刀具-切屑接触区的应力分布建模方法研究

刀具-切屑之间的接触区特性对切削过程中的切削力、切削热及刀具磨损等均有较大影响。利用UMT-2高速球-盘摩擦试验机进行硬质合金球(模拟刀具)和Al7050-T7451(模拟工件)的摩擦试验。测量摩擦后得到的沟槽三维形貌和硬质合金球上的磨痕形状,对硬质合金球和Al7050-T7451盘之间的三维接触应力状态进行分析计算,进而建立考虑相对运动速度和接触应力的滑动摩擦因数表达式。提出刀具-切屑接触区几何尺寸和应力分布的计算方法,设计正交车削试验测量主切削力和吃刀抗力,进而通过计算获得不同切削速度下的刀具-切屑接触长度、接触长度上黏结区的长度、以及黏结区、滑动区长度之比,从而量化不同切削条件下刀具-切屑的接触状态。     

微量润滑条件下AlTiN基涂层刀具与S136淬硬钢的摩擦学行为研究

针对传统封闭式销-盘摩擦磨损试验无法反映实际切削过程中刀具与切屑以及工件界面摩擦磨损问题,设计了一种新的摩擦磨损试验方法,模拟了不同微量润滑(Minimum Quantity Lubrication, MQL)工艺参数和油品条件下的AlTiN基刀具涂层切削加工S136淬硬模具钢的摩擦磨损过程,分析了涂层-工件摩擦系数的变化趋势,并结合涂层表面摩擦粘附形貌及摩擦模型,揭示了不同MQL条件对刀具涂层-工件摩擦磨损行为的影响机理。结果表明:界面摩擦系数主要受摩擦粘附的影响,摩擦粘附越严重,对应的界面摩擦系数越大;喷射压力对于界面摩擦系数具有重要影响,喷油量的增加对于摩擦系数的影响不明显,油雾喷射距离为10mm和40mm时对应的摩擦系数均较小;对于AlTiN涂层,采用HE30合成脂类油品更有利于降低界面摩擦系数;对于AlTiN/TiSiN涂层,采用VG25植物基油品和Plus20脂肪醇类油品较为适合。     

准球工件车刀的开发

介绍在普通车床上加工准球工件车刀的设计与结构,并通过试车试验验证此刀具加工准球工件的可行性,从试验结果可以看出此刀具能够保证工件的精度要求.     

Si3N4／GCr15摩擦副在过氧化氢介质中的摩擦磨损性能研究

在SST-ST销-盘式摩擦磨损试验机上考察了Si3N4陶瓷盘/GCr15钢球摩擦副在不同体积分数过氧化氢H2O2介质中的摩擦磨损性能,通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和X射线能谱仪(EDS)对Si3N4陶瓷盘磨损表面进行了分析.结果表明:在去离子水条件下,Si3N4陶瓷盘摩擦表面形成的金属粘着转移层使Si3N4陶瓷盘与GCr15钢球之间的摩擦转变为金属与金属之间的摩擦,摩擦因数逐渐增大;在体积分数30%,60%和90%过氧化氢介质中,Si3N4陶瓷盘的主要磨损机制是微裂纹导致的剥落.     

新的球面加工方法

我们革新了球轴颈以及各种球面的加工方法(如附图),工件1用顶尖装在车床上,由拨盘带动旋转(转速n=15转/分)。在车床横拖板上装一小电动机,电动机上装一刀盘3,车刀2装于刀盘上由电动机带动旋转。刀具作圆周运动,工件作与刀具运动平面相垂直的旋转运动,故车出球面。     

TiAlN涂层与2Cr12Ni4Mo3VNbN不锈钢的摩擦性能研究

通过球—盘摩擦试验,结合扫描电镜、能谱仪等检测手段和表征方法,研究了TiAlN涂层与汽轮机48英寸叶片材料2Cr12Ni4Mo3VNbN的摩擦行为以及摩擦磨损机理。试验结果表明,TiAlN涂层球—盘磨损失效主要为氧化磨损与磨粒磨损共同作用的机制。TiAlN涂层在不同滑动速度下的摩擦系数先低后高,最后趋于平稳。涂层和不锈钢发生了明显的粘结现象,其抗粘结磨损性能较差。     

介观尺度最小切削厚度模型与分析

针对介观尺度切削加工中存在的最小切削厚度,描述了最小切削厚度形成机理,提出了一种基于刀具刃口半径及工件和刀具间摩擦因数的最小切削厚度理论模型,并将切削参数代入理论模型计算出其最小切削厚度值为2.3μm。以钛合金Ti6Al4V为研究对象,基于Abaqus建立钛合金二维切削模型,通过仿真得出最小切削厚度值在2μm～3μm之间,从而验证了最小切削厚度理论模型的正确性。并分析了刀具刃口半径及工件与刀具间摩擦因数对最小切削厚度的影响,结果表明,最小切削厚度值与刀具刃口半径成正比,与工件和刀具间摩擦因数成反比。     

基于标准销—盘试验的石墨/硬质合金副滑动摩擦磨损特性研究

通过标准销—盘摩擦磨损试验对石墨与硬质合金副的滑动摩擦磨损特性进行深入研究。结果表明,硬质合金销表面有石墨转移膜形成,并发生了轻微的"抛光"磨粒磨损;提高法向载荷和滑动速度可增加石墨转移膜形成,从而降低摩擦因数;与石墨高速铣削试验的刀具磨损结果进行对比发现,标准销—盘摩擦磨损试验未能复制硬质合金刀具的严重磨损现象,说明该摩擦试验方法对于石墨切削摩擦行为的研究具有一定的局限性,需要进一步改进。     

低温最小量润滑高速铣削钛合金的试验研究

基于复合制冷技术研制了一种低温最小量润滑供给装置,在低温最小量润滑(cryogenic minimum quantity lubrication,低温MQL)条件下进行高速铣削钛合金试验,研究了低温MQL对刀具与工件材料的摩擦接触状态、刀具磨损及已加工表面粗糙度的影响。将测量的铣削分力转化为切向铣削力和径向铣削力,以分析高速铣削时刀具与工件材料的摩擦接触状况。研究结果表明:低温MQL可使峰值径向铣削力减小27.6%～34.3%,有效地改善了刀具与工件材料的摩擦接触状态;降低低温MQL的温度有益于微量润滑油润滑功能的发挥并改善刀具与工件材料的摩擦接触状态,可延长刀具寿命,减小已加工表面粗糙度,但效果不明显;低温MQL的良好润滑作用可有效延长高速铣削钛合金时刀具的寿命。     

溅射沉积MoS_2/Sb_2O_3复合润滑膜的摩擦磨损过程与失效分析

采用UMT-2型球-盘摩擦磨损试验机研究溅射沉积MoS2/Sb2O3复合固体润滑膜的滑动摩擦磨损寿命,采用显微镜分析球-盘摩擦副在不同磨损阶段的磨损形貌与磨损状况,并对磨痕位置S、Mo元素进行XPS分析。结果表明:在摩擦磨损寿命试验过程中,摩擦副的接触方式最开始的点接触逐步过渡到面接触;MoS2固体润滑膜对滑动摩擦副的延寿作用是基底材料表面的有效厚度润滑膜及MoS2对摩擦偶件(钢球)的转移;机械磨损的剪切剥离效应是润滑失效的主要原因,MoS2的氧化在一定程度上加剧了润滑失效的进程。     

Tribological properties of powder metallurgical tool steels used in powder compaction pressing dies

The tribological properties of two powder metallurgical (PM) tool steels, high and low nitrogen containing, are investigated by means of three different wear tests: ball‐on‐disc, rubber wheel and scratch test. The ball‐on‐disc tests showed two distinct friction curves corresponding to each material. In order to simulate the tribosystem existing in metal powder compaction dies, the rubber wheel and the scratch test were modified. The rubber wheel test was performed using ferrous powder instead of sand, and scratch testing was carried out by sliding a powder compact over the tool steels. The scratch tests indicated a higher steady‐state coefficient of friction for the low nitrogen containing PM steel as compared with the high nitrogen containing alloy. Additionally, the results from the rubber wheel tests were in agreement with industrial experiences, showing the low nitrogen containing tool steel to suffer from severe galling. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Stable and super‐low friction of amorphous carbon nitride coatings in nitrogen gas by using two‐step ball‐on‐disk friction test

Effect of running‐in process on friction behaviour of carbon nitride (CNx) coating in N₂ gas stream was investigated with a newly introduced two‐step ball‐on‐disk friction test, where the rubbed Si₃N₄ ball in the pre‐sliding (step 1) was replaced by a new CNx‐coated Si₃N₄ ball in the subsequent sliding stage under N₂ gas (step 2). The two‐step friction test is clarified to be a simple but effective technique for obtaining contact material combination of self‐mated CNx coatings and for achieving stable and low frictions of CNx coatings. Friction coefficients of CNx/CNx in N₂ gas stream decrease greatly from 0.07 without pre‐sliding to less than 0.025 in two‐step friction tests. The minimum friction coefficient of 0.004 was obtained by introducing 500 cycles of pre‐sliding in ambient air. These stable and low frictions are attributed to the generation of self‐mated CNx coatings and the formation of a lubricious layer on the disk surface. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Wear of water lubricated silicon nitride in ball on disc test

Abstract

The ball on disc test configuration is preferred to the flat ended pin on disc because the ball is self-aligned and measurement of wear on the ball is of higher accuracy, compared to the pin. Silicon nitride, sliding on itself in water, was tested with the ball on disc tribometer. Misalignment of the test ball from its proper position behind the disc axis of rotation leads to friction measurement errors, which were analysed. The disc wears non-uniformly, the wear track depth and width vary in longitudinal direction by a factor of 2–3. The uneven wear of the disc is explained by the combined effects of sliding surface anisotropy and disc material non-homogeneity on the one hand and by the friction force and the normal load periodic variation on the other hand. During the running-in process at particular sliding velocity amplitude modulated friction force was observed and an explanation by the mechanical vibration 'beating' phenomenon was suggested. Predictive model of the running-in process is presented, which describes the evolution of the ball wear scar area, the contact pressure and the wear rate. The model predictions are consistent with the experimental data.     

The tribological properties of YBa2Cu3O7 films in ambient environment

In the present study, high-T_c superconducting thin YBa₂Cu₃O₇ films and polysilicon films were prepared to investigate the initial sliding friction properties using a ball-on-flat tribometer when samples were moved against a sapphire ball or a steel ball in ambient environment. The surface topography was measured with atomic force microscope (AFM). After five times testing, the experimental results indicate that the friction coefficient of YBa₂Cu₃O₇ films is lower than that of polysilicon films when sliding against a sapphire ball and almost the same when sliding against a steel ball. In particular, the initial friction of YBa₂Cu₃O₇ films is more stable when sliding against a sapphire ball. However, the initial friction of polysilicon films fluctuates during a cycle period when sliding against a sapphire ball. They are both stable when sliding against a steel ball. Although, the surface profile of the YBa₂Cu₃O₇ film is rough and can be seen to be rougher than the polysilicon film, but the friction coefficient of the YBa₂Cu₃O₇ film is lower than that of polysilicon film. Also, although the topography of YBa₂Cu₃O₇ films changes during friction, the friction coefficients are stable. This clearly shows that the initial sliding friction of YBa₂Cu₃O₇ films under microfriction is stable. The observation signifies YBCO film is a good film to prevent stick–slip motion in ambient environment. The wear properties of YBa₂Cu₃O₇ films suggest that the superconducting outgrowths (CuO) are loose and they can be easily removed.     

精密滚珠丝杠副摩擦力矩波动的分析与测试

根据Hertz接触理论关于点接触模型的描述,对滚珠丝杠的摩擦力矩进行了分析推导,研究了滚珠进出滚道的摩擦力作用方式对丝杠摩擦力矩的影响,分析结果表明:滚珠进出滚道时摩擦力的改变是摩擦力矩波动的主要原因,滚珠丝杠预紧力对滚珠接触力的影响是摩擦力矩波动的决定性因素。试验测试表明:丝杠摩擦力矩与丝杠转速成正比,摩擦力矩波动的频率与滚珠进出滚道的频率一致,说明了所提出分析方法及理论的正确性。     

An Accelerated Wear Test Method to Evaluate Lubricant Thin Films on Magnetic Hard Disks

A high speed ball-on-inclined-plane test method has been developed to evaluate the lubrication effectiveness of Z-Dol on magnetic hard disks. The test evaluates the combined durability of the lubricant film and the carbon overcoat under sliding conditions. A polished ruby (Al₂O₃) ball without suspension is used to simulate the head material. The ball slides over an inclined (at an angle of 0.055°±0.005°) section of the disk surface at 2.0 m/s linear velocity. The load is controlled by the geometric interference of the preloaded ball and the inclined plane. The contact forces are sampled periodically at 2 rpm and the frictional coefficients calculated. Repeated sliding between the ball and the disk sample leads to an increase in friction approaching that of the unlubricated case. Post test analysis using atomic force microscopy (AFM) suggests that the increase in friction is due to the loss of lubricant effectiveness of the lubricant and the wear of the carbon overcoat. X-ray photoemission microscopy (PEEM) results suggest progressive oxidation of Z-Dol as one of the degradation mechanisms leading to wear. The durability of the lubricating thin films is defined by the number of cycles to failure. Test repeatability is about 10%, depending on lubricant, film thickness, and surface roughness. The test can be used to evaluate different lubricant chemistries as well as different carbon overcoats. Compared to other pin-on-disk tests and step loading ball-on-disk methods, this test introduces two additional factors: high speed impact and wear acceleration by the inclined angle. The high speed impact simulates potential thermal stresses associated with head–disk contact. With an inclined angle, the load increases evenly for each contact cycle, hence simulates the ability of the lubricant layer to react to dynamic loads. The test is intended as a basic research tool to measure the fundamental resistance of the lubricant layer to resist repeated high speed contacts.     

Tribochemical effects on the friction and wear behaviors of diamond-like carbon film under high relative humidity condition

Friction and wear behaviors of diamond-like carbon (DLC) film in humid N₂ (RH-100%) sliding against different counterpart ball (Si₃N₄ ball, Al₂O₃ ball and steel ball) were investigated. It was found that the friction and wear behaviors of DLC film were dependent on the friction-induced tribochemical interactions in the presence of the DLC film, water molecules and counterpart balls. When sliding against Si₃N₄ ball, a tribochemical film that mainly consisted of silica gel was formed on the worn surface due to the oxidation and hydrolysis of the Si₃N₄ ball, and resulted in the lowest friction coefficient and wear rate of the DLC film. The degradation of the DLC film catalyzed by Al₂O₃ ball caused the highest wear rate of DLC film when sliding against Al₂O₃ ball, while the tribochemical reactions between DLC film and steel ball led to the highest friction coefficient when sliding against steel ball.     

精密丝杠副摩擦力矩波动及滚珠冲击的试验研究

为了研究滚珠丝杠副摩擦力矩波动及滚珠冲击的影响因素,对不同型号的丝杠摩擦力矩波动与滚珠的冲击响应进行了测试分析,结果表明:摩擦力矩的波动频率与滚珠对返向器的冲击频率之间存在频率相等、相位滞后的对应关系;丝杆转速的増大使得返向器内前后滚珠间速度差减小,滚珠进出滚道的加速度冲击响应与丝杠转速呈相反趋势;预紧力的大小对丝杠的冲击有较大的影响。     

钢球展开过程运动学及动力学分析

钢球表面质量检测常用的办法是依靠展开机构中的摩擦力将钢球表面完全展开,摩擦力对钢球表面检测效率和精度有着重要影响。为分析摩擦对钢球展开的影响,根据展开轮与钢球接触的几何约束关系,对钢球与展开轮接触模型进行运动学分析,得到钢球与展开轮接触点位置的变化规律;由于展开装置构件之间全部依靠干摩擦接触约束,在古典Coulomb摩擦模型基础上,结合展开装置特性,建立修正的Coulomb摩擦模型,建立钢球和展开轮的运动微分方程,得到钢球与展开轮接触点处摩擦力的变化规律,并分析接触点处接触力的影响因素;同时根据展开原理构建实体模型进行虚拟仿真并搭建物理样机进行试验,结果表明驱动轮转速直接影响钢球与展开轮接触点法向接触力变化,从而影响接触点处摩擦力变化特性,通过摩擦力变化特性,解释了展开轮能实现钢球表面展开的工作原理。     

Tribological and structural characterization of a physical vapour deposited TiC/Ti(C,N)/TiN multilayer

A physical vapour deposited TiC/Ti(C,N)/TiN multilayer was investigated and compared with a PVD TiN monolayer coating in a ball-on-disc test. Wear and friction against a corundum ball were measured as a function of time and sliding velocity. In these experiments, the coefficient of friction remained constant at 0.2 as long as the ball was sliding on TiC or intermidiate Ti(C,N) layers. When the TiN layer was reached, the coefficient of friction became unstable and rose to an average value of 1–1.5, which is characteristic for a TiN/Al₂O₃ contact. Wear rates for the multilayer were found to be three to four times smaller as compared to the reference TiN. The multilayer morphology of the TiC/Ti(C,N)/TiN was revealed in a low-angle cross-section resulting from a prolonged ball-on-disc test. In that way, it was shown that the multilayer consisted of nine separate sublayers.