Responses of thermal structure and vertical dynamic structure of South China Sea to Typhoon Chanchu

The response of the South China Sea (SCS) to Typhoon Chanchu (2006) was examined using the MM5 and POM model. In the POM model, sea surface boundary conditions were forced by the simulation wind field from MM5, the velocity forcing was introduced in the eastern boundary and the computational schemes of heat fluxes at the surface were introduced. Comparison with the observation data shows that the simulated results are reliable. In the response process of the SCS to Typhoon Chanchu, the influence of the heat fluxes on thermal structure of the SCS was regionally different. Strong wind forcing would lead to upwelling phenomenon in the lateral boundary of deep water basin. Furthermore, the Ekman pumping theory was used to discuss subsurface upwelling and downwelling phenomenon in typhoon forced stage.     

Physical and numerical modeling of swirling flow in a scroll vortex intake

Scroll vortex intakes are hydraulic structures commonly used in water supply, drainage and sewerage systems. Water flows into the intake via an eccentric approach channel and a vortex chamber imparts swirl to the flow, leading to a stable air core vortex along the dropshaft. Although much effort has been devoted to investigate the scroll vortex flow, yet the understanding on its hydraulic characteristics is still far from complete due to a lack of detailed velocity field measurements. This paper presents the first comprehensive measurement of the three-dimensional (3D) flow field of a scroll vortex intake using non-intrusive Laser Doppler Anemometry (LDA). A validated 3D Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model with the Volume-Of-Fluid (VOF) method is developed for interpreting the measurement. It is found that the vortex flow in the scroll chamber resembles a free vortex and the circulation is approximately equal to that at the chamber inlet, with a thin bottom boundary layer. The vortex flow at the bellmouth outlet possesses a circulation constant smaller than that in the chamber, and its vertical velocity component is approximately constant across the flow thickness.     

EXPERIMENT ON THE CHARACTERISTICS OF 3-D VORTEX RING BEHIND A FLEXIBLE OSCILLATING CAUDAL FIN

A test for the wake vortex of a flexible oscillating caudal fin is carried out with Digital Particle Image Velocimetry (DPIV), and the variation of vortex distance and the vorticity in the range of oscillating frequency from 0.704 Hz to 1.17 Hz are analyzed. It is found that with the increase of the oscillating frequency, the vortex distance decreases and the peak of the vorticity increases, When the Strouhal number is smaller than 0.49, a larger thrust component is obtained. The distribution of the velocity circulation and the vortex distance in the different spanwise section of the caudal fin are given, and then the dimension of the vortex ring is determined. The radius of the vortex ring is 79.3 mm and the average velocity circulation is 28152.9 mm²/s at the oscillating frequency of 0.835 Hz. The model of 3-D vortex ring chain of flexible oscillating caudal fin is constructed based on the information of wake vortex field. Finally, an effective analysis method is provided for establishing the relationship of oscillating parameters for the caudal fin and the wake structure and the intrinsic mechanism of efficient fish swimming is investigated.     

A NUMERICAL STUDY ON VORTEX RINGS WITH SWIRL

1 .　ＩＮＴＲＯＤＵＣＴＩＯＮＶｏｒｔｅｘｒｉｎｇｗｉｔｈｓｗｉｒｌ (ｉ.ｅ .ａｚｉｍｕｔｈａｌｆｌｏｗ)ａｒｅｏｆｇｒｅａｔｉｍｐｏｒｔａｎｃｅｆｏｒｔｈｅｓｔｕｄｙｏｆｖｏｒｔｅｘｍｏｔｉｏｎ .Ｍａｎｙｉｎｔｅｒｅｓｔｉｎｇｐｈｅｎｏｍｅｎａｒｅｌａｔｅｄｔｏｖｏｒｔｅｘｄｙｎａｍ ｉｃｓｃａｎｂｅｏｂｓｅｒｖｅｄｄｕｒｉｎｇｔｈｅｅｖｏｌｕｔｉｏｎｏｆｔｈｅｆｌｏｗｓ,ｓｕｃｈａｓｓｔｒｅｔｃｈｉｎｇ ,ｃｏｎｃｅｎｔｒａｔｉｏｎｏｒｒｅｏｒｉｅｎｔａｔｉｏｎｏｆｖｏｒｔｉｃｉｔｙ .Ａｌｔｈｏｕ…     

U型堰进水口防涡墩试验研究

进水口漩涡是一种常见的水力学问题。以辽宁省清河分水口工程为研究背景,采用物理模型试验的方法,在大比尺为1/10的模型条件下对分流堰部位的进水口漩涡进行了重点试验研究。通过对原设计方案的相对临界淹没水深、速度与环量、进水口边界条件3个漩涡成因进行分析,从边界条件的角度出发提出了修改方案下边墙段的截弯取直、U型堰与防涡墩相结合的消涡方法。试验结果证明,修改方案不仅避免了进水口初始环量的产生,改善了整个分水口的水流流态,同时还优化了进口边界条件,显著地达到了消除进水口漩涡的目的。     

渭河“2019.9”洪水特性及气象成因分析

为了进一步了解渭河秋汛洪水的特性及成因,利用2019年9月渭河洪水(“2019.9”洪水)的流量、气象资料,对该次洪水的特性及持续性强降雨天气的成因进行分析。结果表明：此次持续性强降雨形成的原因是北半球极涡偏强,中纬度环流平直,同时副高位置相对稳定且异常偏西,导致冷暖空气持续交汇于渭河上空。过程期间水汽来自阿拉伯海和孟加拉湾,并在强降雨发生期间表现为水汽通量异常辐合。洪水主要来自渭河林家村—临潼区间的支流,其特点是含沙量小、干流较大流量持续时间长;临潼—华县区间的洪水演进缓慢、传播时间长、洪峰削减偏大。     

NUMERICAL STUDIES ON AIRFLOW AND POLLUTANT DISPERSION IN URBAN STREET CANYONS FORMED BY SLANTED ROOF BUILDINGS

Based on the CFD technique, fifteen cases were evaluated for the airflows and pollutant dispersions inside urban street canyons formed by slanted roof buildings. The simulated wind fields and concentration contours show that W/H, W/h and h/H (where W is the street width, and H and h are the heights of buildings at the leeward and windward sides of the street, respectively) are the crucial factors in determining the vortex structure and pollutant distribution within a canyon. It is concluded that (1) in a symmetrical canyon, at W/H =0.5 two vortices (an upper clockwise vortex between the slanted roofs and a lower counter-clockwise one) are developed and pollutants accumulate on the windward side of the street, whereas at W/H=2.0 only one clockwise vortex is generated and thus pollution piles up on the leeward side, (2) in a step-up canyon with W/H =0.5 to 2.0 (at h/H =1.5 to 2.0)and a step-down canyon with W/h=1.0 (at h/H =0.5 to 0.667), the pollution level close to the lower building is higher than that close to the taller building since a clockwise vortex is generated in the step-up canyon and a counter-clockwise one in the step-down canyon, (3) in a narrow step-down canyon with W/h=0.5 (at h/H =0.667) very poor ventilation properties is detected, and inside a wider step-down canyon with W/h=2.0 the vortex structure and consequently pollutant distribution varies greatly with h/H.     

基于SPEI的海河流域干旱时空演变特征及环流成因分析

基于海河流域31个气象站1961—2017年逐日气象资料、美国国家环境预报中心(NCEP)和美国国家大气研究中心(NCAR)再分析数据集,计算了多时间尺度标准化降水蒸散指数(SPEI),分析了海河流域1961—2017年干旱时空演变特征,并结合流域夏季500 hPa等位势高度场分析了流域干旱演变特征的环流成因。结果表明:1961—2017年海河流域有轻微干旱趋势,且长历时干旱主要集中于1980—2017年,但干旱强度呈减弱趋势,春末(5、6月)湿润化趋势显著,夏季(7、8月)干旱化趋势显著;空间分布上,海河流域内57.4%的区域呈现干旱化趋势,19.0%的区域呈现干旱减弱趋势,全流域夏季呈显著干旱化趋势;蒙古高压增强、西太平洋副热带高压西移、南扩以及增强的环流特征不利于水汽输送及降水形成,高压系统的增强和水汽输送的减少是流域夏季干旱化趋势的原因之一。     

LARGE-EDDY SIMULATION OF TURBULENT FLOW CONSIDERING INFLOW WAKES IN A FRANCIS TURBINE BLADE PASSAGE

Turbulent flow in a 3-D blade passage of a Francis hydro turbine was simulated with the Large Eddy Simulation (LES) to investigate the spatial and temporal distributions of the turbulence when strongly distorted wakes in the inflow sweep over the passage. In a suitable consideration of the energy exchanging mechanism between the large and small scales in the complicated passage with a strong 3-D curvature,one-coefficient dynamic Sub-Grid-Scale (SGS) stress model was used in this article. The simulations show that the strong wakes in the inflow lead to a flow separation at the leading zone of the passage,and to form a primary vortex in the span-wise direction. The primary span-wise vortex evolves and splits into smaller vortex pairs due to the constraint of no-slip wall condition,which triggers losing stability of the flow in the passage. The computed pressures on the pressure and suction sides agree with the measured data for a working test turbine model.     

Numerical investigation of a swirling flow under the optimal perturbation

The nonlinear evolution of 3-D instability of a viscous swirling flow, namely, the Oseen vortex, is addressed by direct numerical simulation with a Reynolds number equal to 5000. The global optimal perturbation is considered as the initial perturbation. In axisymmetric cases, three flow regimes are found: (1) the linear growth; (2) the decay of perturbation energy; (3) secondary energy growth. The linear energy growth, which is characterized by the amplification of radial perturbations, is arrested by the interaction between the vortex ring and the Oseen vortex core. The development of the vortex structure is also investigated for non-symmetric flows.

     

Studies of Large-Scale Currents in Lake Erie, 1979–80

Currents and water temperatures were recorded at a large-scale grid of fixed moorings in Lake Erie from May 1979 through June 1980. Currents measured in the lower half of the central basin water column were mostly return flows (beneath the surface wind drift) driven by the surface pressure gradient. Often observed was a complex system of Lake Erie circulation gyres as predicted by models. Another common occurrence was for one of the central basin gyres to become dominant and envelop the whole basin in either uniform clockwise or anticlockwise flow. It is not fully certain why one of the circulation cells grows as opposed to the others, but the curl of the wind stress had influence. The currents were more barotropic than predicted by full Ekman layer current models. Tidal-like currents driven by the longitudinal seiches of Lake Erie dominate the island-filled passages between the western and central Lake Erie basins, with currents across the whole island chain very closely in phase. Processes of hypolimnion volume entrainment are suggested from the central basin temperature recordings. Large volume water exchanges between the central and eastern basins occurred after the water mass in the vicinity of the shallow ridge that separates them had become unstratified. These and other topics are discussed as the large data set generated from the experiment is explored.     

Seasonal variability of circulation and air-sea interaction in the Caspian Sea based on a high resolution circulation model

The Caspian Sea is the largest closed basin on Earth, with unique physical characteristics and complex bathymetry. Sparse measurements and coarse resolution models have not yet provided a full picture of its dynamics. In this study, a high resolution (～3.3 km) Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS) was used to study its annual and seasonal circulation patterns, and distributions of salinity and temperature. Temperature and salinity nudging were implemented which forced the model to follow in situ observations. This approach effectively limited the model error in predicting the temperature and salinity. The model successfully reproduced sea surface temperature and salinity over the entire basin. The simulated sea surface salinity showed three salinity fronts over the Caspian Sea. The salinity profile was vertically uniform in deep waters of the Caspian Sea. In contrast, the vertical thermal structure formed the seasonal thermocline at a depth of 15–40 m which was intensified in summer. In general, the seasonal variability of water temperature or salinity was confined to the upper 100 m of the water column. Simulations revealed an impermanent weak northward current along the eastern coasts of the Middle Caspian Sea, a persistent strong southward current along its western coasts and a permanent deep anticyclonic gyre over the Southern Caspian Sea. Using a high resolution model, this study also reports several mesoscale and small scale structures in the Caspian Sea which have not been reported before.     

土地利用变化和气候波动对东江流域水循环的影响

研究土地利用变化和气候波动对东江流域水资源及水循环的影响，将为东江流域国民经济的可持续性发展、水资源的有效利用和调配等提供决策依据。以SCS模型为基础，建立适用于东江流域的月水量平衡模型，并利用8个代表流域的资料进行检验，模型结构简单，模拟结果说明所建模型具有较高的模拟精度。     

摆动柔性鳍尾涡流场的实验测试与分析

利用数字式粒子图像测速系统(DPIV)开展了摆动柔性鳍的尾流场测?分析了尾涡结构的演变过程.柔性尾鳍在一个摆动周期内产生两个反向卡门涡对.本文给出了沿涡对连线及其垂直方向上的速度分布,计算了涡对的速度环量,并初步构建出柔性尾鳍流场中的三维涡环模型.     

Three-dimensional large eddy simulation and vorticity analysis of unsteady cavi- taring flow around a twisted hydrofoil

Large Eddy Simulation (LES) was coupled with a mass transfer cavitation model to predict unsteady 3-D turbulent cavitating flows around a twisted hydrofoil. The wall-adapting local eddy-viscosity (WALE) model was used to give the Sub-Grid Scale (SGS) stress term. The predicted 3-D cavitation evolutions, including the cavity growth, break-off and collapse downstream, and the shedding cycle as well as its frequency agree fairly well with experimental results. The mechanism for the interactions between the cavitation and the vortices was discussed based on the analysis of the vorticity transport equation related to the vortex stretching, volumetric expansion/contraction and baroclinic torque terms along the hydrofoil mid-plane. The vortical flow analysis demonstrates that cavitation promotes the vortex production and the flow unsteadiness. In non-cavitation conditions, the streamline smoothly passes along the upper wall of the hydrofoil with no boundary layer separation and the boundary layer is thin and attached to the foil except at the trailing edge. With decreasing cavitation number, the present case has σ= 1.07, and the attached sheet cavitation becomes highly unsteady, with periodic growth and break-off to form the cavitation cloud. The expansion due to cavitation induces boundary layer separation and significantly increases the vorticity magnitude at the cavity interface. A detailed analysis using the vorticity transport equation shows that the cavitation accelerates the vortex stretching and dilatation and increases the baroclinic torque as the major source of vorticity generation. Examination of the flow field shows that the vortex dilatation and baroclinic torque terms increase in the cavitating case to the same magnitude as the vortex stretching term, while for the non-cavitating case these two terms are zero.     

Milestones of Research on the Physical Limnology of the Great Lakes

Two important themes of research on the physical limnology of the Great Lakes during the past 20 years have been: (1) the controlling influence of bottom topography on circulation and (2) the boundary layer character of circulation. The first is highlighted by the generation of topographic gyres by wind and by the propagation of vortex wave modes; the second by the distinct current-climatology of the coastal boundary layer and the spectacular upwelling and downwelling events occurring there. Both themes developed as advances in theoretical insight could be quantitatively coupled to observational evidence, the latter arising predominantly from the International Field Year on the Great Lakes.     

环状气泡动力学数值模型

本文假设气泡运动过程中流场是无旋、不可压缩的理想流体,运用势流理论导出气泡边界面运动的控制方程,建立气泡动力学模型,用边界积分法求解得到气泡等边界的变形及位置.在环状气泡阶段,本文在前人研究成果的基础上分别建立了轴对称涡面模型、轴对称涡环模型以及三维涡环气泡模型.对比不同模型的优缺点及其适用范围,总结了环状气泡模型建立的详细步骤及其必须注意的关键技术,并开发了相应的程序.运用不同模型模拟重力场中气泡的运动,并进行讨论.最后计算了流场中滞后流的速度以及压力随时间的变化,得到一些有规律性的曲线,旨在为相关环状气泡动态特性研究提供参考.     

FLOW PAST TWO ROTATING CIRCULAR CYLINDERS IN A SIDE-BY-SIDE ARRANGEMENT

Measurements were performed using Particle Image Velocimetry(PIV) to analyze the modification of flow by the combined effects of the rotation and the Reynolds number on the flow past two rotating circular cylinders in a side-by-side-arrangement at a range of 425 ≤ Re≤ 1130,0 ≤α≤ 4(α is the rotational speed) at one gap spacing of T / d =1.11(T and d are the distance between the centers of two cylinders and the cylinder diameter,respectively).A new Immersed-Lattice Boltzmann Method(ILBM) scheme was used to st...     

Geographic Information Systems (GIS) for the Determination of Inundation Maps of Lake Mogan,Turkey

Abstract

The use of geographic information systems (GIS) allows for a very efficient analysis of spatial hydrologic data for water resources projects especially for water control studies. In this respect, flood hydrographs for Mogan basin, Turkey for different durations and return periods are determined by using Soil Conservation Service (SCS) method. The basic parameter of the SCS method, curve number (CN), is evaluated by using GIS employing digital land use and hydrologic soil group data derived from analog maps. A Digital Elevation Model (DEM) of Mogan basin is constructed by making use of topographic maps with a scale of 1:25,000. Flood hydrographs for these three productive subbasins of Lake Mogan are attached and superimposed to obtain the total flood hydrographs. Total flood hydrographs entering into Lake Mogan are routed by Puls Method to determine the outflow hydrographs from the lake; then, associated lake levels are computed. Furthermore, inundation maps of Lake Mogan are obtained; these results are presented by GIS techniques.     

明渠柱体上游马蹄涡的运动学特征研究

马蹄涡是水下柱体结构周围床面冲刷的主要动力。为掌握马蹄涡的运动学特征,引入了基于旋转强度的马蹄涡识别方法,提出了基于椭圆涡拟合的马蹄涡特征提取方法,其中,椭圆涡由Oseen涡和倾斜单向剪切流叠加而成。基于上述方法,通过开展明渠圆柱绕流PIV实验,对柱体上游对称面时均流场中马蹄涡的运动学特征进行了研究。结果表明,在柱体雷诺数大于104的紊流柱体绕流中,马蹄涡上游的流动分离点随柱体雷诺数的增大而缓慢向下游移动,但马蹄涡的位置保持不变,涡中心距柱体中轴约0.67D(D为柱体直径或宽度),距床面约0.06D;随着柱体雷诺数的增大,马蹄涡的半径不变而强度增加,使得马蹄涡作用于床面的剪切应力增大。研究结果建立了客观提取马蹄涡运动学特征的数学方法,得到了流动分离点、马蹄涡位置等运动学特征随水流条件的变化规律,揭示了明渠柱体绕流与其它流动中柱体绕流的差异,初步构建了马蹄涡的动力作用概念模型。