《现代汉语动词语义知识词典》的开发与应用

该文吸收已有动词研究的相关成果,提出了动词语义词典开发的相关原则和研制思路,界定并描写了词典中所涉及的相关属性信息,并对词典的总体文件结构及其各个库的信息进行了描写和说明。最终开发了融合词汇语义和句法语义,涵盖词形、词性、释义、义类、义场、句法范畴信息、语义范畴信息、语义句模等多种信息参数的开放性的动词语义知识词典。该词典可以在歧义分化、词义关系考察、句法—语义接口、句模抽取等方面提供支持。     

Combining formal concept analysis and translation to assign frames and semantic role sets to French verbs

In Natural Language Processing, verb classifications have been shown to be useful both theoretically (to capture syntactic and semantic generalisations about verbs) and practically (to support factorisation and the supervised learning of shallow semantic parsers). Acquiring such classifications manually is both costly and errror prone however. In this paper, we present a novel approach for automatically acquiring verb classifications. The approach uses FCA to build a concept lattice from existing linguistic resources; and stability and separation indices to extract from this lattice those concepts that most closely capture verb classes. The approach is evaluated on an established benchmark and shown to differ from previous approaches and in particular, from clustering approaches, in two main ways. First, it supports polysemy (because a verb may belong to several classes). Second, it naturally provides a syntactic and semantic characterisation of the verb classes produced (by creating concepts which systematically associate verbs with their syntactic and semantic attributes).     

校园导航系统Easy Nav的设计与实现

本文介绍了校园导航口语对话系统EasyNav的设计与实现。在分析了口语对话系统的特点和要求之后,我们提出了适合于对话系统的基于规则的语言理解流程。在这一流程中,句法分析使用GLR分析器处理上下文无关文法(CFG),获取句子结构特征以便为语义分析服务,句法规则照顾到覆盖率和准确率间的平衡。语义分析使用考虑句法约束条件的模板匹配方法,以获取话者意图为目标,并消除句法分析引入的歧义。这一设计的优点是系统容易搭建,也容易扩展。     

中文语义依存关系分析的统计模型

该文提出了一个统计语义分析器，它能够发现中文句子中的语义依存关系．这些语义依存关系可以用于表示句子的意义和结构．语义分析器在1百万词的标有语义依存关系的语料库(语义依存网络语料库，SDN)上训练并测试，文中设计、实现了多个实验以分析语义分析器的性能．实验结果表明，分析器在非限定领域中表现出了较好的性能，分析正确率与中文句法分析器基本相当。     

基于语义模式的英语动词汉译

英语动词正确汉译是机器翻译的难点.为此,提出一种基于动词语义模式库、固定句式库和变量库的英语动词汉译算法.介绍语义模式的提取方法,构建常用动词的语义模式库、固定句式库和变量库,归纳动词语义模式的3种结构形式:V语义模式,VO相邻语义模式和VO非相邻语义模式.动词语义模式库由上述3种结构形式对应的模式库构成.实验结果表明...     

词汇化句法分析与子语类框架获取的互动方法

概率句法分析器(PCFG Parser)是基于概率规则集的上下文无关文法的句法分析器。规则集主要是针对词类和短语类。然而事实上,词性相同而词汇不同,其所常用的句法规则也通常不同。目前NLP研究的一个趋势和热点就是词汇化的句法分析。针对概率句法分析独立性假设中缺乏词汇化的缺陷,本文将谓语动词的子语类信息与概率句法分析结合起来,提出一种基于动词子语类信息的词汇化概率句法分析方法。论文建立了基于汉语动词子语类框架的统计句法分析模型,并且针对动词子语类框架难以获取的问题,提出一种词汇化概率句法分析与动词子语类框架获取的互动方法。实验利用这种互动的方法获取了汉语中十个常用高频动词的概率化子语类信息,并结合原有的概率句法分析器PCFG实现了一个基于动词子语类信息的概率句法分析器原型系统S-PCFG。实验证明了基于动词子语类信息的概率句法分析对自然语言句法分析的准确率和速度均有所提高。同时分析了新的概率句法分析器的不足之处,为进一步的改进提供条件。     

现代汉语常用动词释义对比研究——以《现代汉语词典》(第六版)和《重編國語辭典修訂本》为例

动词在语言中的地位十分重要,而汉语更是一种动词性语言。了解动词的释义,是研究动词的一个重要途径。该文采用《现代汉语词典》(第六版)和《重編國語辭典修訂本》为对比研究的材料,参考新汉语水平考试大纲,选取三者共有的动词词条进行研究,着重对比两本词典对动词的释义,找出普通话和台湾地区所用标准语两者在动词方面的差异,减少两岸交流中因词义不同所产生的误会,更好地促进两岸交流。     

Secondary predication and the lexical representation of verbs

In this paper it is assumed that syntactic structure is projected from the lexicon. The lexical representation, which encodes the linguistically relevant aspects of the meanings of words, thus determines and constrains the syntax. Therefore, if semantic analysis of syntactic structures is to be possible, it is necessary to determine the content and structure of lexical semantic representations. The paper argues for a certain form of lexical representation by presenting the problem of a particular non-standard structure, the verb phrase of the form V-NP-Adj corresponding to various constructions of secondary predication in English. It is demonstrated that the solution to the semantic analysis of this structure lies in the meaning of the structure's predicators, in particular the lexical semantic representation of the verb. Verbs are classified according to the configuration of the lexical semantic representations, whether basic or derived. It is these specific configurations that restrict the possibilities of secondary predication. Given the class of a verb, its relation to the secondary predicate is predictable; and the correct interpretation of the V-NP-Adj string is therefore possible.This work is based on papers presented to the 1988 meetings of the Canadian Linguistic Association and the Brandeis Workshop on Theoretical and Computational Issues in Lexical Semantics. I am grateful to the audiences at these two meetings for comments, and to Anna-Maria di Sciullo, Diane Massam, Yves Roberge and James Pustejovsky for helpful discussion. I also thank SSHRC for funding the research of which this work forms part.     

基于概念知识树的双宾短语分析

双宾短语是一种特殊的语言现象,为了使计算机能够理解并处理双宾短语,该文从语法和语义两个层面对双宾短语进行了分析,基于概念知识树知识表示模型建立了双宾短语的语义表达模型;并提出一种双宾短语分析算法,实现了从双宾短语到其语义表达模型的自动转换。双宾短语分析算法采用自顶向下和自底向上相结合的方法,自顶向下用于对双宾短语的语法成分进行划分,获得构成双宾短语的双宾动词成分、间接宾语成分和直接宾语成分;自底向上用于使用基于概念知识树的短语分析推理算法对双宾短语中的这三种成分分别进行分析,获得对应的语义表达;最后,利用三种成分的语义分析结果构建双宾短语完整的语义表达。该文从权威文献和语法词典中选取了122个双宾动词,对这些双宾动词构成的209个短语进行了分析,分析的正确率为90.43%,证明了该文提出的双宾短语分析算法和语义表达模型的有效性。     

Analysis

This paper describes the parser, especially its mapping rule interpreter, used in KBMT-89. The interpreter is characterized by its ability to produce semantic and syntactic structures of a parse simultaneously and therefore more efficiently than other kinds of analyzers. Applicable forms of parser mapping rules, which map syntactic structures to semantic structures, are introduced. The parser, a modified version of Tomita's universal parser, is briefly described. Sample traces illustrate the functioning of the parser and mapping rule interpreter.     

On the semantics of parsing actions

Parsers, whether constructed by hand or automatically via a parser generator tool, typically need to compute some useful semantic information in addition to the purely syntactic analysis of their input. Semantic actions may be added to parsing code by hand, or the parser generator may have its own syntax for annotating grammar rules with semantic actions. In this paper, we take a functional programming view of such actions. We use concepts from the semantics of mostly functional programming languages and adapt them to give meaning to the actions of the parser. Specifically, the semantics is inspired by the categorical semantics of lambda calculi and the use of premonoidal categories for the semantics of effects in programming languages. This framework is then applied to our leading example, the transformation of grammars to eliminate left recursion. The syntactic transformation of left-recursion elimination leads to a corresponding semantic transformation of the actions for the grammar. We prove the semantic transformation correct and relate it to continuation passing style, a widely studied transformation in lambda calculi and functional programming. As an idealization of the input language of parser generators, we define a call-by-value calculus with first-order functions and a type-and-effect system where the effects are given by sequences of grammar symbols. The account of left-recursion elimination is then extended to this calculus.     

A frame-based approach for capturing semantics from Arabic text for text-to-sign language MT

This paper describes the design and implementation of a computational model for Arabic natural language semantics, a semantic parser for capturing the deep semantic representation of Arabic text. The parser represents a major part of an Interlingua-based machine translation system for translating Arabic text into Sign Language. The parser follows a frame-based analysis to capture the overall meaning of Arabic text into a formal representation suitable for NLP applications that need for deep semantics representation, such as language generation and machine translation. We will show the representational power of this theory for the semantic analysis of texts in Arabic, a language which differs substantially from English in several ways. We will also show that the integration of WordNet and FrameNet in a single unified knowledge resource can improve disambiguation accuracy. Furthermore, we will propose a rule based algorithm to generate an equivalent Arabic FrameNet, using a lexical resource alignment of FrameNet1.3 LUs and WordNet3.0 synsets for English Language. A pilot study of motion and location verbs was carried out in order to test our system. Our corpus is made up of more than 2000 Arabic sentences in the domain of motion events collected from Algerian first level educational Arabic books and other relevant Arabic corpora.     

基于生成词库论和论元结构理论的语义知识体系研究

该文讨论如何构造合适的汉语语义描写体系并建设相应的语义知识库,从而为文本语义的计算机自动分析提供可靠的资源。文章提出的技术路线是 在生成词库论和论元结构理论的指导下,分别描写名词的物性结构和动词、形容词的论元结构(包括物性角色或论元角色集合及其句法配置格式集合),标定名词、动词和形容词的情感评价色彩,揭示相关名词、动词和形容词的物性角色和论元角色之间的关联和推导关系,从而形成比较完整的关于名词、动词和形容词的实体指称、概念关系和情感评价等多层面的语义知识。最后,还展示了这种多层面的语义知识在语义自动计算中的运用案例。     

基于次范畴化的汉语多义动词模糊聚类

描述了应用模糊k均值方法聚类汉语多义动词的实验,共涉及到60个汉语动词,40个多义词,20个单义词.首先,自动获取每个动词的次范畴化框架的概率分布,然后,导出这些动词的模糊聚类.结果表明,纯洁度和对精确度的综合量度较好地反映了聚类性能,尽管动词的句法行为在一定程度上体现了深层语义,但汉语动词的句法行为不易从单一的语义层预测出来.     

现代藏语动词的句法语义分类及相关语法句式

本文突破了传统藏文文法关于动词分类的简单描述,建立起以句法语义为纲要的动词类别和相关句法规则。本文区分了藏语12大类动词,各类动词都有不同论元数量和不同句法性质的要求。因此,动词的句法语义类别划分能够较细致和全面反映各种类型藏语句式的语法结构框架,包括句子的语序、词格标记和句法助词。动词的句法语义分类结果可以直接应用于藏语语法信息词典的构建,是藏语计算处理的重要基础。     

基于动词论元结构的中文事件抽取方法

为将动词与其论元间的约束规则应用于事件抽取,在事件模型中引入动词论元结构形成模型变体,围绕模型变体提出基于动词论元结构的中文事件抽取方法。此方法首先对待抽取文本进行预处理和句法分析,得出其语法结构;然后将所得结构与动词论元结构属性进行比较,找出每个动词支配的论元;最后利用论元的语义属性确定与之对应的事件特征并由此完成事件抽取。实验结果显示,此方法能有效提高抽取系统的性能和效率。     

Verbs of pain in the light of grammar of constructions

Constructions with predicates from the semantic zone of pain are considered from a typological perspective. A characteristic feature of this field is its lexeme composition: the major portion of it is formed by verbs borrowed from other semantic fields. A brief review of the fields-sources for pain verbs is given and morphological and syntactical mechanisms of the borrowing of original predicates in the zone of pain are analyzed. The study shows that the semantic shift includes not only the change of the lexical meaning proper, but also the restructuring of paradigmatic and syntactic mechanisms of the borrowed unit, which occurs under influence of constructions with participation of original predicates of pain.     

Speech understanding and speech translation by maximum a-posteriori semantic decoding

This paper describes a domain-limited system for speech understanding as well as for speech translation. An integrated semantic decoder directly converts the preprocessed speech signal into its semantic representation by a maximum a-posteriori classification. With the combination of probabilistic knowledge on acoustic, phonetic, syntactic, and semantic levels, the semantic decoder extracts the most probable meaning of the utterance. No separate speech recognition stage is needed because of the integration of the Viterbi-algorithm (calculating acoustic probabilities by the use of Hidden-Markov-Models) and a probabilistic chart parser (calculating semantic and syntactic probabilities by special models). The semantic structure is introduced as a representation of an utterance's meaning. It can be used as an intermediate level for a succeeding intention decoder (within a speech understanding system for the control of a running application by spoken inputs) as well as an interlingua-level for a succeeding language production unit (within an automatic speech translation system for the creation of spoken output in another language). Following the above principles and using the respective algorithms, speech understanding and speech translating front-ends for the domains ‘graphic editor’, ‘service robot’, ‘medical image visualisation’ and ‘scheduling dialogues’ could be successfully realised.     

语义角色标注中有效的识别论元算法研究

语义角色标注中论元识别的结果对论元分类任务起着很重要的作用。以句法成分的中心词为依据,对论元识别算法进行研究,在训练集上识别出了98.78%的论元,在测试集识别出了97.17%的论元,并大大减少了不承担角色的训练样例。在此基础上以句法成分为标注单元,在自动句法分析上抽取和组合有用的特征,用支持向量机的方法进行学习分类,在测试集上获得77.84%的F1值。此结果是目前报告的基于单一句法分析的最好结果之一。     

藏语述说动词小句宾语及其标记3

本文讨论藏语述说动词管控的句子性小句宾语。藏语述说动词包括“说”类动词、认知动词、思考动词、询问动词及其他语义相关的动词。从小句自身结构看,可以是完整的句子,带主语、谓语以及句末动词体貌标记和语气词,也可能只是单一的谓语动词。小句宾语自身具有谓词性,通常通过添加名词化标记使之名词化。小句宾语的标记来自古代述说类动词的类典型zer 的语法化,而在现代藏语中作为小句标记语音和书写形式上都有多个变体。小句宾语内部也有复杂的关系和层次,类似于英语的直接引语与间接引语。小句缺省主语的情况下,动作发出者可通过表示体貌、情态的语法词以及上下文来确定。小句的句类包括陈述、疑问、祈使和感叹,可带不同的句类语气词。最后应该指出,有一部分述说动词小句宾语经常不带名词化标记,这种现象会给句法处理算法带来一定的麻烦,相关原因和解决办法还须进一步研究。