响应面法稳定性二氧化氯制备的优化

以过氧化氢法制备二氧化氯工艺为基础,提出以过氧化氢、复合催化剂构成复合还原剂制备稳定性二氧化氯消毒剂的方法。通过分析单因素的影响,以二氧化氯产率为响应值,采用响应面试验设计方法对复合还原剂法制备稳定性二氧化氯工艺条件进行优化。结果表明:反应温度64℃、反应酸度5.3 mol/L、复合催化剂中A含量比0.66条件下,可制得二氧化氯产率为94.77%。     

过氧化氢法制备高纯度二氧化氯的研究

在酸性条件下,以过氧化氢还原氯酸钠制备高纯度二氧化氯进行了实验研究.实验数据表明,反应的温度和酸度对反应结果影响比较大,预先加入氯离子可以起到强化作用.实验得出了最佳的反应条件:真空度为0.010 MPa,温度为80℃,硫酸浓度为4 mol/L,过氧化氢与氯酸钠的质量比为0.190.在此条件下,能够保证二氧化氯纯度为100%,且氯酸钠转化率大于88%,二氧化氯收率在90%以上.解决了目前制备方法中二氧化氯纯度与氯酸钠转化率、二氧化氯收率不能同时兼得的问题.     

电解法制高纯二氧化氯工艺在水处理中的应用

为了开发经济实用的二氧化氯消毒工艺,对电解法制备高纯二氧化氯工艺在水处理中的运用进行了研究。在最佳条件下,电解氯酸盐自动催化循环制备的二氧化氯纯度可达98%左右。通过二氧化氯杀菌除藻试验,讨论了二氧化氯用量以及原水pH对细菌、叶绿素a、藻类的去除率的影响。结果表明,二氧化氯用量在2 mg/L以上时,3者的去除率均达到90%以上。当二氧化氯用量为2 mg/L、原水pH为6～9时,3者的去除率不发生显著变化,并且二氧化氯的剩余质量浓度均控制在0.5 mg/L以下。消毒成本:生产1 kg二氧化氯成本可以控制在6元以内,当二氧化氯用量在0.5～2 mg/L时,1 t水的消毒成本为0.003～0.012元。     

二氧化氯的制备方法

二氧化氯是一种新型高效的杀菌剂。详尽叙述了二氧化氯的性质，叙述了以氯酸盐、亚氯酸盐为主要原料的化学法和电解法制备二氧化氯技术的进展，以及稳定性二氧化氯的制备方法。指出二氧化氯的制备方法，向着降低成本、简化流程．寻找更廉价的还原剂等方向发展。     

固体二氧化氯制备研究进展

介绍了固体二氧化氯消毒剂的独特优势,讨论了影响固体二氧化氯制剂性能的因素,针对制备固体二氧化氯的各种不同方法进行了总结对比,其中以有机物为载体的固体二氧化氯制剂能够达到良好的参数,尤其在食品领域应用效果很好,是近年来的研究热点。最后对制备固体二氧化氯制剂今后的研究重点及方向进行了展望。     

稳定性二氧化氯的制备及其方法研究

采用改良的马蒂逊法制备二氧化氯气体,用一定配比的碳酸钠-过氧化氢复合溶液作为吸收液,制成浓度为33000ppm的二氧化氯稳定液,并对该稳定液的稳定性和活化剂的选择进行了考察.结果发现该稳定液的稳定性良好,3天以后浓度仍能保持在22000ppm以上.在本实验条件下,盐酸的活化性能最好.为制备吸附型固体二氧化氯,考察了不同吸附剂对二氧化氯吸附效果的影响,结果发现,硅藻土和硅胶的吸附效果最好,当固液比在1:1时,吸附率均达到了97.84%.     

稳定性二氧化氯研究进展

对二氧化氯的理化性质进行了小结 ,并分析介绍了以不同类型稳定剂制备的稳定性二氧化氯的制取原理及其特点 ,重点介绍了以有机稳定剂制备的有机稳定性二氧化氯的特点和应用 ,对开发稳定性二氧化氯新产品、开拓二氧化氯市场有重要意义     

二氧化氯纯水溶液的制备及在水处理中的应用

介绍了二氧化氯非水溶液的制备,以及用水萃取二氧化氯非水溶液制备二氧化氯纯水溶液的方法,同时探讨了用二氧化氯处理水时的加入量、浓度及沉降时间对处理效果的影响。     

技术创新

我高纯二氧化氯制备技术获重大突破在近日召开的第二届二氧化氯与水处理技术国际研讨会上获悉,四川大学化学学院与成都川大金钟科技有限公司联合开发出一种新型还原剂,与氯酸盐在酸性条件下反应,可生产出纯度大于95%的二氧化氯,并在每小时生产500克高纯二氧化氯发生器上应用成功。这表明我国在高纯二氧化氯制备技术及发生设备方面取得重大突破,并将大大推动我国在饮用水处理领域采用二氧化氯替代氯气消毒的进程。该技术于2002年10月通过四川省科技厅组织的鉴定。专家认为,该技术属国内外首创,其实用性强,经济效益和社会效益显著。据了解,目…     

稳定性二氧化氯的制备与其稳定性的研究

稳定性二氧化氯是国际上公认的高效安全低毒消毒剂,有广泛的发展前景。本文主要研究了以亚氯酸钠为原料制备稳定性二氧化氯,探讨了加水量与稳定性二氧化氯浓度之间的关系,同时对稳定性二氧化氯的稳定性也进行了初步探讨,这对推广应用稳定性二氧化氯很有实用价值     

Singlet oxygen generator based on the reaction of chlorine with filament-guided jets of basic hydrogen peroxide

The chlorine utilization efficiency and singlet oxygen concentration are determined as functions of the chlorine flow rate, the base concentration, and the flow rate and temperature of basic hydrogen peroxide in a singlet oxygen generator based on the reaction of chlorine with filament-guided descending basic hydrogen peroxide jets. The effluent gas, without aerosol entrainment, contains about 10% residual chlorine and more than 60% singlet oxygen.     

生活垃圾中氯的赋存形态及热转化规律探究

采用氧弹法、浸提-氧弹法和管式炉-氧弹法分别测定生活垃圾组分中的总氯、无机/有机氯以及挥发态/固定态氯的含量,探究了生活垃圾中氯的形态和在热处理过程中的转化规律。结果表明,生活垃圾各组分的总氯含量（干基）为1.52~19.44 mg/g,其中,厨余类组分的氯含量最高,为8.38~19.44 mg/g。厨余类组分的无机氯含量占比高达90%以上,橡塑类组分的有机氯含量占比为46%~55%。热处理过程中,无机氯在空气气氛下更易转化成挥发态氯和固定态氯,在氮气气氛下更易转化成固定态氯和其他态氯;而有机氯则主要转化成挥发态氯。揭示生活垃圾各组分的氯形态及其在热处理过程中的转化规律,可以为生活垃圾热处理过程烟气处理和氯腐蚀控制提供理论依据和解决思路。     

引发剂对氯铝酸离子液体催化正戊烷异构化的作用

在离子液体Et3NHCl-2AlCl3催化正戊烷异构化的反应体系中,加入叔丁醇、叔丁基氯和1-己烯均能不同程度地提高正戊烷转化率,加快反应速率,其中带有叔碳结构的叔丁基氯和叔丁醇的引发效果显著,优选引发剂为叔丁基氯.随叔丁基氯用量的增加,正戊烷转化率快速上升,但液收和异构烷烃选择性明显下降;当叔丁基氯用量大于1%质量分数后,引发剂用量对反应的促进效果不明显.     

含PVC混合塑料水热反应中的氯迁移特性

聚氯乙烯(PVC)的大量使用导致城市生活垃圾(MSW)中的氯含量相对较高。水热反应将氯尤其是有机氯高效脱除是实现垃圾无害化处理和资源化利用的前提。MSW中塑料组分复杂,有机氯主要来源于PVC,研究影响PVC水热脱氯中氯迁移特性的因素具有重要意义。选取两种型号(HB-65和S-65)的PVC和聚乙烯(PE)、聚丙烯(PP)、聚苯乙烯(PS)、丙烯腈-丁二烯-苯乙烯(ABS)作为原料,研究了PVC自身性能和水热条件对氯脱除的影响规律,考察了塑料混合水热过程中的氯迁移特征。结果表明,PVC自身性能是影响水热脱氯内在因素,水热条件如水热温度、保温时间和反应物浓度是外在因素。塑料因不同的热膨胀性在混合水热过程中存在协同效应,添加PP和ABS使PVCHB-65脱氯率分别下降了71.66%和70.96%,使PVCS-65脱氯率分别下降了19.05%和18.15%;添加PE和PS使PVCHB-65脱氯率分别下降了71.06%和43.06%,使PVCS-65脱氯率分别升高了8.20%和46.70%。     

Performance of an activated carbon adsorber in a water reclamation system with an electrolysis reactor

In this study, an activated carbon adsorber was designed to remove chlorine that was generated from an electrolytic reactor in a water reclamation system. Among three commercial granular activated carbons, an appropriate one, which has relatively high surface area with small headloss, was chosen to fill up the adsorber. The chlorine removal efficiencies of the adsorber were found to be 93.3% in total and 73.6% in free chlorine, showing its great effect on chlorine removal. In particular, since total chlorine was removed more than free chlorine, one would expect that as the residence time gets shorter, the chlorine removal efficiency will increase. Thus the results will be useful for continuous experiments to determine the chlorine removal efficiency in the membrane separator for the effluent from the adsorber. Beside chlorine removal, the organic matters can be additionally removed through the adsorber by 13.3% in COD_Mn whereas the removal efficiencies of T-N and T-P by the adsorber were found to be similar to those by the electrolytic reactor.     

氯气氧化法合成四氯苯醌的研究

以对苯二酚、氯气、冰醋酸、盐酸为原料,以醋酸与盐酸混合物(比例为6∶1)为溶剂,两釜串联通氯,三釜循环使用,阶段式程序自动升温反应,氯气使用量分三段程序变化,合成四氯苯醌,合成四氯苯醌的收率达到98%,纯度达到99%。     

酸处理碳纳米管吸附氯气的性能研究

采用盐酸对碳纳米管进行酸处理,考察酸处理碳纳米管对氯气吸附性能的影响。研究表明,经酸处理后的碳纳米管对氯气吸附性能有显著地提高,且在氯气压力0.22 MPa和30℃条件下的最大吸附量为41.6%,而酸处理前样品的最大吸附量仅有29.6%。     

Wide angle X-ray diffraction study of the solid-phase chlorinated poly(ethylene)

Series of samples of solid-phase chlorinated poly(ethylene) (CPE) have been studied by using both the methods of wide angle X-ray diffraction analysis (WAXD) and optical microscopy. Some basic crystallographic characteristics of CPE of 1.27 to 56.09 chlorine content were determined. The increase of chlorine content in the product was found to result in a relatively weak increase of the parameter a for melt-crystallized samples, whereas the parameter c values of the cold-sintered samples decreased. The crystallite sizes in the [110] and [020] directions for the melt-crystallized samples increased to the higher extent up to, approximately, 10% chlorine content, as compared to those of CPE available as powder or pellets. The degree of crystallinity was reduced as the chlorine content increased, but, even with 56% chlorine introduced, the polymer had a crystalline-amorphous structure. The optical micrographs showed that, up to 40% Cl, CPE had crystalline structure dominated by the formation of spherolites whereas, at higher chlorine content, structures of the lower order of crystallinity were formed. These observed changes were predominantly determined by the defects in the PE crystals, resulting from the inclusion of a certain fraction of chloromethylene groups therein.     

氯气干燥系统氯中水含量控制

介绍了电石法聚氯乙烯生产装置中,浓硫酸在氯气干燥中系统中的作用。分析影响氯中水含量的因素。在保证生产正常运行的前提下,分析了氯气干燥中降低氯中水含量的措施。指出通过合理的设备选型,加强工艺控制,最终可以将氯中含水质量分数控制在0.02%以下,达到节能降耗的目的。     

1-chlorobutadiene–butadiene rubber. IV. Increasing the hydroxyl group content in the rubber

The hydroxyl group content in 1-chlorobutadiene–butadiene rubber (CB–BR) was increased by the following two methods: (1) heating of the CB–BR latex to hydrolyze the unstable chlorine in CB–BR and (2) introduction of hydroxyl by the Menschutkin-type reaction between 2-dimethylaminoethanol (DMAE) and the chlorine in CB–BR. By heating the latex at 70°C for 12 hr, 55% chlorine was hydrolyzed to result in a marked increase in hydroxyl group content in CB–BR, i.e., at least 55% chlorine is situated in the CB units of the 1,4-configuration. Heat-treated CB–BR was found to contain a small amount of conjugated triene structure by UV spectroscopy, which indicates that elimination of some unstable chlorine as hydrogen chloride occurs during latex heating. By reaction with DMAE, 44% chlorine was converted into hydroxyl in toluene at 27°C. CB–BR compounded with DMAE does not suffer from gelation by milling on an open roll. Thus, by these methods, high molecular weight butadiene rubber having various concentrations of hydroxyl groups is obtained.