含腐蚀缺陷管道 安全评价准则选择探讨

外腐蚀是威胁管道安全的重要因素,极易导致管道泄漏或失效断裂事故.我国长输管道全面实施完整性管理,应根据管道历史失效事件,开展管道剩余强度评价与剩余寿命预测,确定不同类型缺陷的可接受准则.阐述了国际通用的管道缺陷安全评价标准,分别是ASME B31G、修正的ASME B31G、BS7910、DNV-RP-F101和PCO...     

DNV相互影响腐蚀管道评价方法适应性分析

目的分析DNV-RP-F101方法评价相邻腐蚀管道失效压力的应用条件和计算方法的适应性。方法采用实验数据分析了DNV-RP-F101方法预测不同组合相互影响腐蚀管道失效数据的适应程度,应用已被实验数据验证可靠的非线性有限元数值,仿真研究了DNV-RP-F101标准的适应性。结果 DNV-RP-F101方法评价单腐蚀管道剩余强度的误差小,适应性强,作为相邻腐蚀管道失效压力评价基础合理。DNV-RP-F101方法评价相邻腐蚀管道失效压力的轴向间距限制条件设置合理,但环向角度限制应用条件远远偏离实际作用角度。DNV-RP-F101方法评价同尺寸相邻腐蚀管道失效压力整体误差在10%范围内;评价相邻腐蚀单独腐蚀长度系数之和超过某临界值后,预测值有大于真实值的趋势,评价结果存在预测风险;评价不同深度相邻腐蚀管道失效压力预测值明显高于真实值,评价结果存在预测风险,且误差范围跨度大,预测稳定性差。结论 DNV-RP-F101方法评价相互影响腐蚀管道剩余强度存在超过真实值的风险。     

腐蚀管道的剩余强度评价

对管道内检测检出的腐蚀缺陷,采用RSTRENG有效面积方法、ASME B31G标准的方法、以及RSTRENG0.85dL方法对腐蚀缺陷进行了剩余强度计算,并对结果进行分析比较和评价,计算出了最大安全压力、安全系数以及爆管失效压力。     

点蚀管道剩余强度评价的协同评估综合影响因子

参照API 579-1/ASME-FFS-1-2007、ASME B31G系列以及DNV-RP-F101评价准则,研究了流变应力与鼓胀系数对点蚀油气管道剩余强度评价的影响,分析比较了三种准则的保守性。ASME B31G系列评价准则保守性最高,DNV-RP-F101评价准则保守性最低,API579-1/ASME-FFS-1-2007评价准则保守性介于两者之间。基于点蚀管道服役真实工况的多目标规划模型,提出一个协同评估综合影响因子,以线性加权和法寻求最优解,为评估人员选择合理可靠的评价准则提供辅助作用,为安全评价提供新思路。     

海底输油管道剩余强度的有限元分析

考虑管道内部工作压力对内腐蚀管道承压能力的影响,采用有限元法对海底输油管道塑性失效条件进行分析。利用退役管道试样的拉伸试验和ASME B31G准则,对有限元模型的精度进行验证。分析了不同形状及尺寸的内腐蚀缺陷对管道剩余强度的影响。得出腐蚀管道在缺陷长度、宽度、深度不同情况下,其剩余强度的变化规律,这对于预测管道剩余寿命及修订剩余强度判定准则具有重要意义。     

双腐蚀缺陷管道剩余强度计算方法

目的建立低保守性双腐蚀缺陷管道剩余强度的计算方法。方法利用非线性有限元分析的数值仿真方法,对含有双腐蚀缺陷管道剩余强度进行分析,并验证了分析方法的可靠性。计算了轴向间距对带有相同腐蚀缺陷深度、长度,不同腐蚀缺陷深度、长度,以及具有不同环向间距或不同轴向间距的交叉位置双腐蚀缺陷管道失效压力的影响,首次提出了双腐蚀缺陷相互作用系数的概念,并将其应用到双腐蚀缺陷管道失效压力的计算中。结果当轴向间距超过一定数值时,双腐蚀缺陷因相互作用而消失,只有在轴向间距非常小或两轴向腐蚀接触时,双腐蚀缺陷才有可能达到或接近完全相互作用。在相互作用范围内,双腐蚀缺陷的相互作用随轴向间距呈对数关系变化。当双腐蚀轴向投影完全重合时,腐蚀环向间距对双腐蚀缺陷相互作用的影响不大;当双腐蚀轴向投影未完全重合时,环向间距对双腐蚀缺陷相互作用的影响不可忽略。当双腐蚀缺陷之间存在一定环向间距时,双腐蚀缺陷的相互作用随轴向间距先增大后减小。结论提出的相互作用系数概念能够解决交互影响双腐蚀缺陷管道失效压力的计算问题。     

含多腐蚀缺陷油气管道的相互作用准则及剩余强度

利用ABAQUS软件,采用控制变量法和无量纲分析法,求解只含轴向或环向多腐蚀缺陷管道的等效应力,并提出了管道多腐蚀缺陷间的相互作用准则、判定流程和影响因素;在考虑腐蚀缺陷间相互作用效应的情况下,结合控制变量法,对处于复杂腐蚀状态下含多腐蚀缺陷的管道的剩余强度进行了数值模拟,并提出了剩余强度变化系数;采用正交试验设计法,分析了影响腐蚀管道剩余强度的主、次要因素。结果表明：当只有轴向或环向腐蚀缺陷时,轴向间距系数是影响管道应力状态的主要因素;当腐蚀轴向间距大于■时,腐蚀缺陷间无相互作用;当轴向、环向均有腐蚀缺陷时,腐蚀长度系数和腐蚀宽度系数是影响管道剩余强度的主要因素,腐蚀深度系数和轴向间距系数次之。     

含腐蚀缺陷油气管道评价技术研究进展

由于外部环境及输送介质的影响,油气管道在运行过程中不可避免地会出现腐蚀缺陷,腐蚀处会产生应力集中的现象,从而削弱管道的承压能力。因此,必须对含腐蚀缺陷的管道进行剩余强度及剩余寿命评价,评价结果可以为缺陷管线的维修计划提供重要依据。综述了国内外主要的腐蚀缺陷管道评价规范,分析了不同规范的适用范围。从单个腐蚀和群腐蚀两个方面展开论述,归纳了含腐蚀缺陷管道评价技术的最新研究进展,并介绍了目前的研究热点——群腐蚀缺陷管道剩余强度评价方法以及腐蚀缺陷间相互影响准则(interaction rule)。另外,论述了目前腐蚀管道剩余寿命预测的常用方法,包括灰色预测法以及可靠度函数分析法。最后,总结了腐蚀缺陷管道评价技术研究进展,并对未来的研究工作提出了展望。     

基于等效形状的不规则缺陷管道失效压力评估方法

目的 提高不规则缺陷管道失效压力评估效率和预测结果的准确度。方法 采用实体有限元模型对不规则形状缺陷管道的失效压力进行了实例研究。有限元模型由1个浅腐蚀缺陷和1个深腐蚀缺陷组成,其中深腐蚀缺陷包含在浅腐蚀缺陷内。分析了深腐蚀缺陷的长度和深度对不规则形状缺陷管道失效压力的影响。根据缺陷深度剖面的不规则性,将缺陷分为3类,第1类缺陷的不规则度为1≤d/dave<1.2,该类型缺陷的轴向投影形状可以等效为矩形;第2类缺陷的不规则度为1.2≤d/dave≤1.5,该类型缺陷的轴向投影的等效形状介于矩形和抛物线之间;第3类缺陷的不规则度为1.5相似文献   

基于VB/GM(1,1)/MATLAB的腐蚀管道剩余寿命预测及结构可靠度分析

以灰色理论GM(1,1)模型为基础,结合ASME B31G标准,考虑缺陷深度、缺陷长度、管道壁厚、管道直径、屈服强度、操作压力等随机性,建立腐蚀管道可靠性模型。使用VB进行腐蚀管道剩余寿命分析,利用MATLAB系统编程实现JC法计算结构可靠度,分析可靠性指标与缺陷深度、管道壁厚、管道压力的关系,为管道剩余寿命预测、复杂结构可靠性分析和腐蚀检测周期的确定提供依据。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.     

Theoretical Analysis for the Motion and Temperature of Melt Droplets in Spray Degassing Process

The motion of melt droplets in spray degassing process was analyzed theoretically. The height of the treatment tank in spray degassing process could be determined by the results of theoretical calculation of motion of melt droplets. To know whether the melt droplets would solidify during spraying process, the balance temperature of melt droplets was also theoretically analyzed. Then proof experiments for theoretical results about temperature of melt droplets were carried. In comparison, the experimental results were nearly similar to the calculation results.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.