Discussion of the standard processing time

The input-weighted average standard processing time for a multi-item machine is discussed in this paper. For practical purposes it is important to have a short average processing time. It is shown that the input-weighted average processing time does not depend on the scheduling, sequencing and lot-sizing; it is only influenced by the total input and by the individual standard processing times. Furthermore, the relationship between the individual standard processing time and the average standard processing time is investigated. It is proven that the input-weighted average standard processing time is a convex function of the standard processing time of one certain item. An interesting consequence of the convexity is the fact that a decrease of the standard processing time of an item with a standard processing time less than half of the input-weighted average standard processing time causes an increase of the input-weighted average processing time.     

Monitoring the mass of petroleum products

New approaches are proposed to developing a standard for measuring the mass of petroleum products. These approaches allow for the possibility of using a group of objective measurements in the standard. A hypothetical standard is developed as part of the investigation. Translated from Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No. 2, pp. 17–18, February, 1997.     

Estimating the Unit of the Physical Quantity of a Collective Working Standard from the Results of Intragroup Comparisons by Utilizing the Maximum-Likelihood Criterion

A procedure is developed for applying the criterion of maximum likelihood in order to form estimates of the unit of the physical quantity of a collective working standard from the results of mutual comparisons of standard elements.     

Key comparisons of the VNIIM and BIPM voltage standards

The results of key comparisons of the national primary standard of Russia for the unit of electrical voltage, the volt, at the Mendeleev Institute of Metrology (VNIIM) with the Josephson effect voltage standard at the BIPM are reported. For these measurements, VNIIM provided a voltage measure based on the Josephson effect with a nominal output voltage of 10 V. Measurements were made with apparatus from the BIPM voltage standard. The VNIIM voltage measure is planned for use as a transfer standard for comparison with national standards for the volt. The comparisons indicate a high degree of equivalence of the compared VNIIM and BIPM primary standards with a relative combined standard uncertainty of 2·10–10 at 10 V.     

高校大学生党员质量评价指标体系建设的研究

目前,高校并没有建设统一完善的大学生党员质量评价指标体系,需要建立一套标准的考核标准和科学的评价体系来为高校党建工作服务。通过明确评价对象、确定评价主体、设置完善的各项评价指标、量化评价指标体系权重、完善评价指标体系、规范评价程序等方面入手,加强评价指标体系在实践应用中的检验和信息反馈,不断完善大学生党员质量评价指标体系平台建设,从而更好地为高校党建工作提供科学、合理、有价值的信息。     

Investigation of the Limiting Short-Term Instability of the Output Signal of a Passive Hydrogen Frequency Standard

The limiting short-term frequency instability of the output signal of a passive hydrogen frequency and time standard is calculated. A technique for experimental measurement of the figure of merit of a quantum discriminator is set forth. The frequency instability of the standard is estimated on the basis of the obtained data. The effect of spectral line splitting of a maser with increasing excitation signal discovered in the course of the study represents an obstacle against achieving any decrease in the instability of the standard.     

A brief tutorial on the estimation of the process standard deviation

We consider the common SQC problem of estimating a process standard deviation based on several sample ranges or sample standard deviations. Simple, well-known facts that are used to produce “control chart constants” can also provide guidance in the combining of such ranges or standard deviations for normal processes. Root mean squared errors for both unbiased linear estimators common in the literature and some (biased) optimal estimators are shown to be simple functions of these constants.     

石英挠性加速度计在超低频振动国家基准研制中的应用研究

介绍了超低频振动国家基准装置。采用改进型石英挠性加速度计SA704和研发的适配器MSA-I组成的振动套组,作为超低频振动台负反馈控制的拾振器和装置性能测试的标准器,有效地降低了振动台台面输出加速度波形的失真度,抑制了环境振动的影响,实现了0.002 Hz以上加速度失真度小于1%;解决了1 Hz以下超低频段无测量传感器的问题。该套组可作为低频和超低频振动基标准装置量值传递的标准器和核查标准。     

National primary standard for the unit of the propagation velocity of ultrasonic waves in solids

The results of creating a national standard for the unit of the propagation velocity of ultrasonic waves in solids are discussed. The structure of the standard and its metrological characteristics are described.     

Uncertainty analysis of the high vacuum part of the orifice-flow-type pressure standard

The orifice-flow-type pressure standard is commonly accepted as primary standard for vacuum gauge calibration in the high vacuum gas pressure range. It consists of two parts—a high vacuum part and a flowmeter. Practical questions arising at design of the standard have to be answered based on the standard uncertainty analysis.The analysis of the uncertainty sources in the high vacuum part except deviations from the Maxwellian distribution is given in the paper. Uncertainty of a precise flowmeter is taken from references for comparison. It follows from the analysis that uncertainties caused by some sources at routinely achievable parameters are negligibly small and further improvement brings no benefit. The crucial quantities influencing the total uncertainty are the temperature of the chamber and the flowmeter, the outgassing rate from the inner surfaces, the ultimate pressure of the pump and the additional (detrimental) pumping speed. The pumping speed of the main pump has to be “sufficiently higher” than the orifice conductance.     

Standard reference exergies of chemical elements in the oceanic reference medium. I. Consideration of modern hydrochemical data on the concentrations of elements in the oceanic medium and the deviation of their reactivity from the neutral one

A system (set) of standard reference exergies of chemical elements, called the Ocean-2 system, is presented. It includes refined exergies of nine atmospheric elements and 79 elements dissolved in the oceanic water with S = 35‰, pH 7.905, a standard temperature of 298.15 K, and a standard pressure of 101.325 kPa. These exergies were calculated in a simplified chemical approximation with the use of a unique representative species for each element, selected by thermodynamic sifting. The suggestion has been made that the Ocean-2 system of standard reference exergies is close to the lithospheric system. __________ Translated from Inzhenerno-Fizicheskii Zhurnal, Vol. 79, No. 5, pp. 180–189, September–October, 2006.     

Improved computation of the standard error in the regression coefficient estimates of a multivariate calibration model

A multivariate calibration model consists of regression coefficient estimates whose significance depends on the associated standard errors. A recently introduced leave-one-out (LOO) method for computing these standard errors is modified to achieve consistency with the jack-knife method. The proposed modification amounts to multiplying the LOO standard errors with the factor (n - 1)/n1/2, where n denotes the number of calibration samples. The potential improvement for realistic values of n is illustrated using a practical example.     

Intercomparison of the LBIR Absolute Cryogenic Radiometers to the NIST Optical Power Measurement Standard

The Low Background Infrared calibration (LBIR) facility at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) presently maintains four absolute cryogenic radiometers (ACRs) which serve as standard reference detectors for infrared calibrations performed by the facility. The primary standard for optical power measurements at NIST-Gaithersburg has been the High Accuracy Cryogenic Radiometer (HACR). Recently, an improved radiometer, the Primary Optical Watt Radiometer (POWR), has replaced the HACR as the primary standard. In this paper, we present the results of comparisons between the radiometric powers measured by the four ACRs presently maintained by the LBIR facility to that measured by the HACR and POWR. This was done by using a Si photodiode light-trapping detector as a secondary transfer standard to compare the primary national standards to the ACRs maintained by the LBIR facility. The technique used to compare an ACR to the trap detector is described in detail. The absolute optical power measurements are found to be within 0.1 % of the primary standard for all the ACRs examined in this study.     

Evaluating the quality of standard samples of nanomaterials based on a risk analysis for nonconformity

This is an examination of the problem of constructing a system containing a minimally sufficient set of evidence of reliable fulfillment of specifications for standard samples of nanomaterials that are important for evaluating production quality in the nanomaterials industry. A block-modular principle is proposed for constructing a system of evidence based on a choice of one of five programs for evaluating the quality of standard samples based on the severity of the consequences of the use of a nonconforming standard sample of nanomaterials.     

标准测氡仪的量值溯源方法研究

研究了利用氡活度绝对测量装置制备高准确度标准氡源的方法,得到了活度扩展不确定度为0.8%(k=2)的量传用氡源。依据计算标准氡体积活度的基本原理,对用于氡源活度量传所配套的小氡室的有效体积进行了校准,其有效体积的扩展不确定度为0.46%(k=2),对一般氡标准装置(标准氡室)所用的参考仪器(AlphaGUARD型标准测氡仪)进行校准,得到其平均体积活度响应为1.01,体积活度响应的扩展不确定度为3.2%(k=2)。     

我国苹果产业体系关键点剖析

从自然标准与目的标准两个方面剖析苹果产业关键,得出植株间的距离与生态资源的时空供给,构成了苹果自然标准的关键生态内容;对野生苹果的目的性改良,削弱其自然抗逆性而换得了满足人们意愿的目标效果,是苹果自然标准与目的标准的良好转换的结果.苹果的目的标准主要从果品的自然质、营运消费和持续提升三个方面来表现.因此,只有建立"标准为先、信誉至上、创立品牌、成就事业"的决策思路,才能将苹果产业推向理想状态.     

State primary special standard and standard samples for support of the uniformity of measurements of the surface density of coatings

This is an analysis of the state of and prospects for metrological support in the area of measuring the surface density of coatings based on the state primary special standard GET 168-2010. The basic characteristics of the standard and its components are discussed. The verification procedure based on this standard and regulated by the standards document GOST R 8.612–2005 is described. The role of standard samples of coating surface density and their place in the testing, verification, and calibration of devices for measuring the thickness of coatings and comparisons with the standard is pointed out in order to confirm its measurement and calibration capabilities.     

New State Primary Standard for the Hardness of Metals on the Shore D Scale

The results are given of metrological investigations of a new State primary standard GÉT 161-01 for the hardness of metals on the Shore D scale. The standard is intended for reproducing and transferring the Shore D scale in the range 20-140 HSD.     

基于网络效应的高新技术产业技术标准形成机制研究

本文介绍了标准竞争是市场竞争的高级形态,也是具有网络效应产品竞争的主要方式。与传统产业不同,具有网络效应特征的高新技术产品在其技术标准化过程和市场竞争中,网络效应发挥重要作用,标准的网络效应使其市场价值会随着用户基数的扩大而增加,从而影响高新技术产业技术标准竞争的结果。中国作为发展中大国,基于其庞大的消费者基础,可以发挥其国内标准的"大国效应",取得国际标准竞争的有利地位。