Electromagnetic compatibility of a traction power-supply system and infrastructure elements in areas with high traffic

Electric traction systems are improved as part of the process of updating the entire system that converts the power that is consumed by the transportation process. Application of dc converters to a three-phase alternating current, the use of thyristor converters of the dc voltage level, the creation of highly efficient algorithms for computer control of electric-power conversion, and substitution of commutator dc motors for brushless three-phase ac motors lie at the core of technological improvement of electric traction systems and are now widely used in a number of industrialized countries. This paper proposes new traction power-supply systems for areas with high traffic, which require additional wires to be laid and multiconductor lines to be used. The requirements are formulated, and a methodology for grounding the electromagnetic compatibility of multiconductor lines of traction power supply and infrastructure elements is discussed. It is shown that electromagnetic coupling of lines takes place under conditions of both electric and magnetic effects between two or more electrically long lines. In electrically long lines, the voltages and currents cannot be considered independent of each other. They are interconnected through the impedance of the respective line (similarly to how electrical and magnetic fields of electromagnetic waves are linked with each other through the impedance of space). The studies and analysis that were carried out showed t6hat it is possible to simulate the propagation of electromagnetic waves along multiconductor traction power-supply lines, which allow determining not only the currents and voltages at any given point of a multiconductor line, but also simultaneously induced voltages at an adjacent line. All this allows highly accurate checking of the electromagnetic compatibility of the traction network and longitudinal power supply lines with communication lines and track circuits in areas with high traffic.     

基于护层电流构建新型判据的高压输电电缆在线监测

为及时发现高压电缆交叉互联接地系统中的故障问题,基于电缆金属护层首末两端的接地电流,构造了一种新型判据来实现电缆故障的分类与定位。该方法通过测量电缆交叉互联主段首末两端直接接地箱中金属护层接地电流的幅值与相位,并以同一金属护层回路首末两端接地电流幅值与相位的比值、以不同金属护层回路首末两端接地电流相位差的绝对值构造新的特征量,根据多维特征融合建立故障判据对应的特征量矩阵,以此进行故障诊断。分析了电缆中间接头开路、交叉互联接地箱进水和中间接头短路等常见的电缆故障,并通过仿真验证了新型故障判据的可行性,为高压电缆线路故障的在线监测提供了新的方法。     

海南联网海底电缆护套绝缘监测方法

利用基于Matlab所建立的护套感应电流和电容电流模型,讨论了电缆护套绝缘在各种故障情况下护套电流的响应特性。研究发现,海底电缆护套中的感应电流与电缆护套绝缘状态的关系不密切,无论护套绝缘是否发生异常,其感应电流基本保持不变;护套电容电流则与电缆护套绝缘关系密切,而且这种关系呈现出单一函数对应关系,因此,可以从电缆两端测得的电容电流的大小,计算出电缆护套故障的相别、位置等信息,从而实现对海底电缆外绝缘情况的监测。     

基于HHT小电流接地故障选线与在线故障定位方法

小电流接地系统发生单相接地故障,系统仍可运行1~2小时,要求在不断电的情况下,实现故障选线,并对故障进行定位。提出一种基于HHT小电流接地故障选线与在线故障定位的方法,利用奇异性检测法判断各线路在故障时刻的极性,实现故障选线,在线路参数未知的情况下,采用合闸时产生的操作过电压行波在线测量行波波速,单相接地故障发生后,利用HHT寻找电压行波瞬时频率突变时刻,并运用单端测距法实现对架空线、电缆和电缆-架空线混合线路故障定位。最后,对算例进行数值仿真,仿真结果验证了该方法的可行性和实用性。     

Tackling sheath problems: Latest research developments in solving operational sheath problems in underground power transmission cables

In a power transmission cable system, the uniformly configuration of the cables between sections is sometimes difficult to achieve because of the geometrical limitation. This will cause the increase of sheath circulating current which results in the increase of sheath loss and the decrease of permissible current of the power transmission system. While the cable is on operation, because of cable aging and other unexpected reasons, sheath fault always occurs which leads to the further damage of the insulation layer and the life of the cable. These two problems were particularly addressed in this paper. Over last few years, two research groups in South Korea and the United Kingston have worked together extensively to solve these problems and made some great achievements. For tackling the problem of the increase of sheath circulating current, one special device was designed to measure this kind of current; an effective measure was proposed to reduce the current and the new measure was well protected from any further threats like cable fault and lightning. Regarding the problem with sheath fault, one data acquisition system was designed to monitor the sheath fault on field; a new fault phenomenon was discovered for the cable buried in sand; based on the new discovery, the fault was characterised, modelled and simulated; furthermore advanced signal processing techniques were introduced to extract the fault signals from the sheath, detect and locate the fault. These new solutions have either been successfully applied in practical operation of the power cable system or used in further research to propose more advanced solutions. The paper reviewed the latest developments of these new solutions.     

地下隧道中电力电缆的线路阻抗矩阵相序阻抗矩阵和参数的分析

在研究电力电缆发生短路对周围通讯系统的危险影响时,短路电流的分布和入地电流系数的计算是至关重要的,这必然涉及线路阻抗,相序相抗和自互阻抗等参数,文章给出了电缆线芯不换位,金属护套交叉互联两端接地系统的线路阻抗矩阵,相序阻抗矩阵的直观表达式,分析了它们的一些性质,介绍了隧道中电缆参数的一种分析方法,即虚拟媒质法,应用该法可以方便地处理道空气区对其自互阻抗的影响,由于该法是数值方法,隧道横截面形状可以     

A calculation model for cathodic protection of underground extensive structures using impressed current cable anodes

 Proper design of cathodic protection by use of impressed current cable anodes requires the knowledge of current and potential distribution along the anode and the structure to be protected. The conductive coupling between these earth-return circuits results in different current and potential distributions along both structures when comparing with the case of separate anode. In the paper calculation models – accurate and simplified – are presented. In the accurate model an interchange of currents flowing along both structures is taken into account, whereas in the simplified method the structures are treated as separate earth return circuits. The formulas are derived for calculation of such parameters as longitudinal current, protective current density, potential to the remote earth and potential to the adjacent earth. Calculations have been carried out in which the influence of the distance between the two structures on the values and distribution of currents and potentials along the anode and the protected structure has been examined. The relations presented may be useful at design stage of impressed current cathodic protection systems containing cable anodes. Received: 15 February 2001/Accepted: 15 March 2001     

Earthing effects of uncoated underground cables and transferred potentials

Contents A model for the analysis of earthing effects of uncoated metallic sheathed underground cables is suggested. The model includes the proximity effects between the cable sheath and the earth electrodes of the transformer stations at the cable's terminals. Diagrams for assessing apparent sheath impedances to earth as well as transferred potentials and dangerous voltages at terminal stations are constructed appropriate for practical design.

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Wirkung von Erdkabeln mit nichtisolierten Mänteln und die erzeugte Potentialverteilung

Übersicht Ein Modell für die Analyse der Erderwirkung von Kabeln mit nichtisolierten Mänteln wird vorgestellt. Das Modell berücksichtigt die gegenseitigen Beeinflussungen zwischen Kabeln und Erderanlagen an den Kabelenden. Diagramme für die Beurteilung der Erdausbreitungsimpedanzen von Kabeln, der erzeugten Potentialverteilung und Berührungs- und Schrittspannungen entlang der Kabeltrassen werden für die praktische Anwendung angegeben.

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List of symbols J fault current at the HV/MV station flowing into the earth - u _k potential of earthing system elementk - i _k current emanating into the soil from elementk - E _t,E _s touch- and step-voltages - Y longitudinal admittance of a cable sheath segment - Y _n admittance to earth of the earthing structure bonded with the terminal station earth electrode - r _kj mutual earth resistance for elementsk andj - r _kk self resistance to earth of elementk - r _kM mutual earth resistance of elementk and pointM - Z _eq equivalent system impedance to earth as viewed at HV/MV station - Z _a apparent cable's impedance to earth - l(l ₁) cable (characteristic) length - s sheath's segment length - H, d cable's depth of burial and diameter - D diameter of the equivalent plate modeling HV/MV station electrode - l _r,d _r rod length and diameter - earth resistivity     

Determination of the optimal working conditions of cable lines in an underground cable channel

Mathematical modeling of heat transfer processes inside a cable channel taking into account natural convection and radiation between the cable surface and tube and the loss in shields was carried out. An underground cable channel consisting of eight lines with a voltage of 6 kV and six lines with a voltage of 35 kV was investigated. The conductor section is 150 mm². Cables of APvVng-LS brand were placed in a triangle inside polyethylene tubes. The patterns of temperature fields obtained under variance of different various factors were determined, the permissible currents were calculated, and the optimal circuits of connection of cable lines depending on the selected criterion were proposed. The two-dimensional nonstationary problem of complicated heat and mass transfer and heat conductivity inside the underground cable channel was solved by the finite elements method using the ANSYS software package. The range of permissible operating currents depending on the location of cable lines and priority of their connection was determined. The effect of the temperature of the environment on the permissible current was considered. The optimal ranges of thermal permissible currents taking into account the shield loss were calculated. The optimal connection circuits of the cable lines depending on the problem being solved were obtained. An estimation of transferred power for every considered connection method is presented. Conclusions for practical application of the method of connection of the cable line were drawn. The fields of application of this mathematical model were proposed.     

基于两相电流变换的小电流接地系统故障选线新方法

提出了两相电流旋转变换小电流接地系统单相接地故障选线新方法(简称两相法)。两相电流旋转变换,即每条线路a,b和c相电流与滞后其120°的b,c和a相电流经-60°旋转相加。新判据为非故障线路本身的3个两相电流相等;故障线路本身的3个两相电流之间幅值和相角不同。计算机仿真表明该算法不受故障电阻和负荷的影响,当系统发生单相接地故障时,能准确辨别故障线路。     

VSC-HVDC频变参数电缆线路电流差动保护新原理

电压源换流器型直流输电（voltage source converter HVDC,VSC-HVDC）控制系统复杂,故障承受能力差,且多采用参数频变特性明显的电缆线路。提出一种频变参数电缆线路电流差动保护新原理。它建立在分布参数模型基础上,由两端电气量分别计算线路中点电流,并由此构造差动判据。为计算频变参数线路沿线任一点电流,提出一种计算沿线电流分布的新方法。仿真结果表明,该保护都能灵敏可靠地区分区内外故障,且对采样频率要求低,不受线路频变参数和分布电容的影响。     

单芯高压电力电缆金属护套感应电流的研究之二——计算程序的编制和应用

对单芯电缆交叉互联金属护套感应电流进行了研究。为了控制实际电缆线路工程中单芯电缆的护套感应电流,建立了复杂通道条件下,单芯电缆护套感应电流计算的数学模型,提出了通过调整电缆排列来预控感应电流的方法,并编制了相应程序,以实现护套感应电流的计算和预控。全文共分两大部分:第一部分为感应电流的计算和预控;第二部分为计算程序编制和应用。     

单芯高压电力电缆金属护套感应电流的研究之一——感应电流的计算和预控

对单芯电缆交叉互联金属护套感应电流进行了研究。为了控制实际电缆线路工程中单芯电缆的护套感应电流,建立了复杂通道条件下,计算单芯电缆护套感应电流的数学模型,提出了通过调整电缆排列来预控感应电流的方法,并编制了相应程序,以实现护套感应电流的计算和预控。全文共分两大部分:第一部分为感应电流的计算和预控;第二部分为计算程序编制和应用。     

Distributed generation modeling for power flow studies and a three-phase unbalanced power flow solution for radial distribution systems considering distributed generation

Distributed generations (DGs) are generally modeled as PV or PQ nodes in power flow studies (PFSs) for distribution system. Determining a suitable model for each DG unit requires knowing the DG operation and the type of its connection to the grid (direct or indirect). In this respect, this paper offers a helpful list of DG models for PFSs. Moreover, an unbalanced three-phase power flow algorithm for radial distribution networks considering DG is presented based on the power summation method in backward/forward sweep technique. The proposed algorithm is simple and fast and can handle DG units in both PV and PQ mode. In comparison with the current analysis methods, handling of PV nodes in the proposed method is very simple since it uses active and reactive powers as flow variables rather than the complex currents and then checks the limits of reactive power of the generator of PV node straightforwardly. IEEE four-node test feeder is used to validate the proposed method. IEEE 13-node test feeder without regulator and with different DG models is analyzed and the results are presented. Moreover, the results are compared with and without considering system losses.     

Distribution of non-sinusoidal currents in parallel conductors used in three-phase four-wire networks

This paper presents an analysis of the distribution of non-sinusoidal currents among parallel-connected cables in low-voltage, three-phase TN–S systems. The cables are assumed to be laid on metallic cable trays in free space, which means that the influence of earth is neglected. An iterative algorithm is developed which can accurately estimate the distribution of line and neutral currents among parallel-connected cables at various harmonic frequencies provided that the impedance matrix of the whole cable system is given.     

单芯XLPE电缆金属护套绝缘在线监测研究

分析了电缆金属护套接地模型,提出了环流法在线监测XLPE电缆金属护套绝缘性能。试验结果表明,环流值与金属护套绝缘性能差异密切相关,因而提出了“环流绝对值”与“环流相对变化量”的判据。开发的在线监测系统能很好地监测电缆金属护套绝缘性能,提高了电缆运行可靠性。     

Admittance and impedance matrices of multiconductor power cables: Application of Poynting's theorem

A mathematical model suitable for the analysis of multiconductor cable admittance and impedance matrices is presented. The model is derived from Poynting's theorem and, therefore, it can be treated as the general formulation of cable transient characteristics. Using general formulation, the analytic function method for the admittance matrix and the two limit method for the impedance matrix are developed.     

500kV同杆并架线路感应电压和电流的计算分析

鉴于同杆并架双回线路线间耦合性很强,当一回运行,另一回停运线路上会有较高感应电压和感应电流,为保证线路检修人员的安全工作,通过理论分析计算分析了同杆双回停运线路上的感应电压和感应电流。分析表明:电磁感应电流与运行线路输送的功率基本呈正比例关系,与线路长度无关,电磁感应电压与运行线路输送的功率及线路长度基本呈正比例关系;静电感应电流与线路长度基本呈正比例关系,与运行线路输送的功率无关,静电感应电压与运行线路输送的功率及线路长度的关系不大;通过在停运线路首末端接地及中间点挂接地线,可有效减小停运线路上沿线的感应电压,在检修点加接地线对减小该点的感应电压尤为有效;流过接地线的电流与接地线的位置关系不大,换位对感应电压的改善效果不明显,但换位后对流过接地开关的电流改善显著,而且完全换位次数越多,改善效果越好。     

多导体线束内串扰概率分布的预测

串扰是电气、电子系统内部多导体传输线间的相互电磁干扰,受其影响系统可靠性往往较差。电缆线束作为典型的多导体传输线,其串扰问题显得尤为突出。针对电缆线束内导线位置的不确定性,提出一种线束内串扰概率分布的预测方法,在假定线束横截面固定的条件下,将线束分为N段,计算单一子段的电磁参数分布律,并利用卷积算法求得整个线束的电磁参数概率分布;基于蒙特卡洛法,结合多导线传输线理论得到线束串扰的概率分布,进而帮助设计者发现系统内潜在的串扰问题、评估遭受串扰影响的系统可靠性。为了得到卷积算法中分段数N的合适取值,以线束的扭绞程度为依据,提出了相应的经验公式,并结合实际算例进行测量。实验结果表明,线束的分段数N应与线束的扭绞程度相适应;线束的扭绞程度越高,线束内串扰的概率分布越集中,有趋于"平均化"的规律。     

高压单芯电缆并联运行时金属护层的联接方式分析

随着经济的发展和用电量的不断增加,同相多根单芯电缆并联供电方式多有采用。高压单芯电缆的金属护套联接方式是电缆敷设时必须注意的问题。目前单、双回路电缆线路感应电压及金属护套环流已有计算,但多根电缆并联使用时的金属护套联接方式还未见讨论。文章研究结果显示并联电缆的护层环流在其护层相联时有可能达到单独处理时的2倍多。因此,电缆并联运行时,不应将金属护套相联再进行交叉互联,而应该分别作交叉互联。