客户化供应链中的延迟策略

简单介绍了客户化供应链的概念,描述了延迟策略的内涵。在与客户化供应链整个业务流程结合的基础上,提出了延迟策略可以分为供应延迟、制造延迟、交付延迟和服务延迟,并分别研究了它们的实施目标、实现方式以及运作过程。这四种延迟策略不仅能降低供应链成本．实现产品和服务多样化,而且能够提高供应链的敏捷性,快速响应客户个性化需求。     

资金约束下基于零售商竞争的融资模式对比研究

以单供应商与多个零售商的供应链为研究背景,供应商是供应链上的核心企业,而零售商面临着资金约束,与供应商签订收益共享契约。供应商为中小企业提供两种融资方式：保兑仓融资和延迟支付融资。本文研究两种融资对供应链绩效以及供应链各方的影响,构建单供应商和多零售商的Stackelberg博弈模型,发现保兑仓融资模式能增加零售商的订货量,这两种融资模式在分散型供应链下,供应商都可以设置合适的收益分配系数和批发价格实现在集中型供应链下的协调,并能够保证供应商利润最大化。     

基于制造延迟的VMI模型的仿真研究

在供应链延迟策略和供应商管理库存(VMI)策略研究的基础上,首先建立了供应链延迟策略下的仿真模型,然后再引入供应商管理库存策略,通过计算机仿真,探讨了供应商管理库存策略实施前后供应链绩效的变化情况.研究结果表明,与单纯的延迟策略相比,延迟与供应商库存相结合的策略能明显改善供应链的绩效.     

带有两维延迟交货惩罚因子的供应链协同研究

在一个供应商之间信息不共享的二阶供应链系统中,研究不同类型的供应链延迟交货惩罚因子的设定对供应商交货响应时间决策的影响,并基于此建立一种供应商与供应商的交货时间协同机制。文章以集中决策下供应链最佳交货响应时间为目标值,分别找出了横向及纵向延迟交货惩罚因子的值,制造商可以通过此种方式设定这两种惩罚因子的值,使供应商与供应商之间主动采取相同的并与供应链最优决策一致的交货期,数值分析表明,采用本文提出的协同机制还可以调整供应链总成本在三者之间的分配。同时文章提出增加纵向延迟惩罚因子有利于促进供应链横向关系的和谐这一新观点。     

延迟支付下易损产品供应链订货与价格决策模型

考虑由单个供应商和多个相互竞争的零售商所形成的供应链系统,运用Stackelberg博弈模型,以具有一定损耗率的产品为研究对象,建立并求解了此种供应链系统在供应商提供延迟支付条件下的Stackelberg博弈均衡模型。考虑在供应商延迟支付期限给定情况下,零售商订货周期和产品售价的优化决策模型,建立零售商的订货周期和产品售价确定情况下的供应商延迟支付期限决策模型,设计上述模型的迭代求解算法,得到供应链系统的最终均衡解。运用具体算例验证模型的有效性,通过对部分参数的灵敏度分析给出了对各种不同情况下零售商和供应商各自的对策和建议。     

供应链环境下易腐商品库存控制策略

针对易腐商品在单一周期内,以供应链利润最大化为目标,构建了缺货造成的顾客转移时的供应链模型,以及数量折扣下的零售商单边模型.在此基础上考虑了双方协议的延迟付款策略,确定了最佳延迟付款期.通过实际算例,说明了模型的有效性.     

基于等待时间和服务质量损失的机票超售策略

基于顾客等待时间分布,建立了航空公司的补偿成本函数,进一步估计了航空公司拒绝顾客登机必须承担的补偿成本;并引入Taguchi(田口)质量控制方法建立了航空公司的质量损失函数.以期望收益损失最小化和期望质量损失最小化为目标,建立了航空订票中的超售收益模型.该模型同时考虑了顾客等待时间和服务质量损失对超售策略的影响,对航空公司实施超售具有一定的指导意义.     

柔性供应链的优化及供应商响应时间分析

针对Ricardo提出的柔性供应链结构,赋予其新的涵义：在顾客订单分离点之前,采用模块化技术,以获得规模经济效益;在订单分离点之后,采用延迟生产,以获得范围经济效益。同时以柔性供应链各节点的成本和客户服务水平为优化参数,建立多目标函数优化模型,并借助于MATLAB的GAOT,利用遗传算法求解。最后在优化结果的基础上,研究了柔性供应链的供应商响应时间(Supplier Response Time,SRT),描述了目标SRT与安全库存、客户服务水平的关系及相互影响。     

汽车供应链的顾客满意度评价指标体系

在分析了汽车供应链的结构和管理模式的基础上,提出汽车供应链应当根据最终顾客的需求建立综合的顾客满意度评价指标体系,并对体系构建的目的和原则、基本路线、关键指标的设计、指标权重的确定、满意度的评定和满意度调查结果的分析等几个方面,进行了较为详细的探讨。     

购后行为意向的偏最小二乘建模与分析

简述了偏最小二乘用于多元回归建模的方法。对顾客购后行为意向及其成因指标的调查数据采用偏最小二乘法，根据变量投影重要性指标和因子载荷分析，从lO个成因指标中筛选出8个组成自变量指标集合，然后以重复购买、交叉购买、正面推荐等三种顾客购后行为意向指标作为因变量集合，建立了多元回归模型，取得了比较满意的拟合与预测效果。主要结论如下：对于电视机产品，(1)期望和愿望自身对于顾客购后行为意向没有显著影响；(2)期望和愿望的满足程度影响顾客的购后行为意向；(3)企业形象和发布信息的真实性影响顾客的购后行为意向；(4)质量因素比价格因素的影响强烈；(5)在三种顾客购后行为中，顾客满意度对于正面推荐的影响系数最大。     

Evaluation of manufacturing system redesign with multiple points of product differentiation

This paper presents a cost model for evaluating the redesign of manufacturing systems with delayed product differentiation (i.e. postponement). In addition to considering multiple points of product differentiation, the proposed model explicitly includes the operational delay cost of intermediate (semi-finished or generic) products waiting at points of postponement because of inefficient scheduling or insufficient capacity, as well as the penalty cost of late-delivered and cancelled orders owing to stockout. This operational delay cost may be particularly prominent in continuous production systems with delayed product differentiation, and is critical in analysing the trade-off between the waiting delay of end products in push-based systems and the operational delay of intermediate products in push–pull systems. This cost model was adopted to analyse the cost and benefit of the postponement strategy implemented by a large copper strips manufacturer in Taiwan. In this case, both manufacturing and logistics postponements were adopted in the redesigned manufacturing system, which involved a third-party logistics service provider. The results demonstrate that the benefits of implementing postponement are largely owing to the reduction in inventory related costs. In addition, we found that both penalty cost and operational delay cost account for a significant portion of the total cost saving resulting from implementing the postponement strategy, whereas no previous models have included these two cost items.     

A postponement model to determine the customisation degree applied to the notebook computer industry

Facing an increasingly intense and competitive environment, the information industry must design a global service chain for its self-development and also to make its global development more efficient. The application of the postponement concept has become an efficient method to help enterprises reach this goal. With the aim of building and analysing a postponement structure from the viewpoint of added value and demand uncertainty, this study constructed a multi-objective postponement model. The model was then analysed, using three quantifying objects: the overall cost, product types and the average assembly time; and two decision variables: the variety of parts and inventory quantity. In an indeterminate function, both the application demanding frequency and demanded quantity submit to a Poisson distribution and Normal distribution. Considering the profit model, the manufacturer can decide on the most suitable degree of customisation according to market situations, suppliers at the time of production and most important, the manufacturer's profit. This study uses a notebook computer manufacturer as an example to carry out empirical analysis. The manufacturer was permitted to decide the optimal product types depending on its financial status. Postponement techniques were then provided as a reference to the manufacturer to help it maximise profits.     

基于时间延迟的订单分批策略研究

将延迟制造思想引入到配送中心拣货作业中，提出基于时间延迟的动态时窗分批策略。该策略能消除目前拣货系统存在的等待时间和块状需求(闲忙不均)现象，保证拣货系统运行的连续性和均衡性，极大地提高了拣货系统的运行效率，并利用计算机实现该策略。     

A structural approach to assessing postponement strategies: construct development and validation

This paper endeavours to introduce and validate constructs and measured variables for postponement strategies. Although empirical researchers have examined postponement, a consistent set of valid, reliable factors has not been developed and used. The lack of valid constructs is a barrier to hypothesis testing and meta-analysis on postponement. Using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), the validity and reliability of the proposed postponement constructs are examined. This is performed through a pilot study and a large scale survey on a sample of 219 manufacturing firms which represent a wide range of manufacturing operations. The outcomes of this paper establish a set of variables which can measure shipment, manufacturing, purchasing and design postponements.     

Improving postponement operation in warehouse: an intelligent pick-and-pack decision-support system

Today, many manufacturers prefer to shift their pick-and-pack postponement operations to third-party logistics companies to lower operational cost and improve mass customisation flexibility. The type of pick-and-pack operation is complicated, as it usually involves a large number of stock keeping units and several warehouse operations. Surprisingly, in most 3PL, the complicated postponement operations are still mainly managed by an experienced warehouse manager, which is an unreliable methodology and often creates many mistakes. A hybrid intelligent system integrating Case-Based Reasoning and Fuzzy Logic is proposed to support the manager in making pick-and-pack postponement decisions. The system comprises a solution-refining module that proposes and holds the details of past pick-and-pack operations. This approach will be of benefit to managers as effective decision support of pick and pack planning can be provided. A case study is used to illustrate the applicability and effectiveness of the approach. Implications of the proposed approach are discussed, and suggestions for further work are outlined.     

Postponement in supply chain risk management: a complexity perspective

While the poor response implications of supply are often not elaborated on in the literature, postponement has recently been mentioned as a useful tool for managing supply risk and disruptions. To interpret this in a more complete manner, this paper has attempted to explore the role of postponement in supply chain risk management from a complexity perspective. After a review of the relevant literature, it first draws insights emerging from normal accident theory that addresses the system characteristics of catastrophic accidents and applies them to supply chain disruptions. This is followed by the utilisation of normal accident theory to explain the role of postponement in supply chain risk management. Building on this, this paper also investigates the complexity implications of some commonly recommended measures to mitigate supply chain disruptions. In certain circumstances, the introduction of those measures may add to the complexity of a system and thus become inherently infeasible. The paper concludes with a summary and some suggestions for further research.     

延迟制造技术在制造业中的应用研究

在分析延迟制造技术的理论基础上，提出基于延迟制造技术的供应链结构模型，并结合延迟制造技术理论与某企业具体条件和特点，探讨延迟制造技术在该制造业中实施的方法和效果。     

Real options approach to evaluate postponement as supply chain disruptions mitigation strategy

The purpose of this paper is to assess the value of postponement as strategy for mitigating supply chain disruptions. To accomplish this objective, we develop a real option computational model that quantifies the value of postponement in mitigating both supply and demand disruptions by taking into account the value of managerial flexibility to decide whether exploiting or not the strategy, if and when disruptions occur, and whenever product differentiation proves valuable based on information available at that time. Numerical experiments show the importance of incorporating an option valuation method when pricing the value of postponement. This ensures managers implement postponement only when it is valuable, thus avoiding burdening the company with its initial sunk costs. By modelling the postponement implementation under different conditions, we identify the situations in which postponement performs better as supply chain disruptions mitigation strategy. We derive the operational configurations, in terms of decoupling point position, and external conditions, in terms of riskiness of the environment, which make the postponement an effective mitigation strategy.     

Mitigating demand uncertainty across a winery's sales channels through postponement

Wineries must allocate production across multiple sales channels before demand is known. Misallocation may result in undesirable surpluses in some channels and lost sales opportunities in others. We investigate this problem by constructing a mathematical model for postponing channel differentiation. We provide a process overview for a winery and present a two-stage stochastic linear program with fixed recourse that maximises expected profit over a distribution of demand scenarios. In the first stage, the winery allocates production to finished goods by channel and to intermediate inventory points. Once demand is known, recourse variables include transformation of intermediate inventories. Results from solving this model using a mix of data derived from interviews and literature review suggests that a considerable portion of production should be held at both the labelling and packaging level and can lead to significant improvement in product profitability. We investigate how different product configurations and restrictions may affect the degree and level of the postponement strategy. We find that postponement usage is advisable over a range of demand probabilities, costs and other considerations. Although other stochastic programming applications evaluate postponement strategies within verticals such as high technology, this research is their first application within the wine industry.