基于声异常透射效应的高强度聚焦超声换能器

高强度聚焦超声（High intensity focused ultrasound,HIFU）作为一种新型无创的外科技术已在临床上应用于各种良恶性实体肿瘤治疗。为了实现安全高效的肿瘤治疗,HIFU换能器的聚焦效率仍然有待提高。本文综述了声异常透射效应的基本原理,以及近期利用声异常透射效应的HIFU聚焦超声换能器的研究。主要涉及两个方面的工作：（1）将声人工结构引入凹面型声透镜的设计,设计并制作了声超常透镜,对声透镜式聚焦换能器进行改进,达到了降低旁瓣的效果,从而提高了HIFU治疗的安全性;（2）基于球弧周期槽阵列设计并制作了超构聚焦换能器,以增强HIFU换能器聚焦效率。从理论及实验两方面研究了超构聚焦换能器与传统凹面换能器的声压分布和在组织中产生的温升。本文研究结果可进一步促进HIFU在临床治疗的广泛应用。     

基于超声相控阵的环焊缝缺陷检测方法研究

针对传统超声探头焦距固定,检测位置的改变就要更换相应焦距的探头而影响检测效率的问题,提出一种基于超声相控阵换能器的环焊缝缺陷检测方法;而超声相控阵具有电子偏转和电子聚焦特性,能在不移动的情况下发射偏转聚焦超声束,有效地解决了上述问题;首先基于超声相控线阵换能器的声场特点,采用数值分析方法,研究了影响声束偏转聚焦性能的几个主要参数;然后给出了与超声相控阵换能器相连接的多通道数据采集系统结构;介绍了单通道声信号的硬件结构及相应的信号处理方法,实现了对换能器中单个阵元的精确延时的控制;实验结果表明,优化设计的超声相控线阵换能器具有较高的检测精度和检测效率。     

用布拉格光纤光栅对聚焦超声场的检测

采用一种简单而有效的光纤光栅透射法传感系统检测聚焦超声场参数,从理论上证明并分析了该系统检测的信号.实验采用直探头与光纤光栅在焦点处的频率响应进行对比.用光栅检测出了液浸式聚焦换能器在焦平面上的声场剖面图,实验结果说明了输入换能器电压与光栅检测输出信号的线性关系.这种解调方法检测超声波动态范围宽,应变解析率高,高速.     

聚焦换能器的研制和在超声特征成像中的应用

为了提高对层状复合金属材料缺陷的成像分辨率,需要用高灵敏度的聚焦换能器.针对我们研制的(F-San)全自动超声特征成像系统,用钛酸铅做压电晶片,不同颗粒度的钨粉做声透镜和背衬的主要材料,研制了主频为10～20MHz宽带窄脉冲聚焦换能器,并用光学法拍摄了主频为10MHz的换能器的超声波声场在水中的聚焦过程及焦斑大小.在对层状复合金属材料检测时,缺陷的成像分辨率达0.5 mm.     

变波长水平剪切波电磁超声换能器设计

针对大型常压储罐底板厚度在线测量需要,设计并制作了一种可变波长的低阶水平剪切波电磁超声换能器,该换能器主要由永磁铁阵列、可变间距机械夹具、PCB板、阻抗匹配模块、接口、保护层及外壳等组成.对研制的换能器进行了性能测试,结果表明:研制的电磁超声换能器可在一定波长变化范围内激励出单一的低阶水平剪切波,且信噪比较好.设计的可变波长电磁超声换能器为压力容器在线检测提供了可能的传感器手段.     

声透镜聚焦相控阵换能器的波束特性研究

聚焦声透镜可以使平面换能器获得与球面自聚焦换能器几乎一样的聚焦效果,但对于平面阵列换能器而言,能否利用聚焦声透镜来增强相控聚焦的效果尚待研究。首先基于声透镜聚焦阵列换能器的几何结构,并利用数值计算和有限元仿真的方法,获得了相控条件下声透镜聚焦阵列换能器的辐射声场。其次,利用FPGA相控发射系统激励32(8×4)阵元声透镜聚焦阵列换能器,并采用探针水听器扫描法,获得了各偏转条件下换能器的相控辐射声场,测试结果与仿真计算的结果基本一致。理论计算与实验结果都表明,利用聚焦声透镜可以使平面阵列换能器获得较好的聚焦波束,在一定范围内主瓣可有效偏转、旁瓣较小;但超出该范围则会出现旁瓣变强、散焦等问题。从加工工艺、制造成本方面考虑,声透镜聚焦阵列换能器可以用于小范围内的无损检测,以及人体的局部超声治疗。     

基于压电复合材料的二维面阵超声换能器性能研究

采用锆钛酸铅陶瓷基环氧树脂1—3复合压电材料,制作了一种64(8×8)阵元二维面阵超声换能器,并对其进行性能研究.实验测试表明:二维面阵超声换能器一致性良好,回波带宽为40.8％,中心频率为5.0 MHz,与理论设计的3.5 MHz中心频率保持基本一致.对二维面阵超声换能器的声场进行仿真模拟和表征,验证了该超声换能器产...     

硅微压电超声换能器的设计与制作

介绍了一种用ZnO薄膜作为压电层的硅微压电式超声换能器(PMUT).该硅微压电换能器的振动基膜采用LPCVD制作的氮化硅薄膜和PECVD制作的二氧化硅形成的复合振动膜结构.文中运用有限元方法对该硅微压电换能器的结构进行了模拟和计算,并进行了预应力对硅微换能器共振频率的影响的分析.实验测得硅微压电式换能器的共振频率为71.36 kHz.本文还使用该硅微超声换能器在油中进行了初步的共振频率点收发信号的实验,接收实验测得信号峰峰值为9 mV左右,发射实验标准水听器接收信号峰峰值为0.8 mV左右.     

电磁超声换能器优化设计与板状结构损伤成像应用研究

提出了一种用于板状结构损伤成像的虚拟电磁超声换能器EMAT(Electromagnetic Acoustic Transducer)阵列.由螺旋线圈和圆柱形永磁铁组成的电磁超声换能器可以通过洛伦兹力在铝板中有效地激发低频散和高幅值的单一S0模态兰姆波.实验研究了电磁超声换能器配置参数(如激发频率,螺旋线圈外径、螺旋线圈内径和提离距离)对S0模态兰姆波性能的影响.另外,将接收电磁超声换能器移动到用于接收兰姆波的多个预定义位置来构建虚拟传感器阵列,实验研究了阵元间距和阵元数量对成像结果的影响.结果表明,通过相控虚拟聚焦成像方法,虚拟电磁超声换能器阵列的成像结果与实际损伤位置吻合良好.     

超声相控阵用于无损检测的一种新方法

基于超声相控阵技术的无损检测在工业上已经得到广泛应用,相控阵技术的最大优点就是能快速控制和聚焦阵列换能器发射的辐射声束,根据换能器参数设置的不同,辐射声束也会随之改变。所研究的超声相控阵检测系统,对实时信号进行高速采集,将全部22个晶片发射和接收的信号进行存储,并通过检测系统数据处理软件将所存储数据处理,改善了信噪比,提高了横向和纵向分辨率,完成了被检测处的B扫描成像。实验证明：检测系统在工业无损检测方面有较好的应用前景。     

Only connect: teaching, technology and telesis

Abstract This paper describes an approach to the design of interactive multimedia materials being developed in a European Community project. The developmental process is seen as a dialogue between technologists and teachers. This dialogue is often problematic because of the differences in training, experience and culture between them. Conditions needed for fruitful dialogue are described and the generic model for learning design used in the project is explained.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Avoiding semantic and temporal gaps in developing software intensive systems

Development of software intensive systems (systems) in practice involves a series of self-contained phases for the lifecycle of a system. Semantic and temporal gaps, which occur among phases and among developer disciplines within and across phases, hinder the ongoing development of a system because of the interdependencies among phases and among disciplines. Such gaps are magnified among systems that are developed at different times by different development teams, which may limit reuse of artifacts of systems development and interoperability among the systems. This article discusses such gaps and a systems development process for avoiding them.     

Designing economic np control charts: A programmed simulation approach

This paper presents control charts models and the necessary simulation software for the location of economic values of the control parameters. The simulation program is written in FORTRAN, requires only 10K of main storage, and can run on most mini and micro computers. Two models are presented - one describes the process when it is operating at full capacity and the other when the process is operating under capacity. The models allow the product quality to deteriorate to a further level before an existing out-of-control state is detected, and they can also be used in situations where no prior knowledge exists of the out-of-control causes and the resulting proportion defectives.     

The development of robot art

Going through a few examples of robot artists who are recognized worldwide, we try to analyze the deepest meaning of what is called “robot art” and the related art field definition. We also try to highlight its well-marked borders, such as kinetic sculptures, kinetic art, cyber art, and cyberpunk. A brief excursion into the importance of the context, the message, and its semiotics is also provided, case by case, together with a few hints on the history of this discipline in the light of an artistic perspective. Therefore, the aim of this article is to try to summarize the main characteristics that might classify robot art as a unique and innovative discipline, and to track down some of the principles by which a robotic artifact can or cannot be considered an art piece in terms of social, cultural, and strictly artistic interest. This work was presented in part at the 13th International Symposium on Artificial Life and Robotics, Oita, Japan, January 31–February 2, 2008     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.