钢支撑抗震性能设计及机理探讨

从钢支撑设计承载力验算方法和钢支撑杆件长细比限值特征的角度,对中国、美国和欧洲现行框架一中心支撑结构设计规范进行了分析和比较。综合分析结果表明,我国现行规范的框架-中心支撑对支撑板件的宽厚比和长细比特征的限制较严格,并采用了支撑杆件的设计内力增大系数和强度降低系数来强化支撑抗震性能。有关研究结果表明有关普通中心支撑框架结构和特殊中心支撑框架结构在弹塑性阶段的抗震性能及其相关问题还有待于深入研究。     

屈曲约束支撑与钢框架节点板连接的抗震性能#br# 试验与分析研究

屈曲约束支撑作为耗能减震构件,其与钢框架连接形成屈曲约束支撑钢框架结构体系。然而目前对于屈曲约束支撑与节点板不同连接形式的抗震性能和破坏模式尚缺乏研究。为了获悉不同连接形式对屈曲约束支撑钢框架结构抗震性能和破坏机理的影响,进行5榀屈曲约束支撑与钢框架节点板连接试件的水平低周往复荷载试验,观察试验现象和破坏特征,考察屈曲约束支撑与节点板两端采用销轴连接、螺栓连接、焊接连接和混合连接对钢结构抗震性能的影响,研究屈曲约束支撑与钢框架节点板连接试件的滞回曲线、骨架曲线、延性系数、刚度退化、耗能能力等抗震性能指标,探讨屈曲约束支撑与钢框架节点板转动变形和关键部位的应变规律,分析结构的破坏模式和各构件屈服顺序。结果表明：屈曲约束支撑的芯板先于梁、柱和节点板屈服,试件滞回曲线饱满,表现出良好的抗震性能和延性。文章研究成果以期为屈曲约束支撑钢框架结构设计和应用提供科学依据。     

不同刚度比下防屈曲支撑钢筋混凝土框架抗震性能试验研究

为研究不同刚度比防屈曲支撑(buckling-restrained brace,BRB)钢筋混凝土框架的抗震性能,设计并制作了3榀BRB水平刚度与主体框架抗侧刚度比值分别为3、5、7的减震框架,通过低周往复荷载试验,对比研究其耗能减震能力、破坏形态、BRB连接节点及节点板性能、BRB转动变形性能、BRB端部附加弯矩产生机制等,探讨与BRB连接的梁、柱构件设计方法。研究结果表明：3榀框架滞回曲线饱满,耗能能力稳定,随着刚度比的增加,屈服荷载及极限荷载提高,BRB连接节点破坏越严重;BRB连接节点板的存在使框架柱塑性铰位置由柱端移至节点板趾部附近区域;水平荷载作用下,各框架中BRB端部由于转动变形产生附加弯矩,转动变形与层间位移角近似呈线性变化关系;加强消能子结构的延性构造措施是实现大变形下BRB充分耗能的有效途径。     

带腹板耳板的顶底角钢螺栓连接钢框架-中心支撑体系抗震性能研究

带腹板耳板的顶底角钢螺栓连接是一种装配化程度较高的半刚性节点。为探讨不同支撑类型下半刚性钢框架-中心支撑结构的抗震性能,基于带腹板耳板的顶底角钢螺栓连接,对两榀带有交叉形中心支撑或人字形中心支撑的半刚性钢框架试验试件进行了拟静力试验,研究其在低周往复荷载作用下的滞回性能、承载能力及破坏机制。利用有限元软件ABAQUS对试验过程进行数值模拟分析,与试验结果进行对比并说明了误差产生的原因。研究结果表明:半刚性钢框架-支撑体系采用交叉形支撑或人字形支撑时均表现出良好的抗震性能,钢框架与支撑体系协同工作性能良好;支撑先于钢框架破坏,结构具有两道抗震防线;支撑体系为结构整体提供了80%～82%的侧向刚度;该体系采用人字形支撑时比采用交叉形支撑表现出更好的耗能能力。     

多层钢框架偏心支撑的抗震性能试验研究

偏心支撑钢框架结构是一种比较理想的多层钢结构抗侧力体系,刚度大,受力性能合理。为了研究偏心支撑钢框架在地震作用下的滞回性能,为多层钢框架偏心支撑结构体系设计提供试验依据,选用耗能梁长度为可变参数,完成了2个不同构造形式的弯曲型耗能梁-偏心支撑框架在水平低周循环荷载下的破坏试验,分析了框架的承载能力及变形特征,研究了框架的破坏模式。研究表明,偏心支撑框架在弹性阶段内具有良好的变形能力,屈服荷载和框架刚度随弯曲型耗能梁长度增加呈下降趋势;偏心支撑框架能够控制框架破坏模式,地震作用下框架在耗能梁段屈服后屈曲破坏,破坏发生在耗能梁端部翼缘和支撑与柱脚连接的节点板位置,降低了梁柱节点受力。     

人字形支撑与横梁板式连接节点滞回试验的数值模拟

支撑板式连接节点是铰接钢架节点的重要连接形式,它直接影响着框架支撑结构体系的抗震性能。采用ANSYS有限元软件对9个工字型截面人字形支撑板式连接节点试件的滞回性能试验进行了数值模拟。在验证有限元结果与试验结果较好吻合的同时,研究了支撑轴线交点位置、支撑端部净距和节点板厚度等重要参数对支撑体系的承载力、滞回耗能性能和节点板等效塑性应变的影响规律,所得结论可为板式连接节点的设计与应用提供依据。     

基于滑移连接的防屈曲支撑钢框架节点抗震性能研究

防屈曲支撑（BRB）是一种拉压均可全截面屈服耗能而不屈曲的金属阻尼器,在建筑结构的抗震减震设计中得到广泛应用。然而,由于大变形下支撑框架节点存在显著开合效应,在罕遇地震作用下易出现节点板和相邻梁柱构件的提早断裂现象,限制了BRB抗震性能的充分发挥。为此,在总结BRB钢框架节点的现行设计方法及节点失效模式基础上,提出了可释放节点开合效应的滑移连接节点板,采用低摩擦材料减小接触面摩擦力。建立有限元模型,通过与传统焊接节点板对比,分析两种不同连接对节点板、梁柱和BRB受力性能的影响。以此为基础,设计该类节点足尺试验模型,对其进行拟静力试验,分析其在往复荷载下的抗震性能。研究结果表明：所提出的滑移连接可有效释放节点板与梁柱之间的切向约束和开合效应,显著降低了节点板的塑性损伤,实现了罕遇地震作用下节点板弹性的性能目标;梁塑性铰由节点板端部移至梁柱交界面处,降低了梁柱构件的剪力水平和塑性损伤;在层间位移角4%下各关键构件仍具有饱满稳定的滞回性能,显著提高了BRB钢框架的抗震性能。     

屈曲约束支撑装配式钢管混凝土组合框架抗震试验性能研究

屈曲约束支撑可以有效地提高装配式钢管混凝土组合框架的抗侧移刚度和耗能减震作用。为研究地震作用下屈曲约束支撑装配式钢管混凝土组合框架的抗震性能和破坏机理,进行两层单跨屈曲约束支撑单边螺栓端板连接钢管混凝土组合框架的水平低周反复荷载试验。考察柱截面类型和端板形式对结构整体抗震性能的影响。记录和研究了此类混合结构的破坏形式和水平荷载-水平位移滞回曲线,分析和评价其骨架曲线、强度和刚度退化规律、延性和耗能等。试验研究表明,在柱截面含钢率相同条件下,抗侧移体系采用屈曲约束支撑,梁柱连接采用单边螺栓端板连接方式,屈曲约束支撑方钢管混凝土组合框架的水平承载力和初始抗侧刚度大于屈曲约束支撑圆钢管混凝土组合框架,但是其延性和耗能能力反之。试验和分析结果表明：屈曲约束支撑装配式钢管混凝土组合框架结构具有良好的抗震性能,较大的可变形能力和耗能能力,可以在多高层建筑结构中应用和推广。     

高强度钢材箱形柱滞回性能试验研究

为研究Q460高强度钢材箱形柱的抗震性能,对5个足尺试件进行了水平往复加载试验研究,分析了板件宽厚比、轴压比等因素对试件的承载力、破坏模式、耗能能力、变形能力和延性的影响。试验结果表明,Q460高强度钢材箱形柱具有很好的耗能能力和抗震性能,适用于抗震钢框架;除试件HB-1外其他试件本身及其柱脚节点均未发生焊缝开裂,证明设计合理、质量合格的Q460高强度钢材焊缝连接具有足够的承载力和良好的抗震性能;板件宽厚比越大,试件局部屈曲出现得越早,最大荷载对应的位移级越小,达到破坏时的位移级也越小;试件发生局部屈曲的范围及屈曲中心位置相对于试件截面高度的比值依次减小,所有试件最大屈曲位置距固定端0.25B~0.50B（B为等边箱型截面外边长）,塑性区范围距离固定端0.72B~1.06B。根据试验结果,建议在轴压比不大于0.2时,Q460钢材箱形截面压弯构件板件宽厚比限值不应大于30;同时,钢框架柱在进行抗震设计时,其板件宽厚比限值应与轴压比相联系,轴压比越大,板件宽厚比限值应越小。     

含屈曲约束耗能件的钢框架节点抗震性能有限元分析

传统的钢框架节点地震时在焊缝位置易产生脆性破坏,且在震后难以修复。为此,提出了一种含可更换屈曲约束耗能件的钢框架节点,用于提升节点的抗震性能和功能可恢复性。采用有限元软件ABAQUS对该节点的抗震性能进行数值模拟,分析了约束板间隙、约束板厚度、核心板削弱程度参数对该节点滞回性能的影响。结果表明:本文提出的节点具有稳定饱满的滞回性能;屈曲约束耗能件中的核心板率先屈服耗能,控制主体梁柱在大位移角下仍保持弹性。参数化分析结果表明:当约束板间隙较大时,节点滞回曲线饱满程度降低;约束板的厚度在设计时建议大于核心板厚度;核心板削弱程度影响节点承载能力和损伤控制效果。     

Cyclic behavior studies on I-section inverted V-braces and their gusset plate connections

Inverted V-braces and their central gusset plate connections are popular patterns of brace arrangements for special concentrically braced frames (SCBF). To improve the understanding of their seismic performances and promote their applications in seismic designs, the hysteretic behavior of nine I-section inverted V-braces and their gusset plate connections subject to inelastic cyclic loading is examined through experiments and analytical simulations. It is found that the clearance at the brace end on the gusset plate, the locations of the intersection point of bracing members, and the ratio of the free edge length to the gusset plate thickness are the key parameters. The loading capacities of braced frames show no decrease before the brace low-cycle fatigue fracture, but a longer plateau at a lower load level exists in the hysteretic loops. Although specimens with a linear clearance exhibit better seismic behaviors, a negative clearance is also acceptable as long as the gusset plate does not fracture prior to the braces. A brace intersection point with moderate eccentricity is preferable for its better behavior and its economical dimension of the gusset plate, but the brace point location in the gusset plate could induce out-of-plane deformations in the gusset plate and cause the system ductility to deteriorate. Based upon test results, a suggested limitation of the ratio of the free edge length to thickness for the gusset plates is presented.     

Influence of connection design parameters on the seismic performance of braced frames

Special concentrically braced frames (SCBFs) are commonly used lateral-load resisting systems in seismic design. In SCBFs, the braces are connected to the beams and columns by gusset plate connections, and inelastic deformation is developed through tensile yielding and inelastic post-buckling deformation of the brace. Recent experimental research has indicated that the seismic performance of SCBFs can be improved by designing the SCBF gusset plate connections with direct consideration of the seismic deformation demands and by permitting yielding in the gusset plate at select performance levels.Experimental research provides important information needed to improve SCBF behavior, but the high cost of experiments limits this benefit. To extend and better understand the experimental work, a companion analytical study was conducted. In an earlier paper, the inelastic finite element model and analysis procedure were developed and verified through detailed comparison to experimental results. In this paper, the model and analytical procedure extend the experimental results. A parametric study was conducted to examine the influence of the gusset plate and framing elements on the seismic performance of SCBFs and to calibrate and develop improved design models. The impact of the frame details, including the beam-to-column connections, the brace angles, and their inelastic deformation demands, was also explored. The results suggest that proper detailing of the connections can result in a large improvement in the frame performance.     

Numerical simulation of gusset plate connections with rectangular hollow section shape brace under quasi-static cyclic loading

In concentrically braced frames, gusset plate connections to rectangular hollow section braces are fabricated using welds to connect the gusset plate to both brace and flanges of the beam and of the column framing into the brace. The beam-to-column connection at the gusset plate is either welded or bolted. However, past experimental studies have indicated that undesirable failure modes could occur in the gusset plate even when using a linear clearance rule in the design of the gusset plate, especially when connecting hollow rectangular shapes.For these reasons, this study investigates through numerical analyses the local seismic performance of gusset plate connections with fully restrained beam-to-column connections as well as partially-restrained bolted connections. The latter are provided at the outside corner of the gusset plate, away from the face of the column, in order to facilitate the beam rotation at the bolted connection upon continued lateral deformation. The main goal of the study of the local performance of gusset plate connections is to validate the design procedure presented in this paper; to compare the various clearance rules proposed in the literature and to propose an alternative clearance rule to the linear clearance rule.The local performance is examined through detailed finite element models of a braced bay located at the ground floor of a four storey concentrically braced frame using the MIDAS finite element program. Finally, local performance of the models is compared in terms of strain concentrations in gusset plates, beams and columns.     

Ultimate strength of gusset plate connections with fillet welds

Braced frames are commonly used as lateral-load resisting systems in seismic design. The braces are connected to the beams and columns by gusset plate connections. Fillet welds are commonly used to connect the gusset plates to the beams and columns. And the fracture of the interface welds were observed in the past research and earthquakes. This paper focused on the ultimate strength of interface weld connection between gusset plate and frame elements when the brace is in tension. Pilot experimental study was conducted with four specimens and proved that the evaluation recommended by AIJ works well. A verified finite element analysis model was developed to conduct a parametric study. The studied parameters are the brace angle, gusset plate size, and eccentricity of brace. From the parameter study, it is confirmed that the tensile brace axial force is primarily transferred to the interface weld within an extension Whitmore region, which is named as the effective region in the AIJ evaluation. And the extension Whitmore region is affected by the gusset plate geometrical constraint. A revised extension Whitmore region is suggested by considering the aforementioned parameters. The AIJ evaluation using the revised extension Whitmore region is also compared with the UFM, and showed better evaluation for the rectangular shape gusset plate.     

Cyclic behavior of concentrically braced frames with built-up braces composed of channel sections

Concentrically braced frames are earthquake resistant systems commonly used in buildings. Seismic behavior of this type of structures is affected by their configurations, brace properties, and brace to gusset plate connections. In this paper, the results of three experiments conducted to investigate the cyclic behavior of concentrically braced frames with braces built-up of double channels are reported. Significant damage was observed in beam to column connections. Large out of plane deformation of braces caused some cracks in the connector welds; however they did not result in fracture. Although large drift was applied to the frames, no brace fracture was observed. Furthermore, experiments showed that the majority of compressive strength in post-buckling state and a noticeable portion of tensile strength originated from frame action. By choosing connector spacing as the main parameter and using finite element models, a parametric study was performed to investigate the effect of this parameter on this type of frames with two different details of brace to gusset plate connections. It is observed that reducing the connector spacing increases the inelastic strain demand in braces and decreases it in gusset plates. However, gusset plates, which accommodate 2t linear clearance, are less dependent on connector spacing, compared to those accommodating 6t elliptical clearance. It seems that the limitations of slenderness ratio of individual section, stipulated in current seismic provisions, need further study.     

低屈服点钢扣板连接的试验研究

同心支撑框架被广泛用于钢结构房屋的抗震设计中。在地震激励下,同心支撑框架的支撑会承受循环拉压荷载。由于支撑的屈曲,其抗压强度通常低于抗拉强度,这可能会降低支撑框架的抗震性能。该文对采用弱扣板强支撑的设计理念进行了验证。扣板选用低屈服点钢(LYP),从而使设计的扣板在支撑屈曲前发生屈服。低屈服点钢的屈服强度很低,但其延性很好。通过一系列试验验证循环荷载作用下低屈服点钢扣板的性能。研究发现,在低屈服点钢扣板上增加槽型约束(STR)可以大大提高其抗震性能。在拉压荷载作用下,有槽型约束的低屈服点钢扣板可以提供类似大小的强度。扣板的耗能能力同样得到提高。基于此研究成果,给出低屈服点钢扣板的一些设计建议。     

Experimental study of low yield point steel gusset plate connections

Concentrically braced frames have been used widely in the seismic-resistant design of steel building structures. During earthquake excitation, the braces of the concentrically braced frame are subjected to recursive tensile and compressive forces. The compressive strength of the brace is usually less than its tensile strength because of the buckling of the brace, and this may degenerate the seismic resistance capacity of the braced frame. In this reported research, an alternative design concept that adopts the weak gusset plate-strong brace is examined. The gusset plate is designed to yield prior to the buckling of the brace. Low yield point (LYP) steel is selected for the gusset plate. The LYP steel possesses low yield strength and high elongation capacity. A series of experimental studies was carried out to examine the LYP steel gusset plates under cyclic loads. It is found that adding slot-type restrainers (STR) to the LYP steel gusset plate greatly enhances the seismic resistance of the gusset plate. The proposed LYP steel gusset plate with an STR is able to provide similar strengths under tensile and compressive loads. The energy dissipation capacity of the gusset plate is also increased substantially. Based on this study, suggestions are made for the design of LYP gusset plates.     

Effect of gusset connection configurations on frame–gusset interaction in steel buckling‐restrained braced frame

Although buckling restrained braces (BRBs) are commonly applied in seismic buildings to mitigate structural damage, their performance was often limited by rupture of the corner gusset connections due to additional frame action. This issue may be resolved by alternative gusset connections to mitigate the frame–gusset interaction. In this study, commonly used procedures for design of the traditional gusset connection are reviewed, followed by a case study on the effect of frame action on the structural behavior of these gusset connections in steel frames with BRBs. Inspired by these analysis, two different strategies, aiming at releasing frame–gusset shear interaction using sliding gusset connection or reducing normal interaction using dual gusset plates, are tried to mitigate the frame action effects. Finite element analysis is conducted on steel frame subassemblages with/without BRBs to examine the effect of different gusset connections on the structural behavior of these framing systems. It shows that the sliding gusset connection shows beneficial effect in reducing the frame action, having much smaller stress responses on the gusset interfaces, as well as smaller shear force and plastic responses on the framing system. Thus, it becomes a promising gusset connection for improved seismic performance of the steel framing system with brace‐type dampers.     

Simulated behavior of multi-story X-braced frames

Steel braced frames are a commonly used seismic resisting system and thus, multi-story X-braced frames are frequently used. However, research into the behavior of these systems with midspan gusset plates, as used in practice, is limited. As a result, their seismic performance and the influence of connection design on this performance are not well understood. A comprehensive series of inelastic analyses were undertaken to better understand the nonlinear, cyclic behavior of multi-story X-braced frames and their gusset plate connections. Finite element (FE) analyses were conducted and the FE model was developed and verified by comparing the simulated results with cyclic tests and nonlinear analyses of single story systems, conducted at the University of Washington. The verified analytical model and associated failure estimation procedures were used to predict all yield mechanisms and failure modes, frame deformation capacity, and initial cracking and fracture of critical elements within the frame. A parametric study was performed to examine the influence of the gusset plate, framing members and other structural elements on the seismic performance of multi-story X-braced frames. The results show that the design and detailing of the gusset plate has a significant impact on the seismic performance of the frame. Connections designed with proposed end-rotational clearance models, and with strength and stiffness values balanced to the buckling and tensile yield capacities of the brace provided the best ductility and deformation capacity. In addition, the results suggest that floor slabs, gusset plate stiffeners and framing member sizes affect the frame performance and must be considered in the analysis and design of the system.