盐水体系中环戊烷-甲烷水合物的相平衡及分解热

利用可视化水合物相平衡实验装置,采用恒温压力搜索法,测定了284～303K内环戊烷(CP)-甲烷在NaCl溶液中的水合物相平衡数据,并采用Clausius-Clapeyron方程计算了其生成/分解热数据。实验结果表明,CP-甲烷水合物生成条件远低于纯甲烷水合物;采用甲烷辅助气体可使CP在高于其纯水合物四相点的更高温度范围内生成CP-甲烷水合物;CP-甲烷水合物相平衡压力随温度增大而升高;随着NaCl浓度的增大,相平衡压力线性升高,且温度越高,温度和NaCl浓度对相平衡压力的影响越大。CP-甲烷水合物的生成/分解热随着温度的升高而逐渐减小,随NaCl浓度的增加而减小。     

甲烷水合物在冰粉石英砂混合物中生成的动力学

在自行搭建的实验台上利用恒压预冷法研究了6.9MPa下温度分别为273K,269K,263K时甲烷水合物在冰粉（154～300微米 ）与石英砂（154～300微米 ）混合物中的生成过程。结果表明冰粉的转化率 随温度的降低而降低,273K时 约为65%,269K时 约为51%,263K时 约为42%。在此基础上,深入分析了混合物中甲烷水合物的生成机理,将反应过程分为石英砂的吸附转化阶段和甲烷气的扩散控制阶段;并建立了定量的动力学模型,计算出冰粉石英砂混合物中甲烷水合物生成的活化能约为70.1KJ•mol-1。     

甲烷水合物生成和分解的实验研究

利用水合物法实现对天然气的工业储运,需要提高水合物的储气量并解决水合物的分解速度问题。为此,文章研究了在十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)体系中,甲烷水合物的储气量和在冰点以下的常压分解规律。研究发现,SDS浓度为650 mg/L时甲烷水合物储气量达到最高值,约为170 V/V。分解温度为268.2~272.2 K区域内,甲烷水合物的分解速率随温度的降低而降低;在268.2 K时,甲烷水合物分解速率最低。     

低温常压条件下水合物法储存甲烷的实验研究

利用水合物法实现对天然气的工业储运,需要提高水合物的储气量并解决水合物的分解速度问题。为此,文章研究了在十二烷基硫酸钠（SDS）体系中,甲烷水合物的储气量和在冰点以下的常压分解规律。研究发现,SDS浓度为650 mg/L时甲烷水合物储气量达到最高值,约为170 V/V。分解温度为268.2~272.2 K区域内,甲烷水合物的分解速率随温度的降低而降低;在268.2 K时,甲烷水合物分解速率最低。     

CO2置换CH4水合物中CH4的实验和动力学

在自行设计的反应装置中考察了2.8 MPa和3.25 MPa压力下，温度271.2、273.2和276.0 K时CO2气体置换十二烷基硫酸钠（SDS）体系CH4水合物中CH4的置换过程。实验数据表明，在反应的前50 h，CH4水合物的分解速率较快，其后分解速率变慢。冰点以上CH4水合物的分解速率较快。基于动力学数据，建立了SDS体系置换反应过程中CH4水合物的分解动力学模型和CO2水合物的生成动力学模型。计算得到CH4-CO2置换反应过程中CH4水合物的分解活化能为28.81 kJ·mol-1，CO2水合物的生成活化能为68.40 kJ·mol-1。数据表明，CH4水合物的分解可能受置换反应过程中水分子的重排控制，而CO2水合物的生成可能受CO2气体在水合物中的扩散控制。     

乙烯水合物在正丙醇溶液中的生成行为研究

研究了在正丙醇溶液中,压力和温度因素对乙烯水合物生成的影响。实验结果表明：压力的升高促进了水合物的生长,水合物生成速率随压力升高而加大;温度的降低促进了水合物的生长,水合物终止生成所需的时间减少,终止生成对应的压力降低。     

近临界条件下乙烯水合物在甲醇水溶液中的生成行为研究

研究了近临界条件下乙烯水合物在甲醇水溶液中的生成行为,考察了温度、压力以及甲醇浓度对乙烯水合物生成行为的影响。实验结果表明在乙烯的近临界条件下,P-t曲线为一光滑的曲线,不易明确区分溶解阶段、成核阶段和生长阶段;随着初始压力的升高,水合物生成速率加快,且始末压差增大,水合物生成量增多;随着温度的降低,过冷度增大,促进水合物生长,压力下降速率增加,水合物生成量增多;甲醇水溶液浓度的增加,抑制了乙烯水合物的生成。     

CH4+C2H4气体混合物的水合物相平衡

实验考察了CH_4 C_2H_4 THF 水混合体系在一定温度(276.15～282.15K)、压力(2.0～3.0MPa)和THF水溶液浓度(THF摩尔分数60％～12.0％)范围内的气体-水合物相平衡情况。结果表明:富水相中THF的加入大大地阻碍了水合物孔穴中C_2H_4的进入,使得乙烯在气、固两相中的分配发生了逆转,乙烯在气相中被提浓,而无THF存在时乙烯则是在水合物相中得到富集。     

表面活性剂促进乙烯水合物的生成

主要考察了阴离子表面活性剂十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)对静态体系的乙烯水合物生成速率的影响,以及在该体系下温度和压力对水合物储气量的影响.还从传质和传热两方面分析了SDS促进水合物生成的主要原因.     

甲烷水合物分解实验

在体积10 L的静态反应器中研究了水合物分解动力学,考察了储存温度和水合物量等因素对水合物分解的影响。实验结果表明,水合物在273.15 K以下时存在一种异常的自我保护效应,其在268.05 K时分解速度最慢;而水合物的储运压力与储罐中的水合物量有关,当储罐容积一定时,分解压力随着储罐中水合物量的增加而增加,但水合物的分解百分比随着水合物量的增加而减少;最后提出了在一定压力下储运水合物的方法。以期为水合物法固态储存气体技术的工业化应用提供实验数据和理论依据。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。