基于低场核磁共振技术构建韧性饼干中水分含量无损定量预测模型

目的基于低场核磁共振技术(low-field nuclear magnetic resonance, LF-NMR)弛豫特性建立韧性饼干水分含量的预测模型,探讨LF-NMR无损快速预测韧性饼干水分含量的可行性。方法采用LF-NMR对韧性饼干的CMPG(Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill)序列信号进行采集,利用直接干燥法检测韧性饼干中水分的实际含量,建立多元回归分析、K最邻值回归分析(K-nearestneighbor,KNN)和高斯过程回归(Gaussianprocess regression,GPR)模型。结果 3种模型中KNN回归模型预测集决定系数最大为0.9932,均方根误差最小为0.2542,因此韧性饼干中水分与低场核磁弛豫特性的分析中, KNN回归分析的模型最优。结论使用LF-NMR分析仪预测韧性饼干中水分含量是一种无损、快速的方法,对于韧性饼干样品中水分快速预测建模结果良好,因此利用低场核磁共振技术快速预测韧性饼干样品中的水分含量方法可行。     

孔隙结构和脂肪含量对饼干水分吸附特性的影响

采用动态水分吸附法研究不同孔隙率和脂肪含量的发酵饼干在25℃下的水分吸附动力学特性,基于GAB模型和无限大平板模型确定其等温吸湿曲线和有效水分扩散系数。结果表明:孔隙率对饼干平衡水分含量几乎没有影响,而随着脂肪含量的增加,饼干的平衡水分含量逐渐下降。GAB模型能成功拟合饼干的等温吸湿数据。饼干的有效水分扩散系数随含水量变化先增大而后逐渐减小,有效水分扩散系数在水分含量为10 g/100 g(干基)左右时达到最大值。初始孔隙率87%、76%和68%的最大有效水分扩散系数分别为7.8×10-10m2/s、5.6×10-10和3.4×10-10m2/s,这与水分扩散机理从以气态传输为主向以液态传输为主的转变有关。增加脂肪含量会显著降低水分扩散系数,有效水分扩散系数从最大值5.6×10-10m2/s下降到2.3×10-10m2/s。     

傅立叶变换近红外光谱法快速检测锅盔中水分含量

应用傅立叶变换近红外光谱技术,建立锅盔水分含量分析模型.测定61份锅盔的近红外光谱,经一阶导数+MSC预处理以滤去噪声,在7 501.9～4 597.6 cm-1谱段范围内,选择维数10,利用偏最小二乘法建立近红外光谱与国标参考方法测得的水分含量之间的相关模型.最终得到水分定量校正模型决定系数(R2)为99.03％,内部交叉验证均方差(RMSECV)为0.409％.用该模型对19个未知锅盔样品进行外部验证,其水分外部验证决定系数(R2)为97.99％,预测标准偏差(RMSEP)为0.341％.结果表明,近红外定量分析技术有较高的准确度,能满足锅盔水分的快速检测精度要求.     

太赫兹光谱法检测面粉中过氧化苯甲酰含量

检测40个不同过氧化苯甲酰含量的面粉样品的太赫兹时域谱,获得其在0.2~2.0 THz频段内的频域谱、折射谱及吸收谱。时域谱表明,与参考信号相比,添加过氧化苯甲酰的面粉样品,其太赫兹波幅值出现了不同程度的降低,面粉样品的频域信号出现了不同程度的延迟现象。频域谱表明面粉样品中过氧化苯甲酰的含量越高,其频域谱的幅值越大,对太赫兹波的吸收强度越小,过氧化苯甲酰在一定程度上降低了面粉样品对太赫兹波的吸收。折射谱表明随着频率的增加,折射率逐渐降低,随着面粉中过氧化苯甲酰的含量增加,面粉样品的折射率随之增大。吸收谱表明面粉样品中的过氧化苯甲酰在1.6 THz处存在一个较为明显的特征吸收峰。因此,太赫兹光谱可用于面粉中过氧化苯甲酰的特征识别。利用40个面粉样品的吸收谱数据作为输入变量,分别采用偏最小二乘(partial least squares,PLS)、支持向量回归(support vector regression,SVR)及最小二乘支持向量回归(least squares support vector regression,LS-SVR)建立校正模型,其中PLS和SVR模型得到的决定系数(R2)都低于0.9,相对标准偏差(relative standard deviation,RSD)都大于10%,而LS-SVR模型的R2为0.986,RSD为4.30%,结果表明太赫兹光谱分析技术可以用于检测面粉中过氧化苯甲酰含量。     

基于太赫兹时域光谱技术的面粉品质快速无损检测研究

太赫兹(THz)波能够穿透大多数干的介电材料(塑料、陶瓷、衣物等),可实现对带包装物品的质量检测。为了研究THz光谱技术对带包装面粉的无损检测,首先对不带包装面粉进行太赫兹时域谱可行性分析及建模研究。对101份不同种类的面粉样本,用Tera Pulse 4000的太赫兹脉冲光谱仪采集了其太赫兹时域谱,对光谱预处理后,用偏最小二乘法(PLS)算法建立了面粉中3个指标水分、灰分、面筋的定量分析模型。各模型的预测相关系数都在0.89以上,研究结果表明,通过太赫兹时域光谱技术对面粉品质进行无损、快速检测具有可行性,对下一步太赫兹光谱技术直接对带包装的面粉进行检测研究奠定了坚实的基础。     

近红外光谱法测定金华火腿生产过程中的品质参数

以金华火腿为研究对象,采用傅里叶近红外光谱分析技术检测火腿生产过程中的品质参数.火腿样品经万能机粉碎,在AntarisⅡ傅里叶变换近红外光谱仪上扫描,获得其近红外光谱.参照国标法测定对应样本的过氧化值和水分含量,用Norris导数平滑滤波及一阶导数对光谱预处理,建立火腿过氧化值和水分含量的偏最小二秉(PLS)回归模型.其中过氧化值模型中样品预测值与实测值的相关系数r2=0.99091,预测均方差(RMSEP)0.436,平均相对标准偏差0.34％,与化学测定值无显著差异.水分含量模型中样品的预测值与实测值的相关系数r2= 0.93537,RMSEP为0.0184.本实验结果表明近红外光谱技术可快速检测金华火腿生产过程中的品质参数.     

近红外光谱技术快速无损测定狭鳕鱼糜水分和蛋白质含量

通过拟合狭鳕鱼糜的近红外漫反射光谱与其水分和蛋白质含量,建立近红外定量模型,用于狭鳕鱼糜水分和蛋白质的快速无损检测。模型采用偏最小二乘法(PLS)拟合,水分和蛋白质的定标模型相关系数分别达0.98 和0.96以上,优于近红外透射光谱建立模型的预测结果。模型的相对标准偏差(RSD)＜ 10%,相对分析误差(RPD)＞ 3,表明该模型能准确快速地测定狭鳕鱼糜中的水分和蛋白质含量,且可用于实际生产中。     

氢化大豆油中反式脂肪酸的太赫兹光谱分析

利用太赫兹(THz)光谱技术对氢化大豆油中反式脂肪酸(TFAs)进行分析。通过傅里叶变换将氢化大豆油的THz时域谱变换为频域谱,利用光学参数计算出折射率谱和吸收谱。为了研究氢化大豆油中TFAs在太赫兹波段的吸收特性,选择密度泛函理论(DFT)中的RB3LYP和6-311G (d, p)基组对氢化大豆油中的几种主要的反式油酸和反式亚油酸进行几何构型优化及振动频率计算,为氢化大豆油中TFAs的组成和定性分析提供理论依据。利用LS-SVR建立氢化大豆油中TFAs含量的预测模型,并与PLS和SVR模型比较,结果表明LS-SVR效果最佳, RMSEP为0.3246, R2为0.9792,RSD为3.81%,能够满足实际检测需求。采用PSO算法对LS-SVR模型参数进行优化,并与GS和GA优化方法比较,选择出最佳参数组合。优化后的LS-SVR模型的RMSEP为0.0763,R2为0.9989,RSD为0.90%,显著提高了预测精度。本研究为利用太赫兹光谱技术实现氢化大豆油中TFAs的快速检测奠定基础。     

豆渣膳食纤维对酥性饼干特性的影响

将豆渣中酶法提取的可溶性膳食纤维(豆渣SDF)、不溶性膳食纤维(豆渣IDF)以及商业菊粉,分别添加到酥性饼干中,研究其对饼干的物理化学特性和感官品质的影响。结果表明:添加豆渣IDF的饼干持水性和硬度较高,添加豆渣SDF和菊粉的饼干松密度值和过氧化值较低,且两者的松密度值没有较大差异,而添加豆渣IDF的饼干与之相反,添加4%豆渣SDF的饼干感官评定结果最优,且总膳食纤维、水分和脂肪含量较空白高,而蛋白质和灰分含量没有明显变化。     

饼干产品质量国家监督抽查结果

饼干是以小麦粉为主要原料，加入(或不加入)糖、油及其它辅料，经调粉、成型、烘烤制成的水分含量较低的松脆食品。饼干按其加工工艺的不同，可分为：酥性饼干、薄脆饼干、曲奇饼干、夹心饼干、威化饼干、蛋卷等种类。近些年，饼干还出现了向休闲类和功能型食品发展的趋势，如休闲■点、无糖或低糖饼干、营养补充型饼干等等     

韧性饼干脆性评价方法的研究

为了建立一种客观评价饼干脆性的方法,采用物性仪对饼干进行穿刺实验,优化探头,分析穿刺过程中饼干的破裂状态与空间破裂次数(Nsr)的关系,对不同含水率饼干的穿刺方法、三点弯曲方法和TPA 方法进行比较。结果表明：穿刺方法优于三点弯曲和TPA 方法,最优的穿刺探头是P0.25S 探头;空间破裂次数的计算公式中破裂距离应为力- 位移曲线上力降为零所对应的距离;其所得的空间破裂次数与含水率的相关系数(R2)为0.9763,这一指标能够表征饼干的脆性。为韧性饼干脆性评价提供了一种仪器测试方法。     

Application of Transglutaminase-Crosslinked Whey Protein/Pectin Films as Water Barrier Coatings in Fried and Baked Foods

Whey protein/pectin edible films were prepared in the presence of transglutaminase and tested as water barrier coatings of both fried doughnuts and french fries as well as of baked food like “taralli” biscuits. Our results demonstrated an undoubted effect of the produced hydrocolloidal films, known to markedly reduce water vapor permeability, in decreasing moisture loss in both doughnuts and french fries when applied before food frying. At the same time, a significant decrease in oil content was observed in the coated fried foods (about 50 % in doughnuts and 25 % in french fries) with respect to both uncoated controls and whey/soy protein-coated samples. No difference was observed between uncoated and coated both doughnuts and french fries with regard to their texture properties and as confirmed by the data from sensory evaluation tests. Furthermore, since the coating by edible films endowed with low water vapor permeability could be useful to prevent moisture absorption by baked foods, we tested the whey protein/pectin film prepared in the presence of transglutaminase, which was also used to coat taralli biscuits. The proposed methodology resulted to be effective to hinder moisture absorption by biscuits during a long storage period, keeping water content constant from 0 to 50 days, thus preventing the food matrix conversion from a glassy state to a rubbery state which is the major cause of baked food rejection by consumers.     

浦城薏米粉水分和还原糖的近红外光谱快速检测模型优化

目的 建立浦城薏米粉水分和还原糖的近红外光谱快速检测模型。方法 采集浦城薏米粉样品的近红外光谱图, 使用6种不同方法对样品的原始光谱分别进行预处理, 在全波段10000~4000 cm?1范围内建立薏米粉偏最小二乘法(partial least squares, PLS)的定量分析模型。结果 浦城薏米粉原始光谱在标准正态变换(standard normal variate, SNV)预处理后确定水分含量最佳模型的光谱波段(5944~5590 cm?1), 主因子数为7, 校正决定系数(determination coefficient of calibration, Rc2)为0.9904, 均方根误差(root mean square error, RMSEC)为0.0631; 在二阶导数法(second derivative, SD)预处理后确定还原糖含量最佳模型的光谱波段(9845~7386 cm?1), 主因子数为6, Rc2为0.9998, RMSEC为0.0187。在上述条件下, 水分和还原糖含量的验证集相关系数(determination coefficient of prediction, Rp2)分别为0.9902和0.9989, 验证均方根(root mean square of prediction error, RMSEP)分别为0.0693和0.0698。结论 经验证, 该模型可以实现浦城薏米粉中水分和还原糖含量的快速无损检测。     

动态水分吸附法研究发酵饼干水分吸附特性

以发酵饼干为研究对象,采用动态水分吸附法研究发酵饼干在25℃的水分吸附等温线与水分吸附动力学特性,同时与饱和盐溶液法得到的水分吸附等温线进行对比,并基于常用的等温吸湿模型对实验数据进行拟合。结果表明:动态水分吸附仪能在更短的时间里采集更多的数据,高频率的实时数据采集能够更准确地获得食品的水分吸附动力学特性;其从水分活度适用范围和拟合精度方面来看,GAB模型拟合饼干的等温吸湿的效果最佳。与饱和盐溶液法结果相比,动态水分吸附法得到的饼干平衡含水率略低。      

草莓的光学特性及其与可溶性固形物含量和含水率的关系

为了解水果的光学特性及其与可溶性固形物含量和含水率的关系,本实验采用单积分球技术搭建光学特性测量系统,并对系统进行了验证;进而以'红颜'、'甜香'和'章姬'草莓为对象,测定950～1 650 num波长范围内草莓的光吸收系数μa和约化散射系数μ's,分析光学参数与草莓可溶性固形物含量和含水率间的关系;建立基于光学参数谱...     

木薯全粉对饼干储藏期品质和质构特性的影响

研究了木薯全粉对饼干储藏期品质和质构特性的影响,以不同比例木薯全粉替代低筋面粉制作饼干,对其理化和质构指标进行评价。结果表明:添加木薯全粉使得饼干的明亮度下降,色泽变黄。木薯全粉可降低储藏期饼干的水分含量和吸水率,提高脆性。其中,木薯全粉与低筋面粉比例为30/70时,饼干在储藏期内水分含量、咀嚼性和硬度最低,脆性最高。当木薯全粉与低筋面粉的比例大于40/60时,与对照组相比,饼干的硬度、弹性和咀嚼性升高,饼干的品质下降。     

Mechanical and fracture properties for predicting cracking in semi-sweet biscuits

Mechanical and fracture properties required for predicting crack development in semi‐sweet (‘rich tea’) biscuits have been experimentally determined. Pilot‐scale biscuits of different fat concentrations were prepared and studied with commercial biscuits at different moisture contents. Bending modulus, fracture stress and strain were measured using three‐point bending tests. All biscuit types showed considerable dependence on moisture content over a range of 4–12%. Young's modulus and failure stress showed a uniform decrease and failure strain showed an increase with increasing moisture content. For pilot‐scale biscuits of different fat concentrations, an increase in fat level caused a decrease in modulus and failure stress values; however, the failure strains were very similar for all the fat types. The testing of the samples with top surface up and top surface down revealed that the sample orientation does not affect the measured parameters. The measured parameters also did not show any directional dependence within the plane, thus assuring that the assumption of an isotropic material would be valid for modelling. The mechanical and fracture properties measured in this study will serve as a very useful set of data to predict the stress state and cracking of the checked biscuits.     

Textural attributes of commercial biscuits. Effect of relative humidity on their quality

Two commercial biscuits of semi‐sweet type, ‘Marie’ and ‘Petit Beurre’ were used for investigating: (i) their texture variability as a function of the location and the side of puncturing and (ii) the influence of storage under different relative humidity on their texture, porosity and colour. Significant texture differences were found as a function of the location of puncturing (centre or periphery of biscuit area), as well as between the upper and the opposite side of a biscuit. At small relative humidity changes (11–32%) a distinct relationship between texture and moisture content was not noticed. In ‘Petit Beurre’ at a_w 0.32 a peak was observed in the puncture force values. In both biscuits porosity increased with their moisture content, accompanied by an area expansion. Significant differences in colour were mainly noticed between the upper and opposite side of the biscuits. Colour was less influenced by relative humidity changes.