黑豆大豆复合豆腐工艺研究

以黑豆和大豆为原料,葡萄糖酸-δ-内酯(GDL)为凝固剂,研制出黑豆和大豆的复合内酯豆腐。在考察黑豆大豆浆液比、GDL添加量、凝固温度等单因素试验基础上,通过正交试验,确定其最佳工艺参数,即黑豆与水(1∶9 g/m L)磨浆、黑豆浆∶大豆浆=3∶1(体积比)、GDL的添加量为0.25%、凝固温度为75℃。研制出具有黑豆香味又保持大豆的豆香味且营养丰富的黑豆大豆复合内酯豆腐。     

正交试验优化巴沙鱼豆腐关键工艺参数

研究巴沙鱼豆腐制作的关键技术。在单因素的基础上,确定鱼肉与大豆分离蛋白的质量比、冰水与大豆分离蛋白的质量比、谷氨酰胺转胺酶的用量及斩拌时间为关键因素,以感官评定分值和弹性为评判指标,采用L9(34)正交试验优化鱼豆腐生产工艺。结果表明,巴沙鱼豆腐关键生产工艺参数的最佳组合为:鱼肉与大豆分离蛋白的质量比为35∶10(W/W),冰水与大豆分离蛋白的质量比55∶10(W/W),谷氨酰胺转胺酶的用量为0.2%,斩拌时间为18min。以此最佳工艺参数组合制备的巴沙鱼豆腐弹性为0.90kg,感官评定分值为92分。     

薏米保健豆腐的研制

以薏米、大豆为主要原料,研制出的薏米保健豆腐,其最佳工艺参数为:豆乳浓度1∶4、GDL添加量0.25%、豆乳薏米液比8∶1.2。该产品成淡黄色,具有豆香及薏米特有的香气,是一种保健型内酯豆腐。     

姜汁保健豆腐的研制

以姜和大豆为原料研制姜汁保健豆腐,得出最佳工艺参数:豆乳浓度1∶5,GDL添加量0.25%,豆乳姜汁比6∶1.5。该产品呈淡黄色,具有豆香味和一定的姜香,是一种保健型的内酯豆腐。     

南瓜核桃复合酸浆豆腐的制作工艺优化

以大豆为主要原料,采用单因素试验考察核桃仁、南瓜、凝固剂添加量及凝固温度4个因素对南瓜核桃复合豆腐感官品质影响,通过正交试验优化出最佳工艺参数。结果表明:凝固剂白醋添加量对豆腐品质的影响最大,其次是凝固温度、核桃仁和南瓜添加量。优化的最佳工艺参数为:凝固剂白醋添加量80 g,核桃仁添加量40%,南瓜添加量30%,所得的南瓜核桃豆腐品质最好。豆腐呈现淡黄色,硬度和弹性较好,品质细腻,具有核桃的特殊风味。     

南瓜风味小豆腐研制

以南瓜和大豆为原料制作南瓜风味小豆腐。研究了南瓜、大豆的预处理工艺,产品的包装方式、杀菌工艺;确定了原料之间的配比,其中南瓜9．6％、大豆12％、食盐等调味料1％。产品生产工艺简捷,食用方便,营养丰富。     

山药内酯豆腐的研制

以大豆、山药为主要原料 ,利用葡萄糖酸 δ内酯为凝固剂 ,研制了山药内脂豆腐。其制作最佳工艺参数为 :m(大豆 )∶m(H2 O) =1∶5 ,豆乳与山药泥质量比为 1 0∶3 ,葡萄糖酸 δ 内酯添加量为 0 2 7%。该产品呈白色 ,具纯正豆香味及山药的特有风味     

响应面优化南瓜山药保健蛋糕工艺

以南瓜粉、山药粉、大豆低聚糖为原料制作保健蛋糕,用响应曲面法优化加工工艺.结果表明,南瓜山药保健蛋糕最佳加工工艺为以蛋糕专用粉质量为基准,南瓜粉山药粉(质量比1∶1)添加量32.24％,大豆低聚糖添加量90.18％,蛋糕油添加量12.15％.此时,制得的产品色泽金黄,有南瓜特有香气,松软爽口,感官得分最佳.     

菱角豆腐制备工艺研究

以鲜菱角为原料,采用一定的工艺制备菱角豆腐,再以市售大豆豆腐做对照,对最优工艺条件下的菱角豆腐的质构进行研究。正交实验结果表明,当料水比为1:2、熬煮温度为90℃、熬煮时间为20 min时,菱角豆腐呈浅红色、半透明,并带有清新纯正的菱角香味,口感滑爽细嫩,且结构均匀,弹韧性好,综合评分最高,为92分。TPA质构测试结果表明,在设定的测试条件下,菱角豆腐的质构总体变化趋势与市售大豆豆腐相似,质地可与市售大豆豆腐相媲美。     

大豆品种和钙离子浓度对豆腐质量的影响

前言日本食用大豆的消费量估计每年为100万吨,其中40%制成豆腐。豆腐是在热豆浆中加入硫酸钙制成的凝胶状沉淀物。日本食用的大豆有81%需要进口。大豆在出口国是根据其产量、抗病力和含油量等特点栽培的。以前的研究表明,大豆品种会影响豆腐的质量,Saio等人用脱脂大豆粕的11S和7S组份制成豆腐。用11S蛋白质制成的豆腐质地要比用7S蛋白质制成的豆腐硬些。Watanabe(1978)     

茶汁豆腐的工艺研究

以大豆、茶叶为主要原料,利用葡萄糖酸─δ─内脂（GDL）为凝固剂,研制豆腐。其最佳参数：豆乳浓度14°Brix,茶汁浓度为茶水比1：3．5,豆乳茶汁比4：1,GDL添加量0．30％,该产品呈淡绿色,具有一定的茶香味和纯正的豆香味。     

Preparation of High Protein Curd from Field Peas

Field peas were investigated as an alternative to soybeans to produce a high protein curd which resembles tofu. Yield, texture, color, proximate composition and sensory evaluation of both curds were compared. The yields of total curd from pea flour and soybeans were 13.6% and 39.8% respectively with protein yields of 43.0% and 55.5%. Amino acid composition of the pea curd compared quite closely to that of the soybean curd. Addition of gluten improved the sulfur amino acid profile but reduced the lysine content. Flavor of the pea and soybean curds was rated similar but texture and color of the pea curd was scored lower (p < 0.05). Gluten modified the texture and the color of the curds.     

Hypolipidaemic effects of dietary whole soybean curd (jeondubu) in rats

BACKGROUND: The characteristic of whole soybean curd is that it includes the soybean residue that is discarded as waste in the manufacture of usual soybean curd (known as tofu). In this study the effect of dietary whole soybean curd on lipid profiles in rats was compared with that of usual soybean curd. Rats were fed for 4 weeks with diets differing only in the source of protein, namely casein, whole soybean curd or usual soybean curd. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in growth parameters due to diet differences. However, the two groups fed with curds had significantly lower levels of serum cholesterol and triglyceride than the group fed with casein, the greatest reduction in lipid profiles being observed in the group fed with whole soybean curd. The serum high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol/total cholesterol ratio was higher in rats fed with whole soybean curd. CONCLUSION: The results suggest the possibility that whole soybean curd may have more beneficial effects in controlling serum lipid profiles than usual soybean curd that is normally consumed. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

大豆油体对豆腐凝胶性质的影响研究

通过向脱脂豆浆中添加大豆油体,研究其对豆腐凝胶性质的影响。运用质构仪和离心机分别测定了豆腐凝胶的硬度和失水率。结果表明:非油体成分含量一定时,油体的加热时间延长(0~4min)对豆腐凝胶有利,体现在硬度增加和失水率降低;体系固形物含量一定时,油体与非油体成分含量之间存在一个最佳干基比值(0.143),此比值下豆腐凝胶性质最好,过高或过低凝胶性质均会减弱;室温下,随生豆浆放置时间的延长(0~60 min)制得的豆腐硬度略有下降,失水率没有明显变化。此外,与大豆油相比,油体因其独特的结构对豆腐凝胶有利。     

Relationships between sensory and instrumental hardness and the estimation of hardness specifications for commercial soybean curd

This study was carried out to determine the relationships between variations in sensory hardness intensities and hardness levels of soybean curd. There was no significant relationship between the relative standard deviation (RSD, %) and instrumental hardness data of 93 soybean curd samples, including 45 soft and 48 firm soybean curds, analyzed with a texture analyzer. However, a significant negative correlation (p<0.001) was found between RSD (%) of sensory hardness and hardness level for both trained panelists and consumers. This finding offers a reason for the higher frequency of consumer claims made on the hardness of soft soybean curd compared to that of hard soybean curd. Finally, the regression analysis of RSD (%) and sensory hardness can be used to determine hardness specifications for commercial soybean curds.     

黑曲霉全豆腐乳的制备及其营养特性研究

为解决豆制品企业豆渣囤积易腐败和低值化问题,并提高腐乳产率,该研究以黑曲霉（Aspergillus niger）发酵豆渣为原料,将其回填至豆浆中,制作成黑曲霉全豆腐乳,按照腐乳生产标准进行检测,并与传统腐乳的营养特性进行对比。结果表明：黑曲霉全豆腐乳符合腐乳生产标准,通过扫描电镜观察,黑曲霉全豆腐乳无明显纤维结构,且表现出较好的质构特征;对比传统腐乳,黑曲霉全豆腐乳出品率提高8.43%;持水性降低3.22%;总膳食纤维含量提高25.14%;总皂苷降低48.44%;大豆异黄酮降低45.03%;蛋白体外消化率提高13.02%;黑曲霉全豆腐乳共检出挥发性风味物质39种和17种氨基酸,总氨基酸含量为26.58 g/100 g。该研究对豆渣的综合利用提供了新途径,提高了膳食纤维含量和出品率,降低了成本,具有进一步产业化的潜力。     

Swiss-type and Swiss–Cheddar hybrid-type cheeses: effects of manufacture on sensory character and relationships between the sensory attributes and volatile compounds and gross compositional constituents

The effects of manufacturing steps, including rate of acidification in the vat, hot room step, curd wash and ripening temperature, on the sensory character of Swiss-type and Swiss–Cheddar hybrid-type cheeses were determined. In addition, relationships were determined between sensory attributes of cheeses and their gross compositional constituents and volatile compounds. Ten assessors described the sensory characteristics using 12 odour, 19 flavour, four appearance and nine texture attributes. Gross compositional constituents were determined using standard methods. Volatile compounds were isolated using a model mouth apparatus that included a mastication device. Statistical methods were used to reduce the original sensory vocabulary to four odour, eight flavour, three appearance and five texture attributes. Results of a principal component analysis on the sensory data showed clear differences in sensory character between cheese types. For example, the Swiss-type with a low rate of acid production in the vat and a hot room step had a more 'nutty' and 'sweet' flavour than the modified Swiss-type with higher acid production and no hot room step. However, the modified Swiss–Cheddar hybrid with a curd wash step, a higher acid production and no hot room step also had a 'nutty' and 'sweet' flavour. Ripening temperature also has an effect on sensory character. Relationships between sensory character and volatile compounds and/or gross compositional constituents were determined by using partial least squares regression. One odour and one flavour attribute were shown to be correlated with subsets of volatile compounds and gross compositional constituents. Four texture attributes were correlated with subsets of gross compositional constituents. The availability of information on the manufacturing process increased the interpretability of the models.     

添加小米及大豆混合发酵酸奶研究

对在牛奶中添加小米和大豆成分后发酵酸奶凝乳特性和风味进行研究,结果表明,XC-11直投式菌种对牛奶/小米浆/豆浆(6/3/1)混合体系有良好发酵特性,在接种量4%,发酵温度42℃,添加8%蔗糖,发酵时间5小时条件下,获得风味良好、组织细腻发酵产品,乳酸菌数>10~6cfu/mL,是一种营养平衡新型混合发酵酸奶产品。     

Quality and ripening changes of Ras cheese made by direct acidification

Trials were carried out to produce Ras cheese of good quality without the use of starter. Cheese was made from pasteurized cow's milk acidified with lactic acid or citric acid to pH 5.8 alone or coupled with mixing the curd with glucono δ lactone (4.5 g/kg curd). Control cheese was made from milk ripened with a starter culture of S. lactis. Resultant cheeses showed poor body and texture, weak flavour intensity and low levels of soluble nitrogen compounds and free volatile fatty acids. Incorporation into the cheese curd of mixtures containing Fromase 100 (fungal protease) and Piccantase B (fungal lipase) or Fromase 100 and Capalase K (animal lipase) enhanced flavour intensity, improved body characteristics and accelerated the formation of both soluble nitrogen compounds and free volatile fatty acids. The organoleptic properties of the experimental cheeses with added enzymes were comparable to those of the control cheese.     

Interactions between yeasts and bacteria in the smear surface-ripened cheeses

Sufu or furu is a fermented soybean product originating in China. It is a cheese-like product with a spreadable creamy consistency and a pronounced flavour. Sufu is a popular side dish consumed mainly with breakfast rice or steamed bread. It has a long history and written records date back to the Wei Dynasty (220-265 AD). Sufu is made by fungal solid state fermentation of tofu (soybean curd) followed by aging in brine containing salt and alcohol. The present review is based on scientific data published in Chinese and international sources. Several types of sufu can be distinguished, according to processing method or according to colour and flavour. Choice of processing can result in mould fermented sufu, naturally fermented sufu, bacterial fermented sufu, or enzymatically ripened sufu. Depending on the choice of dressing mixture, red, white or grey sufu may be obtained. The stages of the process are discussed and include the preparation of tofu, the preparation of pehtze, salting and ripening. Fungal starters include Actinomucor spp., Mucor spp. and Rhizopus spp. The chemical composition is discussed with particular reference to the proximate composition, the amino acid content and profile, as well as the volatile flavour components of various types of sufu.