混合鸭梨酒中感官品质和抗氧化性能比较

将山楂、黑布林李子、巨峰葡萄、富士苹果、猕猴桃、南果梨、冬枣、磨盘柿、雪花梨、库尔勒香梨、茌梨等11种水果与鸭梨分别混合酿酒,对64个果酒样品进行了感官评定,并对其中的多酚、Vc含量及抗氧化指标进行比较。结果表明,根据感官评定及抗氧化性能比较,山楂、黑布林李子、巨峰葡萄、富士苹果适于与鸭梨进行混酿,山楂与鸭梨进行混酿效果最佳;混合梨酒中多酚类物质含量与原料果汁中含量呈线性关系,但果酒中Vc含量与原料果汁间相关性较低;混合梨酒的抗氧化性能高于原料果汁。     

Phenolic Profiles and Antioxidant Properties of Apple Skin Extracts

ABSTRACT:  Lipid oxidation, especially the oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids, is a significant issue in the food industry impacting both food quality and health of consumers. Apple skin was investigated as a source of natural antioxidants. The phenolic compound composition and antioxidant properties of 21 selected apple genotypes were evaluated. The lipid stabilizing ability of the apple skin extracts was examined using an aqueous emulsion system of methyl linolenate. The total phenolic concentrations determined by high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry of methanolic extracts of skins of the apple genotypes varied from 150 to 700 mg/100 g DW. The antioxidant capacity measured by Folin–Ciocalteu (16.2 to 34.1 mg GAE/100 g DW), ferric reducing antioxidant power (1.3 to 3.3 g TE/100 g DW), oxygen radical absorbance capacity (5.2 to 14.2 g TE/100 g DW), and percent inhibition of oxidation of methyl linolenate (73.8% to 97.2%) varied among the apple genotypes. The apple skin extracts, specifically the crab apple varieties such as "Dolgo," were revealed to be effective inhibitors of oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acid in a model system and thus can be considered as a potential source of natural food antioxidants.     

In vitro antioxidant analysis and characterisation of antler velvet extract

The chemical composition and antioxidant properties of antler velvet extract prepared by supercritical CO₂ extraction with co-solvent are presented in this study. The composition in different extracts was determined by radioimmunoassay analysis (RIA), high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and thin layer chromatographic (TLC), separately. The antioxidant properties including hydroxyl radical-scavenging by phenanthroline-Fe(II) oxidation, inhibition of lipid peroxidation from lipoprotein induced by iron and the ability of the extract to protect 2-deoxy-d-ribose against hydroxyl radical-mediated degradation were assessed. The extract mainly contained three biological bases, two sex hormones, five phospholipids and p-hydroxybenzaldehyde, which may contribute greatly to antioxidant activity. The antler velvet extracts demonstrated activity in the three antioxidant assays, and did so in a concentration-dependent fashion. The supercritical extract technology showed obvious advantage, and the inhibitory activity of SFE extract was obviously higher than that of traditional refluxing extracts.     

Comparative antioxidant activity and 1H NMR profiling of Mediterranean fruit products

In this study the antioxidant activity of methanol extracts obtained from Mediterranean fruit products (prickly pear fruit jam and cream, myrtle berries jam, orange and mandarin-orange marmalades) was evaluated and compared in several in vitro models of oxidative stress. The compositional profile of methanol extracts (carbohydrates, organic acids, amino acids, and main phenolic compounds) was characterized by ¹H NMR spectroscopy and the total phenol content was estimated by the Folin–Ciocalteu procedure. All extracts showed protective effect against thermal-cholesterol degradation, strictly correlated to total phenols. Extracts from prickly pear cream and myrtle berries jam preserved liposomes from Cu^2 +-induced oxidation, inhibiting the reduction of polyunsaturated fatty acids and the increase of malondialdehyde. Extracts from prickly pear cream and citrus marmalades significantly reduced the reactive oxygen species generation induced by tert-butylhydroperoxide in Caco-2 cell culture. The results of this work qualify all tested Mediterranean fruit preserves as a good source of biologically active components with considerable antioxidant potential.     

Stability of hydroxycinnamic acids and caffeine from green coffee extracts after heating in food model systems

This study was designed to characterize the stability of hydroxycinnamic acids and caffeine obtained from green coffee beans in the form of lyophilized extract (GCE) during heating after supplementation to model systems with saccharose, potato starch, egg white protein, and sunflower oil. Also the addition of iron ions was used. Systems were prepared as a mixture of GCE with a single substance or in a more complex matrix. Heating was carried out at 180 °C for 0.5 and 1 h. Because of the saccharose content, some systems were heated only at 110 °C. The losses of hydroxycinnamic acids in heated systems ranged from 18 to 84 %, and the caffeine from 1.5 to 10 %. The presence of sunflower oil in the systems had the greatest influence on hydroxycinnamic acids degradation. However, in case of the system of each of the examined substances with the coffee preparation, an increased degradation of hydroxycinnamic acids resulting from the introduction of ferrous ions into the systems was observed. Earlier results concerning antioxidant activity of systems containing GCE allow to conclude that the degradation of hydroxycinnamic acids was weakly related to the decrease in antioxidant activity.     

Die Gehalte an Hydroxyzimtsaure-Verbindungen und Catechinen in Kern- und Steinobst

Zusammenfassung Um einen Überblick über die qualitative und quantitative Zusammensetzung von Früchten an Catechin, Epicatechin und Hydroxyzimtsäureestern zu erhalten, wurden zahlreiche Sorten von Apfel, Birne, Aprikose, Pfirsich, Süß- und Sauerkirsche und Pflaume untersucht. Epicatechin dominiert in Kern- und Steinobst außer Pfirsich und Pflaumen, Caffeoylchinasäuren sind in allen untersuchten Arten vorherrschend. In Steinobst sind die 3-Isomeren die Hauptkomponenten, wohingegen in Äpfeln und Birnen die 5-Isomeren fast ausschließlich zu finden sind. Äpfel und Pflaumen enthalten p-Cumaroylglucose, Feruloylglucose und Caffeoylglucose in unterschiedlichen Gehalten und nur Birnen Hydroxycinnamoylmalate in geringfügigen Mengen. In keiner Probe wurden freie Hydroxyzimtsauren, Sinapinsäureester oder Glucoside der Hydroxyzimtsduren gefunden.Um Catechine und Hydroxyzimtsäurederivate gleichzeitig bestimmen zu können, wurde eine bekannte Aufarbeitungsmethode entsprechend modifiziert. Nach Homogenisation und Extraktion des gefrorenen oder gefriergetrockneten Fruchtgewebes wurden die erhaltenen wäßrigen Lösungen durch Säulenchromatographie an Polyamid fraktioniert. Zuerst wurden mit Methanol Catechine und Glucoseester der Hydroxyzimtsäure eluiert. China- und Weinsäureester dieser Säuren wurden im Anschluß in einer ameisensauren Methanol-Fraktion erhalten. Die Bestimmungen wurden mit analytischer HPLC (Gradientensystem) auf Umkehrphasen-Material (RP-18) durchgeführt. Je eine Querschnittsanalyse für eine Apfelund eine Birnensorte zeigten die Verteilung der erwähnten Verbindungen in Schale, Fruchtgewebe (Pulpe) und Gehäusebereich.

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Contents of hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives and catechins in pome and stone fruit

Summary Various varieties of apple, pear, apricot, peach, sweet and sour cherries and plum were investigated with regard to their contents of hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives and catechins. Epicatechin was predominantly found in pome and stone fruit, with the exception of peaches and plums, while the caffeoylquinic acids predominated in all the varieties examined. In stone fruit, the 3-isomers are the major constituents, whereas the 5-isomers are found almost exclusively in apples and pears. Apples and plums contain different levels of p-coumaroyl glucose, feruloyl glucose and caffeoyl glucose and pears contain trace amounts of hydroxycinnamoylmalates. Free hydroxycinnamic acids, sinapic acid esters or hydroxycinnamic acid glucosides were not found in any of the samples studied. In order to achieve combined examinations of catechins and hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives, a known method for sample preparation was modified. After homogenization and extraction of the frozen or freeze-dried fruit tissue, the resulting aqueous solutions were fractionated by means of column chromatography on polyamide. Catechins and hydroxycinnamoyl glucoses were eluted initially with methanol. Quinates and malates of hydroxycinnamic acids were collected in a methanol/2% formic acid fraction. Analysis was performed by means of high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with a gradient system on reversed-phase material (RP-18). A profile analysis for a single variety of both apple and pear showed a distribution of the phenolic compounds in the peel, pulp and core of the fruit.

     

Dietary spices as a natural effectors of lipoxygenase,xanthine oxidase,peroxidase and antioxidant agents

The aim of this study was to determine antioxidant activities of selected spices and their influence on the activity of peroxidase and some prooxidant enzymes. Extracts from basil and rosemary were the strongest activators of peroxidase activity (204.7% and 205.8%, respectively). The highest ability for lipoxygenase inhibition was exhibited by tarragon and oregano extracts (60.2% and 57.9%, respectively). In turn, the highest xanthine oxidase inhibition was found in the case of black pepper and basil extracts (70.9% and 67.0%, respectively); whereas the lowest in the case of the cinnamon extract (28.09%). Linoleic acid was the most effectively prevented by oregano and rosemary extracts. O₂^? scavenging activities of basil, thyme, rosemary, tarragon and cinnamon extracts ranged from 47.5% to 32.7%. The H₂O₂ scavenging abilities ranged from 42.8% for tarragon to 99.2% for black pepper extract. The results obtained suggest that spice condiments used in food preparations contain phenolic/flavonoid compounds that can significantly inhibit prooxidant enzymes (lipoxygenase and xanthine oxidase) and enhance antioxidant enzymatic and non-enzymatic defense system, hence diet supplementation with herbs may be helpful in preventing or slowing down the progress of lifestyle-related and chronic diseases.     

Effects of various clarification treatments on phenolic compounds and color of apple juice

The purpose of this study was to investigate the changes that occur during conventional clarification using gelatin, bentonite, silica sol, and water-soluble chitosan on the phenolic compounds, antioxidant activity, and color of apple juice. The apple material used in this study was of two varieties: Sampion and Idared. The changes in the polyphenols composition (procyanidins, hydroxycinnamic derivatives, and dihydrochalcones) were monitored through the clarification process. Sampion apple control juices contained more total polyphenols than do Idared apple juices. In Sampion variety apple juice, the dominant polyphenols are the flavan-3-ols (86% of total polyphenols), followed by hydroxycinnamic acids (9.7%), dihydrochalcones (3.0%), and flavonols (1.3%). In Idared apple juice the hydroxycinnamic acids (especially chlorogenic acid) are dominant (about 48% of total polyphenols), followed by flavan-3-ols (40%). However, the concentration of polymeric procyanidins in Sampion apple juices was 62.8 and 46.3% less when the Profloc (chitosan) and gelatin treatments were used, respectively. Aktivbentonit and Puranit (bentonite) supplementary added in juices clarification have some protective effect on polymeric procyanidins only with Profloc treatment. That kind of effect was not observed in Idared apple juices with almost eight times smaller polymeric procyanidins concentration than in Sampion apple juices. The antioxidant activity, measured by the DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical) method, ranged from 0.20 mg TEAC/mL in Idared apple juice to 0.30 mg TEAC/mL in Sampion apple juice, measured by the ABTS method, from 0.17 to 0.48 mg TEAC/mL, respectively. Clarification of apple juices with chosen clarifying agents has statistically no significant (p>0.05) influence on antioxidant capacity. This study suggests that chitosan can be used as a conventional clarifying aid of apple juices and that treatment has no impact on their biochemical parameters.     

Antioxidant activities of extracts from selected culinary herbs and spices

Recently, interest in plant-derived food additives has grown, mainly because synthetic antioxidants suffer from several drawbacks. Furthermore, plant extracts have been shown to possess health-promoting properties. In the present study, hydrodistilled extracts from basil, laurel, parsley, juniper, aniseed, fennel, cumin, cardamom, and ginger were assessed for their total phenol content, and antioxidant (iron(III) reduction, inhibition of linoleic acid peroxidation, iron(II) chelation, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical-scavenging and inhibition of hydroxyl radical-mediated 2-deoxy-d-ribose degradation, site and nonsite-specific) activities. The extracts from basil and laurel possessed the highest antioxidant activities except for iron chelation. Although parsley showed the best performance in the iron chelation assay, it was less effective at retarding the oxidation of linoleic acid. In the linoleic acid peroxidation assay, 1 g of the basil and laurel extracts were as effective as 177 and 212 mg of trolox, respectively. Thus, both extracts are promising alternatives to synthetic substances as food ingredients with antioxidant activity.     

Solid-phase extraction of berries’ anthocyanins and evaluation of their antioxidative properties

Solid-phase extraction (SPE) was used to obtain anthocyanin-rich extracts from five berry species: chokeberry, elderberry, black currant, blackberry and blueberry. During SPE more than 94.4% of the sugars and more than 88.5% of the acids present in the crude extracts were separated. The SPE resulted in 90–95.6% anthocyanins recovery. The antioxidative properties of the anthocyanin-rich extracts were tested by measuring their oxygen radical absorption capacity (ORAC), hydroxyl radical averting capacity (HORAC), total peroxyl radical trapping antioxidant parameter (TRAP), scavenging of nitric oxide and inhibition of lipid peroxidation. Elderberry extract revealed the highest ORAC value of 5783 μmol TE/g. Chokeberry extract was the most potent inhibitor of lipid peroxidation and had the highest TRAP value of 4051 μmol TE/g. Blueberry extract had the highest HORAC result – 1293 μmol GAE/g and was the most powerful scavenger of NO. The high antioxidant activity according to all antioxidant assays revealed opportunities to apply these preparations as antioxidants.     

Water at room temperature as a solvent for the extraction of apple pomace phenolic compounds

A fractionation method was used to extract phenolic compounds from apple pomace (AP) involving a first extraction with water and subsequent extractions of the same residue with two different organic solvents. The water extracts obtained contained high amounts of phenolic compounds with high antioxidant capacity. However, the second and third extractions of the same residue still extracted considerable amounts of remaining phenolic compounds, both with significant antioxidant capacities. Liquid chromatography-electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry (LC-ESI/MS) studies showed water to be a good solvent to extract hydroxycinnamic acids, flavonols, flavanols, dihydrochalcones and flavones present in the AP. However, water was not the ideal solvent to extract the quercetin glycosides.     

Antioxidant properties of different fractions of Vitex negundo Linn.

Vitex negundo Linn. (VN), belonging to family Verbenaceae, is an aromatic shrub distributed throughout India. In the ayurvedic system of medicine it is used as a drug of choice to manage pain, inflammation and other related diseases. It contains many polyphenolic compounds, terpenoids, glycosidic iridoids and alkaloids. Since polyphenolic compounds have high antioxidant potential, the antioxidant potency of V. negundo was investigated by employing various established in vitro systems, such as 2,2′-azino-bis 3-ethyl benzothiazoline-6-sulfuric acid (ABTS^∗+)/Lipid Peroxides (LPO)/Superoxide/Hydroxyl radical scavenging and iron ion chelation. Total antioxidant capacity was determined by the assay based on the preformed radical monocation ABTS^∗+. Lipid peroxidation was assessed in terms of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances by using egg yolk homogenates as lipid rich media. Superoxide radical scavenging assay was based on the riboflavin-light-Nitro blue tetrazolium (NBT) system. Hydroxyl radical trapping potential was determined by evaluating hydroxyl radical induced deoxyribose degradation using the thiobarbituric acid method. In order to assess the metal chelation properties, hydroxyl radical induced deoxyribose degradation was evaluated in the absence of Ethylenediamine tetra acetic acid (EDTA). All the polar fractions significantly showed trapping of free radicals, and thereby inhibition of lipid peroxidation, and also chelated the iron ion. Interestingly, the hexane fraction did not show any activity against superoxides radicals and it had minimum trapping potential for other free radical (FR) species also. Thus, it may be concluded that the polar fractions of VN possess potent antioxidant properties, which may be mediated through direct trapping of the free radicals and also through metal chelation. Therefore its reported anti-inflammatory properties, could be through the down regulation of the free radical mediated pathway of inflammation.     

Comparative polyphenolic antioxidant profile and quality of traditional apple cultivars as affected by cold storage

‘Kathista’ and ‘Lortiko’ are regarded as traditional and highly appreciated apple cultivars in Cyprus, yet their postharvest behaviour and phytochemical content are largely unknown. Such fruits were examined for their qualitative traits, phenolic composition and antioxidant capacity after harvest or short, intermediate or extended cold storage and additional ripening at room temperature (RT), using ‘Gala’ as reference cultivar. Total phenolic content was dependent on cultivar and length of cold storage, while hydroxycinnamic acids were always at higher levels compared to total flavonols for all the examined cultivars. No clear trends regarding the influence of cold storage or RT maintenance on fruit antioxidant properties were evident. Overall, quality attributes and polyphenolic content of the traditional apple cultivars were comparable with ‘Gala’ at harvest; thus, they can be considered a good source of nutraceuticals as summer apple cultivars. However, extended cold storage deteriorates fruit behaviour and antioxidant capacity, particularly in ‘Lortiko’ fruit.     

Antioxidant activity in sugarcane juice and its protective role against radiation induced DNA damage

Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) juice is widely consumed by people of the tropics and subtropics. It has been used to cure jaundice and liver-related disorders in Indian systems of medicine. Its possible mechanism of action was examined in terms of antioxidant availability. The assays involved different levels of antioxidant action such as oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC), radical scavenging abilities using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH); 2,2′-azobis-3-ethyl benzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS); ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP); and protection of membranes examined by inhibition of lipid peroxidation. In addition, the content of phenols and total flavonoids were measured. The aqueous extracts of three varieties of sugarcane were studied. These varieties showed good antioxidant properties and were also able to protect against radiation induced DNA damage in pBR322 plasmid DNA and Escherishia coli cultures. In conclusion, the study reveals that the ability of sugarcane juice to scavenge free radicals, reduce iron complex and inhibit lipid peroxidation, may explain possible mechanisms by which sugarcane juice exhibits its beneficial effects in relation to its reported health benefits.     

Antioxidant activities of the extracts from chestnut flower,leaf, skins and fruit

In this study, the antioxidant properties of chestnut (flowers, leaves, skins and fruits) extracts were evaluated through several biochemical assays: DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radical-scavenging activity, reducing power, inhibition of β-carotene bleaching, inhibition of oxidative hemolysis in erythrocytes, induced by 2,2′-azobis(2-amidinopropane)dihydrochloride (AAPH), and inhibition of lipid peroxidation in pig brain tissue through the formation of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS). These assays have been extensively studied as models for the peroxidative damage in biomembranes. The EC₅₀ values were calculated for all the methods in order to evaluate the antioxidant efficiency of each chestnut extract. The phenol and flavonoid contents were also obtained. Chestnut skins revealed the best antioxidant properties, presenting much lower EC₅₀ values, particularly for lipid peroxidation inhibition in the TBARS assay. Furthermore, the highest antioxidant contents (polyphenols and flavonoids) were found for these extracts.     

ANTIOXBDANT PROPERTIES OF OREGANO (ORIGANUM VULGARE) LEAF EXTRACTS

We tested the antioxidant properties of both aqueous and methanolic extracts of oregano (origanum vulgare) They proved to be effective in the inhibition of all phases of the peroxidative process: first neutralizing free radicals (superoxide anion, hydroxyl radical and 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl radical), then blocking peroxidation catalysis by iron (through iron‐chelating and iron‐oxidizing properties), and finally through interruption of lipid‐radical chain reactions (chain‐breaking activity). Their anti‐glycosylation activity was also effective. The glycosylation oflipoproteins is directly related to their peroxidation. The amount of extract used in our experiments was obtained from 0.1–1 mg of dried leaves, amounts far less than those normally used in the Mediterranean diet.     

Attempted isolation of fluorescent ageing pigments from apple fruits

The suitability of the lipofuscin assay for lipid peroxidation products in apple fruit has been investigated. Material with similar fluorescent properties to lipofuscin was extracted from apple. However, this fluorescence could be explained by the presence of cinnamoyl compounds and carotenoids in the extracts.     

Water extractable phytochemicals from Capsicum pubescens (tree pepper) inhibit lipid peroxidation induced by different pro-oxidant agents in brain: in vitro

This study seeks to determine the antioxidant and neuroprotective properties of aqueous extract of ripe and unripe Capsicum pubescens (tree pepper) on some pro-oxidant induced lipid peroxidation in rat’s brain (in vitro). The total phenol, vitamin C, ferric reducing antioxidant property (FRAP) and Fe (II) chelating ability of the extracts of C. pubescens were determined. Thereafter, the ability of the extracts to inhibit lipid peroxidation (induced by FeSO₄, sodium nitroprusside or quinolinic acid) in rat’s brain homogenates (in vitro) was determined. The results of the study revealed that ripe C. pubescens had a significantly higher (P < 0.05) total phenol content [ripe (113.7 mg/100 g), unripe (70.5 mg/100 g)] and reducing power than the unripe pepper. However, there was no significant difference (P > 0.05) in the vitamin C [ripe (231.5 μg/g), unripe (224.4 μg/g)] content and Fe (II) chelating ability of the extracts. However, both extracts significantly (P < 0.05) inhibited lipid peroxidation induced by the pro-oxidant agents [25 μM Fe(II), 7 μM sodium nitroprusside and 1 mM quinolinic acid] in the rat’s brain homogenates in a dose-dependent manner. Nevertheless, the ripe pepper extracts inhibited MDA (Malondialdehyhide) production in the rat’s brain homogenates than the unripe pepper. Conversely, both extracts did not significantly (P > 0.05) inhibit Fe (II)/H₂O₂ induced decomposition of deoxyribose. It was therefore concluded that ripe and unripe C. pubescens would inhibit lipid peroxidation in rat brain in vitro. However, the ripe pepper was a more potent inhibitor of lipid peroxidation in the rat’s brain; this is probably due to its higher phenol content and reducing power.     

Antioxidant properties of lotus seed and its effect on DNA damage in human lymphocytes

The antioxidant properties of lotus seeds extracts and their effect on DNA damage in human lymphocytes were investigated. The results showed that boiling water extracts of lotus seeds (WELS) exhibited stronger antioxidant activity and that boiling water gave higher yields of extracts than other organic solvents. The WELS showed significant chelating binding on ferrous ions and marked interaction with hydrogen peroxide. Phenolic acids including caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, gallic acid and large amounts of phenolic compounds, as found in WELS, were conjectured to be responsible for the antioxidant activity of WELS. The WELS showed neither changes on lipid peroxidation nor DNA damage in human lymphocytes with or without inducement by hydrogen peroxide.     

Chemical composition and in vitro antioxidant evaluation of a water-soluble Moldavian balm (Dracocephalum moldavica L.) extract

The chemical composition and antioxidant properties of a water-soluble extract of Moldavian balm (Dracocephalum moldavica L., syn. Moldavian dragonhead) prepared by hydrodistillation are presented in this study. The total phenol content was estimated as gallic acid equivalents by the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent method, while the qualitative-quantitative composition of the extract was determined by high performance liquid chromatography coupled with photodiode array detection. The antioxidant properties assessed included iron(III) reduction and iron(II) chelation and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, 2,2′-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate) and superoxide anion free radical scavenging. In addition, the ability of the extract to protect 2-deoxy-d-ribose and bovine brain-derived phospholipids against hydroxyl radical-mediated degradation was assessed. The extract principally contained polar compounds including hydroxycinnamic acids and flavonoids, with caffeic and ferulic acids, luteolin-7-O-glucoside, rosmarinic acid, luteolin and apigenin being identified from their chromatographic behavior and spectral characteristics. The Moldavian balm extract demonstrated activity in all the antioxidant assays; however, it was not as potent as the positive control except in the phospholipid-based assay where its hydroxyl radical scavenging activity was statistically indistinguishable from that demonstrated by Pycnogenol.