Onion fly and little house fly host finding selectively mediated by decomposing onion and microbial volatiles

Responses of onion flies,Hylemya antiqua (Meigen), to various synthetic onion and microbial volatiles as well as volatiles from microbial cultures and decomposing onions were tested to characterize the most effective host-finding stimuli. Of nine onion and microbial volatiles tested individually, only the known attractant,n-dipropyl disulfide, caught significant numbers of flies. However, a blend of these volatiles attracted more flies than any single chemical, includingn-dipropyl disulfide. In another experiment, agar plates inoculated with microorganisms from decomposing onions did not attract onion flies. However, cut onions inoculated with microorganisms and conditioned 4 days caught more onion flies than freshly cut onions andn-dipropyl disulfide. These results suggest that a blend of chemicals, rather than a single key chemical, is the more effective host-finding stimulus, and that microbial activity enhances the attractancy of a blend of onion volatiles. Large numbers ofFannia canicularis (L.), the little house fly, responded to the microbial cultures, demonstrating the existence of a potent attractant for this muscid.Diptera: Anthomyiidae.Diptera: Muscidae.Paper No. 9470 of the Michigan State University Agricultural Experiment Station. Received for publication May 23, 1980.     

Mating-stimulant pheromone and cuticular lipid constituents of the little house fly,Fannia canicularis (L.)

Chromatograms of the cuticular lipids washed from recently emerged female and maleFannia canicularis (L.) flies were nearly identical, but by the time the flies were 5 days old, the cuticular components of the two sexes differed considerably. A monoolefin which constituted 66% of the cuticular lipid from 5-day-old females stimulated a copulatory response from males and was identified as (Z)-9-pentacosene. The cuticular lipid of the same age males contained only 1% of this compound. Although all the major constituents of the cuticular lipid from mature females were hydrocarbons, 27% of the lipid washed from 5-day-old males was a nonhydrocarbon material that was represented by a single GLC peak. This material was identified as heneicosan-8-ol acetate.Diptera: Muscidae.A portion of a dissertation intended for submission by the first author to the Graduate School of the University of Maryland in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Ph.D. degree.Mention of a proprietary or commercial product in this paper does not constitute an endorsement of this product by the U.S. Department of Agriculture or the University of Maryland.     

Oviposition stimulants of the mothEctomyelois ceratoniae: The effect of short-chain alcohols

Females of the mothEctomyelois ceratoniae prefer to oviposit on carobs,Ceratonia siliqua L., infested with the fungusPhomopsis sp. (Gothilf, 1964). An extract of the steam distillate of fungus-infested carobs was more effective in stimulating female moths to oviposit than was an extract of uninfested carobs. The extract of the fungus-infested carobs was found to be composed mainly of simple alcohols: ethanol (60%),n-propanol3 (15%), 2-propanol (2.5%), isobutanol (15%),n-butanol (2.5%), and isopentanol (5%). In addition, the extract contained a small proportion (1–2%) of unidentified compounds. All of the alcohols, with the exception of isopentanol, stimulated oviposition by female moths. However, the alcohols, when tested separately or as a mixture, were not as stimulating as the total extract. The unidentified compounds were less stimulating than the alcohols.     

Identification of odors from overripe mango that attract vinegar flies,Drosophila melanogaster

Bioassays with a variety of overripe fruits, including mango, plum, pear, and grape, and their extracts showed that odors from overripe mango were most attractive to adult vinegar flies, Drosophila melanogaster. Combined gas chromatography–electroantennographic detection (GC-EAD) analyses of solid-phase microextraction (SPME) and Tenax extracts of overripe mango odors showed that several volatile compounds, including ethanol, acetic acid, amyl acetate, 2-phenylethanol, and phenylethyl acetate elicited significant EAG responses from antennae of female flies. Most of the volatile compounds in the extracts were identified by mass spectral and retention index comparisons with synthetic standards. In cage bioassays, lures with a blend of ethanol, acetic acid, and 2-phenylethanol in a ratio of 1:22:5 attracted six times more flies than any single EAG-active compound. This blend also attracted four times more flies than traps baited with overripe mango or unripe mango. However, in field trials, the blend was not as attractive as suggested by the laboratory bioassay.     

Attractancy toOryzaephilus surinamensis (L.) of volatile materials isolated from vacuum distillate of heat-treated carobs

Vacuum distillation of heat-treated carobs gave an aqueous, colorless, sweet-smelling distillate which was tested over a wide range of concentrations and found to be highly attractive to adultOryzaephilus surinamensis (L.). The materials responsible for the aroma were isolated from the distillate by saturating with sodium chloride and extracting into diethyl ether as separate acidic, neutral, and basic fractions. The extraction efficiency was checked by recombining portions of the three fractions and replacing the diethyl ether with water to give a reconstituted distillate; this was almost as attractive as the original distillate. Bioassay of aqueous solutions of the three separate fractions showed that the acidic was attractive, while the neutral and basic had little effect. The five major components of the acidic fraction were found to be acetic, isobutyric,n-butyric, 2-methylbutyric, and hexanoic (caproic) acids. Bioassay of these in aqueous solution, both separately and combined, showed that hexanoic acid was the most attractive and may be responsible for both the longer-lasting attractive effect of the carob distillate and for the effectiveness of carobs themselves used in bait bags to detect stored product insects.     

Aggregation pheromone components inDrosophila mulleri

Existence of an aggregation pheromone was demonstrated inDrosophila mulleri. Mature males produce at least two compounds that are lacking from females and newly emerged males and that attract both males and females in a wind-tunnel bioassay. These compounds are (S)-(+)-2-tridecanol acetate and (Z)-10-heptadecen-2-one. Both were synthesized, and the flies responded to the synthetic compounds as well as to fly-derived preparations. The flies also responded to racemic 2-tridecanol acetate but not to the pureR enantiomer. A more polar, very volatile attractant was also extracted from both sexes ofD. mulleri but was not identified.     

Combined fermentation and evaporation processes for treatment of washwaters from Spanish‐style green olive processing

Washwaters from Spanish‐style green olive processing were fermented on a pilot plant scale (500 dm³) and evaporated under vacuum. Simultaneous or sequential inoculation in alkaline conditions with Enterococcus casseliflavus cc45 and Lactobacillus pentosus LP99 did not prevent malodorous spoilage. By contrast, appropriate fermentation was achieved when the washwaters were acidified with HCl, to pH 5, followed by inoculation with L pentosus, or acidified up to pH 3.4 with no subsequent inoculation. The type of fermentation influenced, to a large extent, the chemical oxygen demand (COD) of the distillate streams obtained when the washwaters were evaporated under vacuum. The high amount of ethanol formed in the washwaters, fermented only by yeasts, gave rise to distillates containing c 30% of the COD originally present in the washwaters, whereas this figure was 10% for washwaters fermented by lactobacilli. This work also disclosed the presence of large amounts of valuable substances, such as lactic acid and hydroxytyrosol in the concentrates, the latter compound being considered a very strong antioxidant with beneficial properties for human health. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry     

Ethanol and Methanol as Possible Odor Cues for Egyptian Fruit Bats (Rousettus aegyptiacus)

Frugivorous bats from the Old and New World use odor cues to locate and assess fruit condition. We hypothesized that Egyptian fruit bats (Rousettus aegyptiacus) use as odor cues those volatile compounds that increase in emission rate as fruit ripens. We examined whether the smell of fermentation products may indicate the degree of ripeness to fruit bats. We analyzed volatile compounds in the headspace (the gas space above a fruit in a closed container) of dates (Phoenix dactylifera) and rusty figs (Ficus rubiginosa), both of which are consumed by fruit bats, to elucidate which compounds originate from fermentative pathways and to determine which change in emission rate during ripening. Ethanol, acetaldehyde, and acetic acid were the only volatile compounds detected as products of fermentation in both fruits. In dates, emission rates of these compounds increased during maturation, whereas in rusty figs, they decreased or remained constant. Methanol, although not a fermentation product, increased in emission rate during ripening in both fruits. We found that R. aegyptiacus was neither attracted nor deterred by the smell of methanol at any of the concentrations used. Although the odor of ethanol emanating from food containing concentrations similar to those found in ripe fruit did not attract the bats, at relatively high concentrations (≥1%), the smell of ethanol deterred them. Thus, ethanol at high concentrations may serve as a signal for bats to avoid overripe, unpalatable fruit.     

Isolation and identification of house fly,Musca domestica L., repellents from pepper tree,Schinus molle L.

Foliage from the pepper tree,Schinus molle L., is traditionally used in Ethiopia to repel house flies,Musca domestica L. The volatile extracts of pepper tree leaves were shown to have repellent and feeding-deterrent activity against house flies in a two-choice laboratory bioassay. High-performance liquid chromatographic fractionation of steam-distilled volatiles from leaves, monitored by laboratory bioassays, demonstrated that bioactivity is associated with two compounds,cis-menth-2-en-1-ol andtrans-piperitol. The absolute configuration of the latter was established as (1S,6S)-piperitol by comparison of acetyl lactate derivatives. Racemic compounds were synthesized from piperitone, and bioassays with house flies indicatedtrans-piperitol to be the most active house fly repellent.     

Floral volatiles ofTanacetum vulgare L. attractive toLobesia botrana den. et schiff. females

The European grapevine moth (EGVM),Lobesia botrana, is a major pest of grapes in Europe. Females are attracted to a nonhost plant: tansy (Tanacetum vulgare L.), which is a common weed in Slovakian vineyards. A steam distillate extract of tansy flowers was analyzed by means of a GC-EAG technique to screen constituents detected by the olfactory receptors of EGVM females. From more than 200 GC peaks, nine peaks corresponding to monoterpenoids released an EAG response in more than 70% of the females (N=15):p-cymene,d-limonene,-thujene,-thujone,-thujone, thujyl alcohol, terpinene-4-ol, (Z)-verbenol, and piperitone. The steam distillate of tansy as well as a synthetic blend of identified compounds released consistent attraction in a field cage. The use of nonhost plants and host plant odors in integrated pest management is discussed.     

Ethanol-Herstellung mit Bakterien

Ethanol production with bacteria . Strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae have mostly been used for the production of ethanol from sugar by yeasts. Recently it was shown that the bacterium Zymomonas mobilis has some advantages compared to yeast for the production of industrial alcohol. Compared to traditional yeast fermentation, ethanol yield is about 5% higher than with yeast, since less sugar is incorporated into cell material by this bacterium. Like yeast, Zymomonas mobilis has remarkably high ethanol tolerance which enables the bacterium to produce ethanol concentrations of more than 13 vol.-% from sugar solutions of appropriate concentration. Investigations of the spectrum of lipids present have shown that this bacterium contains large quantities of hopanoids which are presumably of significance for the stabilization of cell membranes in the presence of ethanol. Since the cost of the sugar greatly influences the profitability fraction formed in the production of glucose syrup from wheat flour was investigated. It was shown that after enzymatic saccharification of this waste starch the glucose was efficiently fermented to ethanol by Zymomonas mobilis. It is planned to broaden the substrate spectrum of Zymomonas mobilis by gene cloning techniques so that in future pentoses, e. g. xylose or arabinose, can also be fermented to ethanol by this organism.     

Differences among sibling speciesRhagoletis mendax andR. pomonella (diptera: ephritidae) in their antennal sensitivity to host fruit compounds

Prior electrophoretic and morphological studies have identified two closely related, economically important tephritid flies,R. mendax (Curran) andR. pomonella (Walsh), which infest the fruits of ericaceous and rosaceous plants, respectively. Further studies also have shown consistent differences among these species in their ovipositional preferences for apples and highbush blueberries and have determined that their ovipositional behavior is elicited by extracts obtained from these fruits. In this paper we report the results of an experiment that tested whether these species show distinct electroantennogram (EAG) responses to a large array of compounds present in gas chromatograph-fractionated pentane extracts of apples and highbush blueberries.R. mendax andR. pomonella flies were found to have significant differences in their antennal sensitivity to 11 blueberry and nine apple extract peaks, which correspond to 24.4% of all blueberry and 25.0% of all apple peaks that elicited a measurable EAG response from either species. Interspecific differences in peripheral sensitivity were more pronounced for blueberry than apple extract;R. pomonella flies were most sensitive to blueberry compounds with low retention times, whereasR. mendax flies responded to blueberry compounds with a broader range of retention times. Both species were most sensitive to apple peaks with high retention times. The retention times of most apple and blueberry peaks that elicited EAG responses fromR. mendax andR. pomonella flies were different from the retention times of seven attractant fruit esters that were previously identified by Fein et al. (1982). The identification of these unknown apple and blueberry compounds could lead to the discovery of new chemical cues that mediate the host-plant preferences of these sibling species.     

Identification and Field Evaluation of Fermentation Volatiles from Wine and Vinegar that Mediate Attraction of Spotted Wing Drosophila, Drosophila suzukii

Previous studies suggest that olfactory cues from damaged and fermented fruits play important roles in resource recognition of polyphagous spotted wing Drosophila flies (SWD), Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura) (Diptera: Drosophilidae). They are attracted to fermented sweet materials, such as decomposing fruits but also wines and vinegars, and to ubiquitous fermentation volatiles, such as acetic acid and ethanol. Gas chromatography coupled with electroantennographic detection (GC-EAD), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), two-choice laboratory bioassays, and field trapping experiments were used to identify volatile compounds from wine and vinegar that are involved in SWD attraction. In addition to acetic acid and ethanol, consistent EAD responses were obtained for 13 volatile wine compounds and seven volatile vinegar compounds, with all of the vinegar EAD-active compounds also present in wine. In a field trapping experiment, the 9-component vinegar blend and 15-component wine blend were similarly attractive when compared to an acetic acid plus ethanol mixture, but were not as attractive as the wine plus vinegar mixture. In two-choice laboratory bioassays, 7 EAD-active compounds (ethyl acetate, ethyl butyrate, ethyl lactate, 1-hexanol, isoamyl acetate, 2-methylbutyl acetate, and ethyl sorbate), when added singly to the mixture at the same concentrations tested in the field, decreased the attraction of SWD to the mixture of acetic acid and ethanol. The blends composed of the remaining EAD-active chemicals, an 8-component wine blend [acetic acid + ethanol + acetoin + grape butyrate + methionol + isoamyl lactate + 2-phenylethanol + diethyl succinate] and a 5-component vinegar blend [acetic acid + ethanol + acetoin + grape butyrate + 2-phenylethanol] were more attractive than the acetic acid plus ethanol mixture, and as attractive as the wine plus vinegar mixture in both laboratory assays and the field trapping experiment. These results indicate that these volatiles in wine and vinegar are crucial for SWD attraction to fermented materials on which they feed as adults.     

COMPOSITION AND INSECT ATTRACTING ACTIVITY OF THE ESSENTIAL OIL OF <Emphasis Type="Italic">Rosmarinus officinalis</Emphasis>

The essential oil and a number of extracts of Rosmarinus officinalisL. in solvents of increasing polarity were isolated, and their components identified and tested as pest control agents. Ethanol and acetone extracts attract grape berry moth Lobesia botrana. However, none of the extracts had a significant effect on western flower thrips Frankliniella occidentalis, which is attracted by 1,8-cineole, a major essential oil component.     

Pervaporation and Dialysis of Water-Ethanol Solutions Using Silicone Rubber Membranes

Abstract

Ethanol-water solutions may be concentrated by pervaporation through silicone rubber and regenerated cellulose film. Using silicone, separation factors (SF) decrease as the ethanol concentration in the feed solution increases (SF = 6.5 using 12.9 w/w% ethanol and 1.4 using 83.2% ethanol at 30°C). The temperature effect on separation factors is negligible, but is appreciable on permeation rates.

Ethanol permeation rates in the dialysis mode are not linear with ethanol chemical potentials in solution; silicone swelling coefficients also increase noticeably with alcohol concentration in aqueous solutions, indicating that preferential ethanol sorption occurs and is responsible for the separation.     

A novel attractant for Mexican fruit fly,Anastrepha ludens,from fermented host fruit

Chemicals from fermented chapote fruit were identified and evaluated as attractants for hungry adult Mexican fruit flies in laboratory and greenhouse bioassays. Twenty-eight chemicals identified from an attractive gas-chromatography fraction were as attractive as a chapote volatiles extract (CV) when mixed in the same amounts found in CV. Sixteen of the chemicals were slightly attractive to flies when tested individually. A mixture containing 15 of the chemicals by design and the 16th as an impurity, in arbitrary concentrations, was at least as attractive as the original CV. In a series of experiments, the number of chemicals was reduced to three by elimination of unnecessary components. The three-component mixture retained the attractiveness of the 15-component mixture. The three chemicals were 1,8-cineole, ethyl hexanoate, and hexanol (CEH). Attractiveness of the three-chemical mixture was equal to the sum of the attractiveness of the three individual components, suggesting that each chemical binds to a different receptor type that independently elicits partial attraction behavior. Optimal ratios were 1011 of the three chemicals, respectively. Optimal test quantities ranged between 0.4–4g of 1,8-cineole and 40–400 ng each of ethyl hexanoate and hexanol applied to filter paper in the laboratory bioassays. A neat 1011 mixture of the chemicals was 1.8 times more attractive than aqueous solutions ofTorula dried yeast and borax to starved 2-day-old flies when the lures were tested in competing McPhail traps in a large greenhouse cage.Diptera: Tephritidae.     

An unusual polyene from male stable flies

The major component of the cuticular lipids of male stable flies,Stomoxys calcitrans (L.), was identified as (Z,Z)-1,7,13-pentacosatriene. The identification was confirmed by synthesis. This material is of unknown biological function; it is apparently not produced by female stable flies.Diptera: Muscidae.Mention of a proprietary or commercial product in this paper does not constitute an endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture.     

Impact of osmotic agent on the transport of components using forward osmosis to separate ethanol from aqueous solutions

The separation of low molecular weight organic compounds such as the ethanol from aqueous solutions represents an important area to be investigated and increment the range of applications of forward osmosis. This investigation assesses the effects of using different draw solutes for ethanol separation from dilute aqueous solutions. The influence of glucose, sucrose, sodium chloride, and magnesium chloride was evaluated in terms of total permeate, reverse solute and ethanol fluxes. Inorganic solutes promoted higher total permeate and ethanol fluxes than the organic solutes (2.5 and 1.5 times higher in average, respectively) for the same molar concentration, while presenting only 1.1 times higher reverse solute fluxes. Despite the lower ethanol flux promoted by the organic draw solutes, these osmotic agents promoted higher concentration of ethanol in the total permeate flux, suggesting that they can also be alternatives for specific processes. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 63: 4499–4507, 2017     

Extraction of bioethanol from fermented sweet sorghum bagasse by batch distillation

Extraction of bioethanol, a potential alternative to fossil fuel in the transport industry, from sweet sorghum stems [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] using solid-state fermentation (SSF) technology has become a popular research topic worldwide. Because SSF technology can directly convert fermentable sugars into target products without juice squeezing and water input, this method can potentially reduce energy and water consumption. However, ethanol extraction from fermented sweet sorghum bagasse requires further investigation. We used batch solid-state distillation to investigate the optimal operating parameters in a distillation column (diameter, 400 mm) via a single-factor experiment. Results showed that the optimal steam flow rate and loading height were 8-10 kg·h^?1 and 700-1,000 mm, respectively. Under optimal conditions, an energy consumption of 3.82 tons of steam per ton of ethanol and distillate concentration of 60.9% (v/v) were obtained. The pseudo-first-order rate equation was used to describe the distillation kinetics, and good correlations were obtained. Therefore, solid-state distillation can be effectively used to extract ethanol from fermented sweet sorghum bagasse.     

Antignawing factor of crude oil derived fromThujopsis dolabrata S. et Z. var.hondai sawdust against mice

The antignawing activity of the steam distillate ofThujopsis dolabrata S. et. Z. var.hondai sawdust against mice was evaluated using a wire-dipping method. This method is suitable for measuring repellent activities of chemicals and plant-derived materials. The steam distillate of theThujopsis sawdust was shown to have potent antignawing activity. Three terpenoid compounds with antignawing activity were isolated from the steam distillate of theThujopsis sawdust: thujopsene, carvacrol, and-thujaplicine. Carvacrol exhibited the most potent repellent activity. As a naturally occurring repellent, carvacrol could be useful as new preventive agent against various kinds of damage caused by rodents.