典型高灰熔融性煤焦水蒸气气化特性研究

为解决我国高灰熔融性煤的利用难题,采用等温热重法,研究了典型贵州高灰熔融性煤焦在不同气化温度及不同水蒸气含量下的气化特性,并采用混合反应模型对试验数据进行处理,求取动力学参数。结果表明,在不同水蒸气含量下,随着气化反应温度的升高,典型贵州煤焦的反应性提高,气化反应速率的峰值增大,气化反应时间缩短;气化剂中水蒸气含量越多,煤焦反应性越好,气化反应速率的峰值越大,但当水蒸气含量大于30%后差别不明显;典型贵州煤焦与水蒸气反应的反应级数为0.912 9~1.620 9,活化能为149.34~165.12 k J/mol。     

三种煤焦水蒸气加压气化活性的研究

本文首次用调试的填充床天平反应器(Packed Bed Balance Reactor,即PBBR)系统于(0.98～24.50)×10~5Pa压力和750～1000℃温度条件下,进行了三种煤焦与水蒸气气化反应性的研究。实验结果表明:煤焦气化活性随原煤变质程度增加而降低;随压力和温度的增高,三种煤焦的基碳转化率和比气化速率均增大。本文用未反应芯表面反应模型,描述了煤焦水蒸气气化反应过程,由此计算了三种煤焦的反应速率常数,求得了反应活化能,提出了一个包括水蒸气分压,基碳转化率和反应温度影响的煤焦-水蒸气反应速率方程式为: dx/dt=K_0P_(H_2)~n_o(1-X)~(2/3)exp(-E/RT)     

煤焦CO_2气化的热重分析研究 （Ⅰ）等温热重研究

运用等温热重技术，对三种不同煤化度的煤焦，在９５０～１４００℃温度区内进行了ＣＯ_２气化研究，考察了这三种煤焦在不同气化温度下的活性变化，并对动力学计算的结果进行了讨论，研究发现，气化温度对煤焦气化速率的影响程度不同，１１００℃以下反应为。动力学控制阶段，１１００℃以上逐步过渡为扩散控制阶段，在高的气化温度下，反应速率增大，表现活化能值降低。     

加压下煤焦水蒸气气化反应动力学模型

为了阐明压力对煤焦水蒸气气化反应的影响规律,在加压固定床微分反应器上研究了三种不同煤阶的中国煤焦水蒸气加压(达到2.0 MPa)气化反应动力学。详细讨论了n级速率方程应用于不同压力范围的情况,提出了一个简单实用的经验速率方程,并得出了压力对煤焦水蒸气气化反应动力学参数的影响规律。结果表明,只包含水蒸气分压项的传统的n级速率方程不适合总压变化的情况。新提出的简单实用的加压煤焦气化速率方程引入水蒸气摩尔分数、总压和温度三个变量,能较好地反映总压对煤焦气化速率的影响规律。即水蒸气摩尔分数对气化速率的影响明显大于总压对气化速率的影响。对于HLH煤焦,水蒸气摩尔分数的指数随总压增大几乎不变,而对于SM煤焦和JC煤焦,水蒸气摩尔分数的指数随总压增大有增大的趋势。     

废碱液催化煤焦气化和甲烷化反应的研究

以甲苯二异氰酸酯(TDI)生产废液为催化剂,研究了内蒙古王家塔煤焦加压水蒸气气化和甲烷化的反应活性。采用加压固定床小试评价装置,在700—800℃, 3.5 MPa条件下,分别考察了催化剂负载量、反应温度对气化和甲烷化反应的影响。TDI废碱液具有良好的催化气化和甲烷化反应活性。750℃下,3%Na-TDI煤焦碳转化率比原煤焦高17.68%,并且活性优于纯碳酸钠;随着催化剂负载量和温度的增加,煤气化活性和甲烷化活性呈增加趋势。采用扫描电镜(SEM)对煤焦的表面形貌进行分析,结果显示TDI催化剂的加入使煤焦微孔数量增加,形成活化中心点,从而提高了碳的气化反应速率。     

煤焦与水蒸气加压气化反应活性的研究

采用填充床热天平反应器（ＰＢＢＲ）系统,于０．０９８ＭＰａ～２．４５ＭＰａ压力和７５０℃～１０００℃温度下进行了煤焦与水蒸气气化反应的活性研究,以基碳转化率（Ｘ）和比气化速率（Ｂ）作为反应活性的评价指标。结果表明,煤焦的Ｘ和Ｂ随着温度和压力的增加而增加;煤焦的气化反应活性顺序为：褐煤焦＞气煤焦＞贫煤焦。     

煤焦与水蒸气流化气化反应特性及动力学分析

基于小型流化床评价装置研究了内蒙古褐煤煤焦与水蒸气的流化气化反应特性,考察了温度、压力、水蒸气分压和氢气分压对碳转化率、反应速率和平均气体组分的影响。研究结果表明,随着反应温度升高,碳转化率和反应速率显著增加,由于高温对气化反应深度和变换反应平衡的影响,平均有效气组分大幅增加。提高系统压力会抑制流化气化反应的进行,碳转化率和反应速率降低,加压有利于CH_4生成,但对平均有效气组分的影响不明显。随着水蒸气分压的增加,碳转化率和反应速率大幅增加,但其促进了变换反应的平衡移动导致平均有效气组分降低。氢气的存在会与水分子竞争煤焦表面的活性位,抑制气化反应的进行,使得碳转化率和反应速率降低。采用Langmuir-Hinshelwood(L-H)模型拟合得到了H_2抑制作用下的煤焦水蒸气流化气化反应速率方程,试验值与模型拟合值吻合较好,并且计算得出宏观反应活化能为181.36 kJ/mol。     

生物质与煤共气化特性研究

在热天平装置中研究了生物质焦、煤焦以及生物质焦与煤焦混合物的水蒸气气化特性.采用程序升温热重法对生物质焦(稻秆焦、高粱秆焦和玉米秆焦)、神木煤焦以及生物质焦与煤焦混合物进行了水蒸气气化实验.结果表明,生物质焦和煤焦在一定温度下的气化速率为:高粱焦＞稻秆焦＞玉米焦＞神木煤焦.并对三种生物质焦、煤焦、生物焦和煤焦混合物的水蒸气气化反应进行了动力学分析,分析认为,连续反应模型可以在一定程度上反应焦样的水蒸气气化反应动力学.     

程序升温热重法研究活性焦气化反应特性

在管式炉上以较高炭化温度（1000℃以上）制备煤焦,并在较低温度（850℃）下用水蒸气活化而制得活性焦。采用程序升温热重法对高炭化温度下制得活性焦的CO2气化反应特性进行了研究,并利用组合升温速率法对其动力学参数进行了计算。从对碳转化率曲线、气化速率曲线的分析和比较来看：随着制焦温度的升高和煤阶的增加,活性焦的活性逐渐下降;活化之后的煤焦比未活化煤焦的气化反应活性更好。动力学参数的计算结果符合上述结论。     

加压下煤焦与水蒸气的催化气化动力学研究

以K2CO3为催化剂,利用自行设计的加压固定床反应器进行了神木煤焦-水蒸气催化气化反应动力学研究,并采用n级速率方程和Langmuir-Hinshelwood速率方程考察了水蒸气分压的影响.系统压力为3.5 MPa,气化反应温度分别为600℃,650℃和700℃,其中600℃下水蒸气分压分别为1.24 MPa,1.83 MPa和2.88 MPa;650℃和700℃下的水蒸气分压分别为1.24 MPa,1.83 MPa和2.34 MPa.研究发现,随气化温度的提高和水蒸气分压的增加,煤焦的水蒸气气化反应活性明显提高.采用n级速率方程得到煤焦与水蒸气的反应级数为0.732,活化能为102.63 kJ/mol;采用L-H方程得到活化能为109.23 kJ/mol,其速率方程可以更精确地描述反应气体压力对气化反应的影响.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。