大肠菌群均没有超过国家标准限量,菌落总数平均为103cfu/g,大肠菌群值在102~103MPN/100g之间。猪内脏肉样包括猪肺、猪心和猪肝,菌落总数在103~104cfu/g之间,大肠菌群值为102MPN/100g,均明显低于分割肉品的污染量。烫毛后的淋洗过程是清除胴体表面附着微生物的一个关键环节,通过淋洗环节猪胴体表面菌落总数和大肠菌群分别减少了17.4%和41.5%。生产器具中污染状况最为严重是案板,其菌落总数平均为1.5×103cfu/cm2,其次是传送带,最后是刀具。不同生产批次肉品由于工序、器具和人员等不稳定因素,微生物污染状况差异较大。     

牦牛屠宰过程中菌落总数和大肠菌群污染状况的分析

为了掌握牦牛屠宰过程中菌落总数和大肠菌群的污染状况,本实验对甘肃玛曲某牦牛屠宰场在牦牛屠宰过程中的屠宰前、屠宰中和分割后三个阶段以及牦牛胴体等14个采样点进行采样,进行菌落总数和大肠菌群的测定。研究发现,屠宰前的各采样点中,菌落总数在5.45logCFU/g以上,大肠菌群在3.25logCFU/g以上;屠宰中的各采样点中,菌落总数在3.37logCFU/cm2以上,大肠菌群在1.63logMPN/100cm2以上;在分割后的各采样点中,菌落总数在3.68logCFU/cm2以上,大肠菌群在1.74logMPN/100cm2以上;在胴体的剥皮、劈半和分割三个时期中,分割后的菌落总数(3.49logCFU/cm2)和大肠菌群(1.61 logMPN/100cm2)污染最严重,剥皮后的菌落总数(2.47logCFU/cm2)和大肠菌群(1.53logMPN/100cm2)污染最小。结果表明,屠宰前环境污染最严重,胴体随着剥皮、劈半和分割的进行,菌落总数显著增加,分割后胴体的大肠菌群显著高于剥皮和劈半。     

冷藏肉的货架期

鲜肉冷藏的成功与否在很大程度上取决于原料肉的卫生状况。肉表面的污染是不可避免的,禽畜的皮肤及粘膜表面寄生着大量不同的细菌。经烫毛、剥皮、小心地摘除内脏及其他工序后,有些细菌不复存在。但在整个屠宰过程中,二次污染是不可避免的。只     

肉牛屠宰过程中胴体表面及接触环境污染情况分析

为研究肉牛屠宰场屠宰过程中牛胴体表面污染及接触环境污染变化情况,选取某牛屠宰场采集样品共计322 份,分别在剥皮扯皮、去内脏、修整称质量、冲洗及排酸环节对牛胴体后腿、背部、胸部、前腿及颈部以及屠宰前后的工人手部及刀具进行采样,测定菌落总数、乳酸菌、大肠菌群、金黄色葡萄球菌及假单胞菌的污染情况。结果表明：胴体表面污染情况总体呈现先上升后下降的趋势,修整称质量环节污染最为严重,菌落总数可达到2.82（lg（CFU/cm2））;胸部为屠宰过程中污染最严重的部位,平均菌落总数可达到2.10（lg（CFU/cm2））;屠宰空气在冲洗时污染最为严重,空气沉降菌落总数高达271.33 CFU/皿;屠宰工人的手部及刀具也是胴体污染的主要来源。     

冷却猪肉屠宰过程中微生物污染源的分析研究

本实验应用PCR-DGGE指纹技术研究屠宰过程中微生物多样性,确定微生物的污染源。分别取屠宰阶段烫毛后,修整后入冷库前、出冷库后和分割后猪肉胴体表面样品以及分割用案板,分割用刀具和洗刀具用水的样品。贮藏阶段取4℃贮藏4d和10℃贮藏4d的托盘包装样品。结果表明,贮藏阶段与污染源和屠宰后期胴体表面污染细菌的相似性系数大于80%,刀具和洗刀具用水与贮藏阶段的微生物相似性为86%,刀具和洗刀具用水之间为95%。贮藏阶段与污染源之间的微生物的多样性降低是屠宰和分割过程中的污染源直接造成的,刀具和洗刀具用水是主要的微生物污染源。     

冷鲜鹅加工及冷藏过程中的微生物污染分析

研究商业屠宰对冷鲜鹅胴体天然菌落的影响。分别对工人手、案板、车间空气、刀具、预冷水及屠宰过程中的鹅胴体取样,进行常见腐败菌及致病菌的微生物传统培养、计数;同时研究冷鲜鹅贮藏过程中的菌落总数变化。结果表明:空气、预冷水与加工过程中的各类接触面都是冷鲜鹅潜在的污染源,都对样品造成了不同程度的污染,但总体上,整个加工过程还是减少了鹅胴体表面各种微生物的污染,加工后鹅胴体表面的各类微生物数量均显著低于生产过程中的。净膛工序使鹅胴体污染程度达到最大,但是冲洗和预冷工序都能有效地减少这一过程的污染。预冷池后段水和包装是鹅胴体二次污染的主要原因,直接导致冷鲜鹅在冷藏7～9d后的腐败。     

Combined effects of lactic acid and nisin solution in reducing levels of microbiological contamination in red meat carcasses

Changes in bacterial counts on beef carcasses at specific points during slaughter and fabrication were determined, and the effectiveness of nisin, lactic acid, and a combination of the lactic acid and nisin in reducing levels of microbiological contamination was assessed. Swab samples were obtained from the surfaces of randomly selected beef carcasses. Carcasses were swabbed from the neck, brisket, and renal site after skinning, splitting, and washing. Treatments involving lactic acid (1.5%), nisin (500 IU/ml), or a mixture of nisin and lactic acid were applied after the neck area was washed. A control group was not sprayed. Results indicated that the highest prevalence of aerobic plate counts (APCs), total coliforms, and Escherichia coli was found in the neck site after splitting, and the lowest level of microbial contamination was found after skinning. Washing with water did not significantly reduce the bacterial load. The largest reduction in APCs, total coliforms, and E. coli occurred on carcasses treated with a mixture of nisin and lactic acid. A mixture of nisin and lactic acid can be applied to beef carcasses through spray washing and can reduce bacterial populations by 2 log units.     

Effects of shearing and fleece cleanliness on microbiological contamination of lamb carcasses

The meat industry in Norway has developed national guidelines for Good Hygiene Practices for slaughtering and skinning, based on categorisation of animals. These include shearing sheep and lambs in the abattoirs immediately before slaughter. The aim of this study was to investigate microbiological carcass contamination associated with: (i) different shearing regimes; (ii) fleece cleanliness; and (iii) the slaughter process. In addition, the efficacy of the national guidelines in reducing microbial contamination was evaluated. A total of 280 swab samples were collected from the brisket areas (100 cm(2)) of 140 naturally contaminated lamb carcasses in a commercial abattoir. Half the samples were collected at skinning of brisket areas at the start of the slaughter-line and half of them were collected at the end of slaughter-line, just before chilling. The lambs were divided into four groups (n=35) according to the duration of the period between shearing and slaughter: (i) 0 days (shorn at the abattoir immediately before slaughter); (ii) three days; (iii) seven days; and (iv) not shorn. Mean log colony forming units (CFU) per 100 cm(2) at skinning were 5.78 and 6.95 for aerobic plate count (APC) (P<0.05), 1.65 and 2.78 for Escherichia coli (P<0.05) for shorn and unshorn lambs, respectively. For shorn lambs, divided according to the period between shearing and slaughter, the mean log CFU per 100 cm(2) were 5.45, 5.75, 6.12 (APC) and 1.77, 1.46, 1.71 (E. coli) for the 0-days, 3-days and 7-days groups, respectively (P<0.05 for the difference between 0- and 7-days groups in APC results). A four-category scale (0-3) was used for assessing fleece cleanliness before skinning. Visually clean lambs (score '0') had lower levels of APC on the carcass surfaces than those categorised as dirty (score '2-3') (P<0.05). The carcasses at the end of the slaughter-line had lower levels of APC than they had at skinning. However, the statistical significant reduction of E. coli on carcass surfaces at skinning point for shorn lambs, were impaired and no longer significantly different from the unshorn group at the end of the slaughter-line. The increased E. coli level at the end of the slaughter-line might be explained by weaknesses related to slaughter hygiene in particular suboptimal evisceration in the abattoir which was used as a basis for our trial, and thus the national guidelines concerning shearing had not the fully intended effect on reducing microbial carcass contamination.     

Microbial contamination of carcasses and equipment from an Iberian pig slaughterhouse

The microbial contamination of carcasses and equipment has been studied in an industrial slaughterhouse of Iberian pigs. Samples of the surface of carcasses were taken at different stages of the process and aerobic plate count at 37 degrees C (APC), Enterobacteriaceae-count (E-count) and Escherichia coli-count (EC-count) were determined. It was demonstrated that in scalding and singeing the APC decreased (P < 0.01), while in the dehairing it increased (P < 0.01). The E-count and EC-count decreased in the scalding but increased in the evisceration (P < 0.001). The implementation of good manufacturing practices (GMP) in the stages of closure of the anus and evisceration significantly decreased the EC-count. It changed from 61.1% in carcasses without GMP that had counts higher than 1 log CFU/cm2 to only 7.4% in GMP carcasses. A final wash of the carcasses with potable water at high pressure (the only decontaminating treatment permitted in the European Union) was tested and failed to decrease the counts. It was also demonstrated that cleaning and disinfection of the dehairing and scraping machines is not effective.     

In-Plant evaluation of a lactic acid treatment for reduction of bacteria on chilled beef carcasses.

The effectiveness of a lactic acid treatment consisting of spraying a 4% L-lactic acid solution (55 degrees C at source) on chilled beef carcasses to reduce bacterial populations was tested in a commercial slaughter environment. All carcasses had been treated with a proprietary decontamination treatment composed of a hot water spray followed by a lactic acid spray prior to chilling. Bacterial groups used to indicate reductions included aerobic plate count (APC), total coliform count, and Escherichia coli count, and samples were examined from the brisket, the clod, and the neck regions of 40 untreated and 40 treated carcass sides. Depending on the carcass surface region, APCs were reduced by 3.0 to 3.3 log cycles. Log coliform and E. coli counts were consistently reduced to undetectable levels. The small reductions observed for coliforms are attributable to counts on untreated carcasses already being near the lower detection limit of the counting method. The percentage of samples with detectable numbers of coliforms (positive samples) on untreated carcasses ranged from 52.5 to 92.5%, while 0.0% of the samples collected from treated carcasses contained detectable coliforms. Percent E. coli-positive samples ranged from 7.5 to 30.0% on untreated carcasses and 0.0% after treatment of carcass sides. These results indicate that a hot lactic acid spray with increased concentration and time of application may be effectively implemented for an additional decontamination treatment of chilled beef carcasses prior to fabrication.     

屠宰过程中猪胴体表面及环境的细菌菌相分析

应用传统培养方法结合高通量测序技术分析屠宰分割过程中猪胴体表面微生物污染情况，并对屠宰车间刀具和分割车间接触面进行细菌菌落计数，以确定屠宰分割过程中的关键污染环节。结果表明：测序共得到881 458 个有效序列，864 个可操作分类单元，样品共注释到了22 门、33 纲、79 目、162 科、382 属和613 种的微生物信息。变形菌门（Proteobacteria）、拟杆菌门（Bacteroidota）和厚壁菌门（Firmicutes）为优势菌门，不动杆菌属（Acinetobacter）和气单胞菌属（Aeromonas）为主要的优势菌属。屠宰分割过程中群落多样性的排序为放血＞脱毛＞分割＞开膛＞冲淋＞冷却，冷却环节胴体表面的微生物多样性最低，分割后有所增加，表明分割是关键污染环节。传统微生物计数与测序的结果一致，从脱毛到冷却环节，猪胴体表面各类微生物数量呈下降趋势，分割后显著上升；分割车间各接触面菌落总数平均为6.11（lg（CFU/cm2）），高于屠宰车间刀具（平均为4.86（lg（CFU/cm2））），表明分割车间各接触面是关键污染源，进一步证明猪胴体分割环节为关键污染环节。     

Studies to determine the critical control points in pork slaughter hazard analysis and critical control point systems

Aerobic mesophilic counts (AMC), coliform (CC) and coliform resuscitation counts (CRCs) were obtained by swabbing 50 cm² areas at three sites (ham, belly and neck) on pig carcasses, after each of seven stages of the slaughter/dressing process (bleeding, scalding, dehairing, singeing, polishing, evisceration and chilling). In most cases, there were no statistical differences (P>0.05) among the counts derived by these three methods. Reductions in counts at individual sites were observed after scalding (3.5 log₁₀ cfu cm⁻²), and singeing (2.5 log₁₀ cfu cm⁻²). Increases in counts at individual sites were observed after dehairing (2.0 log₁₀ cfu cm⁻²) and polishing (1.5 log₁₀ cfu cm⁻²). The incidence of Salmonella on pig carcasses was also obtained by swabbing the outside surfaces of 100 half carcasses. Information on the incidence of Salmonella in scald tank water (108 samples) was also investigated. Carcass swabs and scald tank water were examined for the presence of Salmonella using standard enrichment methods. Salmonella were detected on 31% of carcasses immediately after bleeding, 7% of carcasses immediately after dehairing and evisceration, and 1% of carcasses immediately after scalding. Serovars included Salmonella Typhimurium, Salmonella Hadar, Salmonella Infantis and Salmonella Derby. No Salmonella were recovered from samples of scald tank water. The impact of pig slaughter/dressing processes on carcass microbiology and their potential use as critical control points (CCPs) during pork production are discussed.     

Microbiological effects of acid decontamination of pork carcasses at various locations in processing

The microbiological effect of hot (55° C), 1% (v/v) lactic acid sprayed on the surface of pork carcasses (n = 36) immediately after dehairing, after evisceration (immediately before chilling) or at both locations in slaughter/ processing was determined. Mean aerobic plate counts (APCs) of all acid-treated carcass surfaces were numerically lower than those of control carcasses: however, in most cases these reductions were not statistically significant (P>0·05). All samples tested for the presence of Salmonella and Listeria were negative. No significant differences in sensory characteristics or microbiological counts were evident for acid-treated and control carcass loins that were vacuum packaged and stored 0–14 days post-fabrication. Mean pH value and scores of sensory attributes such as lean color, surface discoloration, fat color, overall appearance and off-odor of chops from acid-treated carcasses were not significantly and/or consistently different from chops of comparable control carcasses. The role of bacterial attachment to pork skin and its effect on the decontaminating efficiency of lactic acid are discussed.     

A survey of microbial contamination of food contact surfaces at broiler slaughter plants in Taiwan

Microbial contamination levels at broiler slaughter plants were investigated at three major slaughter plants in Taiwan during the summer and winter. The microbial contamination levels in chicken carcasses and on food contact surfaces were examined using the swab method. The results indicated that the bacterial counts were affected by the slaughter processing plant, processes, and season (P < 0.05). The bacterial counts on food contact surfaces of the equipment before operation were not significantly lower than those after processing. Regardless of the bacterial type, bacterial counts of chicken carcasses generally decreased from the scalding step to the washing step before evisceration and then increased. The cleaning procedures for food contact surfaces should be evaluated, and special attention should be given to utensils used during processing, such as gloves, baskets, and hand tools.