活动断裂研究与矿井动力现象预测

矿井动力现象预测的准确性和可靠性，从根本上说取决于对区域构造应力场和活动断裂的研究水平。利用地质动力区划结果，从库伦准则出发，根据皋尔利的实验结果讨论了区域应力状态与断层活动的关系。认为北票断裂对区域其它次级断裂及其构造应力区起主导和控制作用，是北票矿区动力现象的动力源。     

兖州矿区深部开采大能量矿震规律和发生机理研究

兖州煤田矿井在回采的过程中,发生了多起大能量矿震事件,影响了井下的正常生产。通过研究原岩应力重塑影响下断层应力和能量的演化规律,进而对原岩应力破坏重塑后诱发断层构造型矿震过程进行了解释,最终揭示了原岩应力和构造应力耦合作用下矿震发生机理。     

Research on the sudden changes and the controlling factors of deep coal mining conditions

It was illustrated that the mining conditions inducing disasters changed with depth both in regularity of gradual and sudden change. The sudden change depth for different disaster conditions are different and controlled by different factors. The high temperature and its change with depth are mainly controlled by strata structures and rock heat conductivity property, the high rock stress and dynamical engineering disasters and their change with depth are mainly controlled by tectonic conditions, roof strata rock property and deep rock mechanical property, coal mine water disasters and their change with depth are mainly controlled by rock mechanical property of coal seam floor and regional groundwater circulation conditions, gas disaster conditions and their change with depth are mainly controlled by buried conditions of coal seam and opening conditions of geological structures. It is mentioned that the key point for the control of deep coal mining disaster is to clearly understand the sudden change depth of different factors causing disasters. Supported by the National “973” Program(2006CB202200)     

义马跃进矿断层构造下冲击地压监测及防治

断层构造诱发冲击地压的机理为构造应力与采动应力叠加。以义马跃进矿25110工作面下巷为研究对象,通过对地质构造和断层情况的研究,运用综合指数法进行冲击危险程度评价和等级划分,并采用KJ550冲击地压在线监测系统实时监测受断层影响区域的应力集中情况,结合相应的卸压和支护措施,形成一套监测预警与防治结合的系统。该系统安装后有效地监控了25110工作面推进到断层影响区域时出现的因断层活化而引起的应力集中和转移现象,通过采取大直径卸压钻孔、煤层注水等方法并配合强支护措施,实现了应力的释放和转移,降低了断层附近工作面冲击危险性,提高了生产的安全性。     

海底下金矿床开采岩移特征数值模拟动态分析

三山岛新立矿区属于海底矿床开采,设计生产能力达到6000t/d,大量、快速、高强度海底采矿与井下大量爆破势必引起海床变形与沉降、潜藏海水大量涌入井下的巨大安全风险。根据新立矿区开采技术条件,分析其不同原岩应力场下的次生应力场及岩移特征,研究结果表明,水平构造应力场对开采引起的地表沉陷有明显的抑制作用,但会引发更大的水平位移,建议至少预留65m保安矿柱,以确保矿区安全生产。     

高海拔矿区地应力测量与岩爆倾向性评价

采用套孔应力解除法和空心包体三轴应变计,完成甲玛矿区井下4个水平的地应力测量,获得8组三维地应力状态数据,揭示了矿区地应力场的分布规律,建立了矿区地应力场模型。根据地应力实测数据,采用多角度、多重判据对围岩岩爆倾向性进行评价。结果表明：甲玛矿区地应力以水平构造应力为主导,属构造应力场型矿区,地应力量级属中等,井下围岩岩爆倾向性为弱~中等。研究成果对指导矿山井巷工程设计、采场布置、支护参数优化及地压灾害防控等具有重要参考价值。     

The stress state of geological structure and mining dynamic disaster in Fuxin basin

Further evidences show that most mining dynamic disasters are mainly occurred nearby NNE and near SN geological structures. In-situ stress measurement in Fuxin basin shows that the orientation of major compressed stress is near EW. At this stress field, geological structures with deferent strike have deferent stress state and displace mode. NNE and near SN geological structures are compressed to thrust and come into being high stress zone. NWW and NEE geological structures are tensile to separate and not prone to being low stress zone. NW structure is intervenient of them. So NEE and near SN structures are easy to occurre mining dynamic disasters and NWW and NEE structures is “safety” comparatively. The mining dynamic disaster is controlled by stress state of geologic structure, which is determined by its strike. Supported by the Major State Basic Research Development Program of China “973” Program (2005CB221501); the General Project of the National Natural Science Foundation of PR China (50574047)     

特厚煤层分段综放开采动压机理与规律研究

根据甘肃砚北煤矿矿井动力现象的特征，通过现场实测与资料统计，实验室煤岩力学性质试验及理论分析，得出了砚北煤矿矿井地应力分布的基本规律，并进一步证实砚北煤矿矿井动力现象属冲击地压，其冲击的强弱程度属中等偏弱且具有明显的脆性特征，地应力的大小和方向是影响其动力现象的最根本因素．     

Prediction and control of rock burst of coal seam contacting gas in deep mining

By analyzing the characteristics and the production mechanism of rock burst that goes with abnormal gas emission in deep coal seams, the essential method of eliminating abnormal gas emission by eliminating the occurrence of rock burst or depressing the magnitude of rock burst was considered. The No.237 working face was selected as the typical working face contacting gas in deep mining; aimed at this working face, a system of rock burst prediction and control for coal seam contacting gas in deep mining was established. This system includes three parts: ① regional prediction of rock burst hazard before mining, ② local prediction of rock burst hazard during mining, and ③ rock burs control. Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation (Instrument) of China (50427401), the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China(2006AA06Z119); the National Key Technology R&D Program in 11th Five Years Plan of China (2007BA29B01); the New Century Excellent Talents in University (NCET-06-0477)     

复杂环境下的空区顶板岩层移动破坏响应特征研究

为了使赋存于构造应力及河床等复杂环境下的某萤石矿矿体能被安全回采,依据矿山设计总体框架,研究采用现场监测和数值计算手段,分别分析了干式充填和灰砂比1∶4胶结充填采矿作业对空区顶板覆岩移动破坏的响应特征。研究结果表明灰砂比1∶4胶结充填采矿工艺能有效控制空区顶板覆岩移动破坏;干式充填采矿在空区顶板覆岩产出的下沉变形值、主应力差值及塑性破坏区等破坏特征值明显偏大,且采空区顶板覆岩遭受多次剪切破坏,裂隙带与河床贯通,不能保证矿山的安全顺利生产。     

地下采深变化的露天矿残余边坡稳定性分析

为防止露天转地下开采中，露天矿残余边坡突然垮落可能引发安全事故，以孟家铁矿露天转地下开采工程为研究背景，采用FLAC3D数值模拟方法，研究了随着地下开采深度不断增加，露天矿残余边坡围岩的应力场、位移场及塑性区的变化规律，以及覆盖岩层对边坡稳定性的影响。结果表明：①覆盖层散体能够吸收和转移露天矿残余边坡的应力，对能量释放起到缓冲作用，进而起到支撑边坡及围岩的作用；②随着地下开采深度不断增加，始终保持覆盖岩层上平面处于一个稳定的标高，能够有效改善露天矿边坡应力场和塑性区的分布状态，对边坡围岩变形起到一定的抑制和约束作用。     

Mine Water Discharge and Flooding: A Cause of Severe Earthquakes

Severe earthquakes can be triggered by dewatering and flooding of mines, as these activities alter the loading of the Earth’s crust and tectonic stresses in its interior. Worldwide, more than 200 studies have noted sites where human-induced stresses could have reactivated preexisting faults, triggering earthquakes with seismic moment magnitudes of up to M = 7 on the Richter scale. This can only occur where faults are already under high tectonic stresses that have built up over many years. Stable continental regions are seismically less active than unstable regions (e.g. California, Japan, and Turkey). Consequently, faults in stable continental regions can be more earthquake-trigger sensitive, since accumulated stresses have not reached failure conditions. This paper provides an overview of officially recognized mining-triggered earthquakes with magnitudes M ≥ 5.0. The article illuminates that these earthquakes can cause serious socio-economic losses with negative implications for the long-term sustainable development of countries abundant in natural resources and of mining regions, in particular. Historic data suggest that regional geological conditions (e.g. structural geology and tectonic in-situ stress states) are more important in forecasting the potential of earthquake triggering than the scale of the mining activities. Overall, such forecasts should be made to estimate and mitigate potential socio-economic earthquake risks associated with geoengineering operations of extractive industries such as mining.     

伊泰矿区井下地应力测量及应力场分布特征研究

采用小孔径水压致裂地应力测量装置在伊泰矿区3个煤矿完成了10个测点的原岩应力测量。实测数据表明：矿区应力场属于低地应力值区域,构造应力占绝对优势,最大水平主应力方向以北东方向为主;由于受埋藏深度、地质构造和地形地貌影响,各矿地应力值差别较大,最大水平主应力方向亦有所偏差。基于实测数据,得出最大与最小水平主应力,最大水平主应力和垂直应力的差值普遍较大,导致岩体内剪应力较大;分析了地应力随埋藏深度的变化规律,并得出水平主应力与埋深之间的关系。     

基于动力系统结构稳定性的共轭剪切破裂-地震复合模型

地壳中岩体破坏、断层形成与地震诱发具有成因联系,其中"X"型共轭剪切破裂与地震发生关系密切。为此,基于动力系统结构稳定性理论和孔洞岩体蝶形破坏理论,构建了"X"型共轭剪切破裂-地震复合模型,推导了破裂尺寸计算公式,给出了地震释放能量的计算方法。用动力系统理论解释了破裂扩展尺寸与地震能量释放存在的定量对应关系,从理论上完整阐述"X"型、"V"型和"Y"型共轭破裂特征的生成及演化力学机理,推演出共轭剪切破裂扩展和伴随地震发生的重要物理力学现象及规律。研究结果表明:在高偏差应力场作用下的地下软弱异性体周围岩体满足摩尔-库仑剪切破坏条件发生破坏,形成蝶形破坏区,即花瓣形破坏区,随着蝶形破坏区的扩展,会形成以软弱异性体为中心的显性或隐性X型共轭剪切破裂;软弱异性体周围岩体强度特征变化,使得共轭破裂表现出"X","V","Y"型共轭特征;在一定地应力和围岩环境中,地壳软弱异性体及其周围岩体构成的非线性动力系统,对于地应力和地层强度的变化具有敏感依赖性,即共轭剪切破裂的扩展尺寸和地震释放的能量具有相互伴生的指数型变化特征,相同的应力扰动在不同的构造应力场作用下引发共轭剪切破裂一次性扩展的尺度不同,会引发不同级别的地震,存在着非敏感依赖区域向敏感依赖区转化的特征拐点。     

采动影响下逆冲断层“活化”特征试验研究

以义马矿区的F16大型逆冲断层为背景,结合断层影响下5个矿井的地质钻探和井下揭露情况搭建相似模型,在考虑断层面的分形特征和断层面两侧覆岩赋存特征的基础上,综合运用声发射监测、采场覆岩位移和采场应力监测系统,研究采动影响下断层"活化"前后的覆岩运动特征、矿压显现规律和动力响应特征。研究表明:受逆冲断层南北两侧地层覆岩结构复杂和构造运动影响,断层"活化"前后工作面覆岩运动特征、矿压显现规律和动力响应明显不同。断层"活化"前,工作面覆岩"三带"特征明显,底板应力基本不受采动应力影响,声发射信号较弱。进入断层影响区后,顶板离层量呈跳跃式增长,采动应力诱发断层"活化",底板应力达到最大值,声发射的总事件数和能率发生突变增加。当推过断层一段距离后,随着上盘关键岩层悬臂岩梁长度增加,工作面煤壁发生屈曲破坏,底板应力增加,待岩梁垮断挤压应力释放后,底板应力随之下降,伴随着工作面上方"短砌体梁"结构发生切落且沿断层面滑动,产生大量声发射信号。     

拉拉铜矿落凼矿区深部地应力场特征及岩爆预测分析

拉拉铜矿位于川滇应力区中部,浅部资源接近开采结束,逐步由露天开采全面转为地下开采,由于其深部开采地质条件复杂,落凼深部矿区将面对开采过程中的地应力问题。以拉拉铜矿落凼矿区深部地应力场特征为研究对象,开展了10个钻孔的应力解除法地应力测试、22组围岩室内物理力学测试,结合国标法、Barton法及陶振宇法3种应力判据完成了深部开采区域的岩爆预测分析。结果表明：地应力值浅部离散分布,深部线性增长;最大主应力方向整体离散;岩爆程度随深度逐渐增大,浅部离散分布,深部逐渐集中,东区1780m标高可能出现强烈岩爆的现象;结合矿区断层及测试点分布特征,指出矿区断层及地层对地应力测试结果的影响,为该类金属矿山深部灾害预防及安全开采提供有益的参考。     

基于计算机模拟的煤炭地下气化场覆岩运动规律分析

顶板控制和覆岩破裂规律研究是井下开采支护的理论基础。以张家口蔚州煤矿地下气化场煤层为研究对象,利用计算机仿真技术模拟了"三带"发育、覆岩结构规律、围岩剪应力分布、煤层支撑压力分布、燃空区厚岩层载荷分布以及覆岩垂直位移变化规律。该研究为煤矿井下气化场煤层覆岩支护措施的设计提供了参考。     

基于GIS的冲击地压区域预测预防系统的探讨

文章应用地理信息系统和地质动力区划方法，确定活动断裂与冲击地压的内在联系和冲击危险区域判别准则，建立冲击地压区域预测预防服务站。结合矿井开拓开采随时提供区域冲击危险预测图，提出防治冲击地压的技术途径。     

构造区域应力场与煤与瓦斯突出区域预测

以地质动力区划方法划分的Ⅴ级活动断裂为构造格架,结合地应力测量,进行区域构造应力场数值模拟,从而确定区域岩体应力分布规律。结果表明:煤矿区域原岩应力分布状态主要受断裂构造的支配,断裂构造的叠加扰动使原岩应力场重新分布,从而在时间和空间上制约着煤与瓦斯突出的区域性分布。并对矿井开采所引起的煤与瓦斯突出危险性作出评估和预测,拓宽了煤与瓦斯突出预测途径。     

The application of modern surveying technology in mining survey

With the unceasing appearance and widespread application of new surveying technology, the present age mining survey has meet huge change. However, lots of problems occurred while using the new techniques since the number of mine is large in China and condition of the mine district is complex, it in some sense influenced the mine exploitation and management of China. Summarized the present situation of new technical application in mining survey, including the advanced instrumentation equipment, the “3S” technology, the information and the network technology and the information fusion technology and so on, and analyzed the problems which exists in the current mining survey, it also provided new ways to present age mining survey from the sustainable development angle. Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(40771159); the Science and Technology Plan Project of Liaoning Province (2007308003); the Open Research Fund Program of the Geomatics and Applications Laboratory, Liaoning Technical University(2007009)