An efficient algebraic approach to observability analysis in state estimation

An efficient and compact algebraic approach to state estimation observability is proposed. It is based on transferring rows to columns and vice versa in the Jacobian measurement matrix. The proposed methodology provides a unified approach to observability checking, critical measurement identification, determination of observable islands, and selection of pseudo-measurements to restore observability. Additionally, the observability information obtained from a given set of measurements can provide directly the observability obtained from any subset of measurements of the given set. Several examples are used to illustrate the capabilities of the proposed methodology, and results from a large case study are presented to demonstrate the appropriate computational behavior of the proposed algorithms. Finally, some conclusions are drawn.     

一种新的三相状态估计算法

提出了一种新的三相状态估计算法 ,并详细地阐述了一种三相状态估计的处理策略。     

A fault diagnosis method for three-phase rectifiers

In this article, we proposed a novel method based on principal component analysis and support vector machines was presented for fault diagnosis of three-phase rectifiers, in which the principal component analysis of fault signal is used to extract the features corresponding to various fault, then fault types are identified through the pattern recognition classifier based on support vector machines. The simulation result of fault diagnosis of a thyristor in a three-phase full-bridge controlled rectifier shows that the method can make an accurate identification of fault types as well as the location of the fault elements for power electronics circuits, and it has an excellent performance for noise robustness and calculation complexity. Therefore, it is quite practically valuable in the solution to the fault problems for power electronics rectifiers.     

冷备用冗余的可靠性分析方法

提出了冷备用冗余系统的可靠性计算方法,并将冷备用冗余方式与其余冗余方式进行比较,说明其优越性。文章还列举几种典型备用冗余系统和混合冗余系统,给出使用方面的建议。     

基于信息冗余的电力系统分布式状态估计

随着智能变电站的不断发展,二次系统中模拟量信息的网络化传递方式给电力系统分布式状态估计带来新的研究内容。提出基于二次系统信息冗余的分布式状态估计方法,给出了分布式状态估计架构,并利用模拟量间冗余关系建立线性静态分布式状态估计模型。进一步通过算例验证基于信息冗余的电力系统分布式状态估计方法。算例结果表明,该方法能够有效降低模拟量误差并提高上传模拟量的准确性。     

Optimal placement of PMU and SCADA measurements for security constrained state estimation

This paper presents a method for the use of Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) and synchronized measurements for complete observability of a power system. Under normal operation, both Node Phasor Measurement Unit (NPMU) and SCADA measurements are optimally placed using integer programming and Genetic Algorithm (GA) respectively. The minimum condition number of the Jacobian matrix is used as a criteria in conjunction with GA to obtain a completely determined condition. Next, a triangular factorization approach is used to search for the necessary candidates for single branch outage and single/multiple measurement loss. These candidate measurements are optimized by the binary integer programming method. Numerical results on the IEEE test systems are demonstrated. The results clearly show the robustness of the method to obtain reliable measurements under both normal and contingency conditions.     

A new self-excitation scheme for three-phase synchronous generators

A new self-excitation scheme has been developed for three-phase synchronous generators. The generator that uses this scheme behaves as a flat-compound machine without automatic voltage regulators. The stator of the generator is provided with an armature winding that generates the fundamental and 2nd-harmonic mmfs. The rotor is equipped with a field winding and a harmonic winding. The harmonic winding is magnetically coupled to the 2nd-harmonic mmf produced by the armature winding. The current flows in the stator armature winding by way of a three-phase set of capacitors connected across its three-phase terminals and the ac voltage is induced in the rotor harmonic winding due to the armature 2nd-harmonic mmf. By connecting the harmonic winding to the field winding through a rectifier circuit, self-excitation of the generator is obtained. This excitation scheme is both self-excited and brushless, and no exciter is required. Additionally, voltage regulation due to load variation can be improved by connecting suitable capacitors. In this paper the operating principle and circuit configuration of the generator are explained and the experimental results using a 1-kVA prototype machine are shown. The generator characteristics are theoretically clarified by approximate analysis, and appropriateness of the theory and the usefulness of the proposed scheme are experimentally confirmed.     

A new numerical algorithm to check the observability and bad-data processing ability of the metering scheme

This paper provides a unified approach for the optimization of measurements placements employed for power system online monitoring through state estimation. The proposed methodology, which can be suitable for the mixed measure system, preserves state estimation observability and bad-data processing capability by employing numerical algorithms for observability checking, critical measurements and critical couple identification. First, node injection radix measurements and measurement categories are defined. According to the above definitions, the coefficient matrix can be solved. The analysis on the column vectors of the coefficient matrix can determine each measurement classification. Furthermore, the numbers of each measurement class contains can determine bad-data processing capability. The observability can be checked by the type number of measurements. The proposed method is illustrated with the IEEE39-bus system and the IEEE118-bus system. Results from the case studies are presented to demonstrate that the approach adequately fulfills the desired properties related to observability, bad-data processing, cost, and robustness.     

一种适用于同步相量测量的新算法

在异步采样的情况下,离散傅里叶变换(DFT)由于频谱泄漏及栅栏效应,计算结果不够精确,不能满足同步相量测量精度的要求。对现有的同步采样及误差消除方法进行了分析,提出了一种新的相量测量算法。通过线性插值计算,得到采样序列两相邻过零点进行频率跟踪,由所测频率对采样序列进行同步修正得到满足同步采样的新序列,采用DFT进行相量估计。仿真结果表明:该算法具有高精度、计算量小等特点,能够满足同步相量测量对精度及实时性的要求。     

一种智能变电站新型双网冗余设备及实现

为了解决当前智能变电站自动化系统内网络冗余存在的问题,提出了一种变电站内新型网络冗余的设备(双网冗余接口盒及双网冗余接口卡)软硬件实现方法,将变电站内部保护测控等装置通过双网冗余接口设备接入符合IEC62439-3规范的PRP/HSR网络实现新型双网冗余。采用FPGA+CPU的硬件构架,通过利用在FPGA设计出以太网通信控制MAC模块、PRP/HSR模块、存储控制模块、多路报文转发控制模块协同完成变电站系统内以太网报文冗余处理。试验证明,所研制的冗余设备满足电力系统保护装置对于速动性的要求,在智能变电站自动化系统内具有较好的实用性。     

一种适用于同步相量测量的新算法

在异步采样的情况下,离散傅里叶变换(DFT)由于频谱泄漏及栅栏效应,计算结果不够精确,不能满足同步相量测量精度的要求.对现有的同步采样及误差消除方法进行了分析,提出了一种新的相量测量算法.通过线性插值计算,得到采样序列两相邻过零点进行频率跟踪,由所测频率对采样序列进行同步修正得到满足同步采样的新序列,采用DFT进行相量估计.仿真结果表明:该算法具有高精度、计算量小等特点,能够满足同步相量测量对精度及实时性的要求.     

基于灵敏度分析的线性混合量测状态估计

提出一种基于灵敏度矩阵并以相量测量单元(PMU)采样为周期的混合量测线性估计方法.把PMU的电流量测转换成功率量测,在初始计算时刻与基于监控和数据采集系统的量测一起进行非线性运算,得到状态估计值和功率量测量之间的灵敏度矩阵.在后续的PMU采样时刻,将转换得到的功率量测和通过负荷预报补充的伪量测组成混合量测,然后根据求得的灵敏度矩阵进行以PMU采样为周期的线性跟踪计算.当估计误差积累到一定程度时,重新进行一次混合非线性计算以更新灵敏度矩阵.通过IEEE 118节点系统,给出了负荷变化速率、预报误差和PMU量测数对所提估计方法计算精度的影响.结果表明,负荷变化越慢、预报误差越小、PMU的个数越多,其跟踪计算精度越高.     

Optimal ranking of measurements for state estimation by the gradient projection method

Optimal measurement ranking is the first and essential step in meter selection for the design of a reliable measurement system. This paper presents a computationally-efficient algorithm for the optimal ranking of measurements for state estimation. The algorithm maximizes the accuracy of estimates with respect to the measurement variances by performing a transformation on the problem formulation, and minimizing the resulting cost function subject to a set of linear constraints.

The proposed algorithm is based on the gradient projection method and includes some new computational features. Computational efficiency of the solution procedure is significantly improved by converting the constraints into a linear form through a transformation, using an analytical expression for the derivative of the cost function, employing the sparse inverse matrix technique and optimal ordering for the evaluation of the cost function and its derivatives, and simplifying the evaluation of the projected gradient vectors.

Performance of the algorithm is demonstrated on the IEEE 14, 30, and 57 bus systems.     

A simple factorization-based observability analysis and meter placement method

A simple factorization-based observability analysis and meter placement method is presented in this paper. Measurement Jacobian matrix is extended to include non-existing branch flow measurements so that observable islands are identified simultaneously when extra candidate measurements are placed to make the network observable if initially the system is unobservable. The method is described in detail along with numerical examples, which illustrates its effectiveness.     

基于冗余分析的用电信息采集系统数据压缩方法

为解决用电信息采集系统中数据高频上报引起的通信及存储问题,通过协议分析将远程通信报文的冗余性分为了帧间冗余、模式冗余及编码冗余,并分别采用报文预处理方法、LZ77算法与Huffman算法压缩其冗余;针对单种算法无法同时对报文的三种冗余进行压缩的问题,通过对三种冗余各自的特性及相互间关系的分析,提出了一种组合压缩的方式,实验结果表明,该方法可以有效地缩短远程通信报文的长度,从而减少存储消耗、提高网络的传输效率。     

A new fault location method for distribution networks using sparse measurements

In response to the growing demand to improve reliability and quality of power supply, distributed monitoring devices are gradually being implemented in distribution networks. On the other hand, utilities are demanding more accurate and reliable fault location systems to reduce the economic impact of power outages. This paper presents a novel method that takes full advantage of all available measurements to provide an accurate fault location. The developed method first uses an iterative state estimation based algorithm to find the nearest node to the fault location. It then examines all lines connected to the selected node and locates the fault. The performance of the proposed method is studied by simulation tests on a real 13.8 kV, 134-node distribution system under different fault scenarios. The results verify the accuracy of the algorithm and its robustness even under uncertain measured data. The method robustly handles measurement errors, and is applicable to any distribution network with laterals, load taps and heterogeneous lines.     

A new approach for three-phase loads compensation based on the instantaneous reactive power theory

The original instantaneous reactive power theory or p–q theory has been systematically used in the control of active power filters (APFs). When the APF is connected in parallel to a non-linear and unbalanced load, the p–q theory application has allowed a compensation strategy named constant power to be obtained. This means that, after the APF connection, the instantaneous power supplied by the source is constant and it has the same value as the average power consumed by the load. Nevertheless, the use of other compensation strategies is possible: unity power factor or sinusoidal and balanced supply currents, among others. This paper shows that any compensation strategy may be developed into the p–q theory frame. Besides, the paper presents a p–q theory reformulation without using mapping matrices, which makes easier the obtention of the compensation currents. Finally, an exhaustive analysis of practical cases has been carried out at simulation and experimental level through a laboratory prototype which has allowed the proposed approach to be verified.     

A new hybrid state estimation based on pseudo‐voltage measurements

This paper presents a new hybrid state estimation method based on the concept of pseudo‐voltage measurements for a power system containing both conventional and synchronizing phasor measurements. Actual measurement data is employed to calculate the magnitude and phase of the pseudo‐voltage. In the proposed formulation, the measurement matrix describing the relations between the measured data and the state variables contains only 0 or 1. Then the state estimation problem is formulated based on the weighted least‐squares criterion, and its solution can be obtained without using iterative procedures. Comparisons with previous hybrid state estimation methods have been performed on IEEE 14‐bus, 57‐bus, and 118‐bus systems. Numerical experimental results indicate that the proposed approach yields solutions of comparable accuracy with other methods but with shorter computation times. Moreover, the proposed method also provides superior results in the presence of bad data. © 2015 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

A PMUs placement methodology based on inverse of connectivity and critical measurements

This paper presents a methodology to determine the optimal location of phasor measurement units (PMUs) in any network to make it observable. This proposed methodology is based on network connectivity information and unreachability index (URI), where URI is the difficulty to observe any node in the network and it is computed using the inverse of connectivity. In order to choose the optimal bus, it is basically considered to observe a low connectivity bus from an adjacent bus selected by weighting factors that are based on logical analysis of the observability theory combined with the URI; this process stops until the network is observable. The purpose is minimize the number of PMUs in a network with the optimal location and the aim to get a low number of critical measurements (CM) with a high total redundancy (TR), in order to obtain an optimal distribution of PMUs on the network. The proposal is considered as an easy solver for PMU’s placing on the network due to important reduction in complexity and computational cost, besides comparable results are as good as those papers using recent optimization methods such as metaheuristics and stochastics, without taking into account that the proposal can handle huge networks. The algorithm is applied to the IEEE 14, 30, 57, 118 and 300-bus systems, and also to medium and large power systems of 1006, 3305, 15,000, 20,000 and 30,000 buses with success.     

A new coefficient estimation method for autoregressive systems using cumulants

Autoregressive (AR) system identification with only output measurements is a well‐known problem in various science and engineering areas such as spectral estimation and speech processing. This paper addresses the problem of estimating the coefficients of an AR model from third‐order cumulants of the noisy observations of the system output. The system is driven by a zero‐mean independent and identically distributed (i.i.d) non‐Gaussian sequence. The input sequence is not observed. Simulation results are presented that demonstrate the performance of the new approach and compare it with a recently developed technique. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.