Counselor deliberate postural lean and communication of facilitative conditions.

[Correction Notice: An erratum for this article was reported in Vol 35(4) of Journal of Counseling Psychology (see record 2008-10690-002). The date of receipt indicated for this article was incorrect. The correct date of receipt is provided in the erratum.] This experimental study examined the relation between counselor deliberate postural lean and the communication of intensity, empathic understanding, respect, and genuineness. Results, from 12 male counselors acting as their own controls under three postural lean conditions (forward, backward, and choice) in counseling interaction with female clients, suggested compensatory processes in operation. Making a required lean forward was associated with decreased facilitative levels and backward with increased levels. The latter effects were more marked, with significant differences in intensity and respect. The effects were also more marked with those counselors who, as revealed in their choice session, preferred to move forward rather than backward, with these counselors also being the most effective as assessed by communicated empathy levels. It was concluded that for effective counselors in particular, deliberate postural lean results in a subtle maintenance of an equilibrium of verbal–nonverbal communication behaviors judged as most appropriate to the moment. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Verbal and nonverbal communication of facilitative conditions.

Studied 1 verbal and 5 nonverbal cues in a multichannel communication paradigm to assess their effect on the communication of the facilitative conditions of empathy, respect, and genuineness. 15 trained counselors and 15 clients rated 32 videotaped interactions between counselor and client, each interaction portraying a different combination of verbal message, trunk lean, eye contact, vocal intonation, and facial expression. Results of empathy, respect, and genuineness ratings reveal that (a) nonverbal cues in the paradigm accounted for significantly greater message variance than did the verbal message; (b) counselors and clients differed significantly in their perceptions of the cues, and these differences (reflected in interactions) depended heavily upon the presence or absence of the remaining cues; (c) previously unstudied cues of vocal intonation and facial expression with these dependent variables proved to be significant contributors to the final judgments of facilitative conditions; and (d) the process of decoding the level of facilitative conditions is a factorially complex process which cannot be understood by factorially simple studies. Results are further discussed with respect to the role of nonverbal communication in the counseling process. (40 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"Client-therapist complementarity: An analysis of the Gloria films": Correction.

Reports an error in "Client-therapist complementarity: An analysis of the Gloria films" by Donald J. Kiesler and Chesley S. Goldston (Journal of Counseling Psychology, 1988[Apr], Vol 35[2], 127-133). The date of receipt indicated for the revision of this article was incorrect. The correct date of receipt is provided in the erratum. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 1988-36446-001.) In this investigation of Shostrom's (1966) psychotherapy demonstration films, we used a checklist inventory measure derived from the 1982 Interpersonal Circle to examine the interpersonal behavior of Gloria, her three therapists, and their respective transaction patterns. Groups of undergraduate raters observed the three films, after which they rated the interpersonal behavior of either Gloria or the therapist. Analyses of Interpersonal Circle axes and segment scores revealed significant differences in the interpersonal behaviors of the three therapists with Gloria and of Gloria with the three therapists. Analyses of transactional patterns showed departures of Gloria's behaviors from the perfect complementary fit predicted from each of the therapist's interpersonal profiles, especially for behaviors categorized on the hostile half of the Interpersonal Circle. Discussion emphasized the complex of dyadic mix and other contextual factors that need to be addressed in future interpersonal studies of psychotherapy. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Verbal and nonverbal behavior in judgments of facilitative conditions.

Investigated the effects of different verbal counseling styles, selected nonverbal behaviors, and client sex on facilitative conditions of the counseling relationship. The verbal counseling style included an affective and a behavioral interactive communication style. The nonverbal behaviors were eye contact, smiling, head nodding, and trunk lean forward. Male counselors interviewed both male and female clients (20 undergraduates). The results demonstrate that certain nonverbal behaviors were related to the 3 facilitative conditions. However, the effects on the relationship characteristics were modified by interactions with other variables. In some instances, the nonverbal behaviors had debilitating effects rather than the facilitating effects that were expected. (42 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"Counselor verbal response modes and experienced empathy": Correction to Barkham and Shapiro.

Reports an error in "Counselor verbal response modes and experienced empathy" by Michael Barkham and David A. Shapiro (Journal of Counseling Psychology, 1986[Jan], Vol 33[1], 3-10). The second paragraph of the author acknowledgement should have read as follows: We thank Ian Spalding for supervision of the session recordings, Liz Colley for programming and advice on data analysis, Richard Shillcock and Jane Oakhill for response mode coding, and Robert Elliott for comments on a draft. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 1986-15306-001.) Client and counselor perceptions of empathy at different stages in the counseling process were examined in relation to the verbal response modes used by counselors in 24 client–counselor dyads. Each of 6 counselors (aged 32–58 yrs) at college counseling centers was studied in counseling with 4 clients, of whom 2 were in initial sessions and 2 were in sessions drawn from ongoing counseling relationships. Clients perceived counselors as showing significantly greater empathy during ongoing than during initial sessions, and counselors perceived themselves as showing significantly greater empathy during initial sessions than did clients rating the same sessions. Clients rated counselors using fewer general advisements as more empathic, whereas counselors who rated themselves more empathic used more explorations and fewer reassurances. At the moment-to-moment level tapped by interpersonal process recall, exploration was the only category strongly associated with both client and counselor experiences of empathic communication in both initial and ongoing sessions. (50 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"Perceptual and memorial constructs in children's judgments of quantity: A law of across-representation invariance": Correction to Wolf and Algom (1987).

Reports an error in "Perceptual and memorial constructs in children's judgments of quantity: A law of across-representation invariance" by Yuval Wolf and Daniel Algom (Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 1987[Dec], Vol 116[4], 381-397). The sentence found on p. 381, right-hand column, line 15, was printed incorrectly. The corrected statement is provided in the erratum. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 1988-07144-001.) Children at three different ages made judgments of physically presented (perceptual estimation) or symbolically represented (memorial estimation) rectangles. Height and width were integrated according to different, age-dependent algebraic rules. Memorial data obeyed the same integration rules that operated in the original perceptual judgments even when younger children and older children used completely different combination models. Valuation operations were the same in perception and memory for the youngest group (6-year-olds) but became discriminably different at older ages (for the 8- and 10-year-olds). Three additional experiments on judgments of volume, liquid quantity, and visual length yielded strong cross-validation support for the general invariance claim (with respect to integration rule theory) but less strong support for the specific invariance claim (with respect to valuation function for the 6-year-old subjects). Results are interpreted as demonstrating lawful and long-enduring ecological constraints on internal representation. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Preferences for older versus younger counselors among a group of elderly persons.

Preference for counselors among 52 men and 69 women 65 yrs of age and older was investigated for possible effects associated with differences in counselor age and level of facilitative communication. Ss viewed videotaped interviews of elderly clients interacting with 4 younger and 4 older counselors and indicated their choices of counselors. Results suggest that CA and maturity affect preferences. It was also indicated that level of communication may be critical, considering the age factor. Perceptions of age and facilitation, as aspects of 1st-choice counselors obtained from an adjective checklist, were also studied. These data showed that age, and to a lesser degree facilitation, impressed female Ss. Males appeared more affected by facilitation, indicating that it was the more dominant influence in their 1st choices. (14 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"Nucleus basalis magnocellularis lesions: Lack of biochemical and immunocytochemical recovery and effect of cholinesterase inhibitors on passive avoidance": Correction.

Reports an error in "Nucleus basalis magnocellularis lesions: Lack of biochemical and immunocytochemical recovery and effect of cholinesterase inhibitors on passive avoidance" by Leon J. Thal, Carl P. Dokla and David M. Armstrong (Behavioral Neuroscience, 1988[Dec], Vol 102[6], 852-860). The plate for this article appears on page 997. The information should read, "Plate C. Choline acetyltransferase (CAT) immunoreactivity at 1 week and 3 months following unilateral ibotenic acid nucleus basalis magnocellularis (NBM) lesion." (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 1989-28786-001.) Lesions of the rat nucleus basalis magnocellularis (nBM) result in a marked decrease in cortical choline acetyltransferase (CAT) and in behavioral deficits. After unilateral ibotenic acid lesions of the nBM in rats, there was significant ipsilateral loss of frontal and parietal CAT, which did not recover for 3 mo and was accompanied by a loss of CAT immunoreactivity in the peripallidal region. Bilateral ibotenate nBM lesions resulted in a marked deficit of 1-trial step-through passive avoidance (PA) at 24 hrs. Cholinesterase inhibitors including physostigmine, N-ethylalkylphenyl carbamate (RA-6), and N,N-methylethylphenyl carbamate were administered in separate experiments, for 2 days before retrieval testing or for 3 consecutive days during consolidation immediately following training. Nonsignificant improvements in PA latency were produced using physostigmine and RA-6 administered before retrieval testing. Results suggest that destruction of cholinergic neurons in the nBM is involved in the PA deficit, but does not exclude the possibility that damage to other systems may contribute to the behavioral deficit. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)     

Counselor confrontation and client depth of self-exploration.

Classified the response styles of 8 counselors, all functioning at or above minimally facilitative levels of core conditions, as confrontive or speculative. Estimates of client depth of self-exploration were made by counselors, clients, and trained raters. The data indicate that (a) clients perceived greater self-exploration than counselors or raters, (b) confrontive counselors perceived greater self-exploration than speculative counselors, and (c) neither raters' nor clients' estimates of self-exploration differed across speculative or confrontive counselors. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"Neurobehavioral and life-quality changes after cerebral revascularization": Correction to Baird et al.

Reports an error in "Neurobehavioral and life-quality changes after cerebral revascularization" by Anne Dull Baird, James I. Ausman, Fernando G. Diaz, Manuel Dujovny, Kenneth M. Adams and Mark W. Shatz (Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 1988[Feb], Vol 56[1], 148-151). The authors' names were incorrectly ordered. The correct order is as follows: Anne Dull Baird, Kenneth M. Adams, Mark W. Shatz, James I. Ausman, Fernando G. Diaz, and Manuel Dujovny. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 1988-21086-001.) Neuropsychological and life-quality changes were studied 6 months after carotid endarterectomy, superficial temporal artery to middle cerebral artery bypass, multiple revascularization, and vertebrobasilar revascularization procedures. These changes were compared with those in patients with recent severe spinal complaints and in patients for whom revascularization was considered but not elected. Subjects were enrolled prospectively. We did not see statistically significant differences in neurobehavioral gains in patients undergoing cerebral revascularization versus those considered but not selected for surgery and versus patients with spinal complaints. Small sample size, marked intragroup variability, and lack of randomized subject assignments may have obscured modest-to-moderate treatment effects in some individuals. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Errata.

Reports an error in "Alpha-adrenergic receptors in hypothalamus for the suppression of feeding behavior by satiety" by D. L. Margules (Journal of Comparative & Physiological Psychology, 1970[Oct], Vol 73[1], 1-12; see record 1971-03588-001). On page 3, paragraph 1 of the Method section, the angle of implantation of cannulas was 6° from the perpendicular; in paragraph 2 of the Method section, the following sentence was omitted: All rats were maintained on a reversed dark-light cycle (lights off at 0800 hr. and on at 2000 hr. EST) and were drugged in the dark. On page 10, paragraph 6, line 10 of the Discussion section, "abolishes" should read "enhances." In "Precocious mating in male rats following treatment with androgen or estrogen" by Michael J. Baum (Journal of Comparative & Physiological Psychology, 1972[Mar], Vol. 78[3], 356-367; see record 1972-22393-001), on page 367 the date of receipt should read August 24, 1970. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"The acquisition of task-specific productions and modification of declarative representations in spatial-precuing tasks": Correction to Proctor and Reeve.

Reports an error in "The acquisition of task-specific productions and modification of declarative representations in spatial-precuing tasks" by Robert W. Proctor and T. Gilmour Reeve (Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 1988[Jun], Vol 117[2], 182-196). The spanner heads were inadvertently omitted from Tables 2 and 3 and Tables 6 and 7. The four tables are reprinted in the erratum. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 1988-28565-001.) Three experiments explored the role of the stimulus–response translation stage of human information processing in relating stimuli to assigned responses. The primary findings are that (a) task-specific productions develop with practice that relate stimuli directly to specific fingers, and (b) declarative knowledge is acquired that can lead to the use of modified representations when translation subsequently is required in a transfer session. The results are consistent with the view that the mediating role of the translation stage decreases with practice and is inconsistent with the view that the role does not change or diminish. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Counselor dogmatism, willingness to disclose, and clients' empathy ratings.

Assessed counselee perceptions of counselor interpersonal affectiveness, using the responses of 51 college-student counselees who evaluated 1 of 6 counselors on the Barrett-Lennard Relationship Inventory (BLRI). To test the hypothesis that the concepts of dogmatism, authoritarianism, and the closed person are synonymous, these concepts were studied in relationship to counselors' degree of disclosure by having the 6 counselors complete the BLRI and Rokeach Dogmatism Scale. Findings suggest that dogmatism is an unstable characteristic of counselors during counseling. Low-dogmatic counselors appeared to show higher levels of psychological insight during counseling than high-dogmatic counselors. It is suggested that the psychological state of the counselee may determine to a great extent the effectiveness of high-dogmatic counselors. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Client perceptions of the therapeutic relationship as a function of client and counselor age.

32 women pseudoclients from each of 2 age groups (25–35 and 60–70 yrs) met with a woman crisis counselor from 1 of the 2 age groups for a 50-min face-to-face interview. Results suggest that age of clients and counselors did not exert a significant influence on clients' perceptions of counselor facilitative skills (e.g., empathy, congruence, regard) or client satisfaction with the therapeutic interview. Age similarity between the client and counselor did not necessarily improve the working alliance. Clients of a specific age group view some counselors of a particular age as more facilitative and empathic than other counselors of that same age. (21 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Anticipatory postural adjustments before load pickup in a bi-manual whole body lifting task

Balance regulation and movement control were examined in the context of bi-manual lifting. Subjects picked up a load (20% body mass) after several unloaded cycles using the leg-lift technique. The addition of the load to the body caused the system center of mass to shift forward and thus presented the subject with an expected perturbation of balance. To examine whether the disturbances to balance were counteracted by anticipatory postural adjustments, the last cycle, in which the barbell was grasped and lifted, was compared with the preceding unloaded cycle. Using a global mechanical analysis of the movement, we found that anticipatory postural adjustments were present before load pickup in bi-manual lifting. These anticipatory postural adjustments were characterized by a backward directed horizontal momentum, a backward directed horizontal component of the ground reaction force accompanied with a forward shift of the center of pressure, and a backward shift of the center of mass (CoM). These characteristics could all be understood from the mechanical consideration that adding a load in front of the body induces a forward shift of the CoM. However, major compensations of the position of the CoM were also observed after bar grasp. It is therefore proposed that commands giving rise to postural adjustments are closely tied to commands controlling the ongoing movement. On the basis of this insight the strict dichotomy in the control of posture and movement is being questioned.     

"Common factors in the identification of an assortment of brief everyday sounds": Correction to Ballas (1993).

Reports an error in "Common factors in the identification of an assortment of brief everyday sounds" by James A. Ballas (Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 1993[Apr], Vol 19[2], 250-267). A previous notice regarding this article incorrectly identified the volume number and date of publication of the journal in which this article appeared. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 1993-28211-001.) Acoustic, ecological, perceptual and cognitive factors that are common in the identification of 41 brief, varied sounds were evaluated. In Exp 1, identification time and accuracy, causal uncertainty values, and spectral and temporal properties of the sounds were obtained. Exp 2 was a survey to obtain ecological frequency counts. Exp 3 solicited perceptual–cognitive ratings. Factor analyses of spectral parameters and perceptual–cognitive ratings were performed. Identification time and causal uncertainty are highly interrelated, and both are related to ecological frequency and the presence of harmonics and similar spectral bursts. Exps 4 and 5 used a priming paradigm to verify correlational relationships between identification time and causal uncertainty and to assess the effect of sound typicality. Results support a hybrid approach for theories of everyday sound identification. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)