深海波导中目标低频声散射特性研究

针对深海环境中目标的主动探测问题,建立了深海波导中目标低频声散射仿真的简正波耦合边界元理论模型。首先仿真了深海波导中Munk声速剖面条件下的声传播特性,然后根据深海波导中的声传播特性,仿真计算了声源位于不同深度时,波导中目标低频散射回波强度随声源与目标之间水平距离变化的特性。仿真结果表明,当声源深度为100 m(近海面)与1 400 m(声道轴)时,受完全声道的影响,在会聚区附近范围内散射回波强度较大;声源深度为4 900 m(近海底)时,受直达波与一次海面反射波的影响,在中近距离(小于40 km)范围内散射回波强度较大;对于接收水听器而言,置于临界深度以下时主动探测的距离更远。     

弹性球壳声散射对矢量水听器测向影响研究

以平面波在弹性球壳上声散射理论为基础,建立了弹性球壳近场声散射对矢量水听器目标定向性能影响计算模型,分析了入射声波信号频率、入射角度以及矢量水听器安装位置对目标定向的影响。计算和理论分析结果表明．弹性球壳声散射对矢量水听器测向性能的影响与壳体散射特性和水听器安装位置密切相关,在低频和高频段测向误差相对比较小,而在中频段则测向误差比较大,可通过选择工作频段,或者采用声学处理,降低壳体声散射强度,减小对矢量水听器测向性能的影响。研究结果为矢量水听器工程应用奠定了理论基础。     

薄壳目标的多基地声散射特性研究

文章对水中薄壳目标的多基地声散射特性进行了理论仿真与试验测量研究。首先采用有限元耦合边界元和基尔霍夫(Kirchhoff)近似积分两种不同的数值计算方法对内部充气球冠圆柱壳的多基地声散射特性进行建模仿真,然后通过目标在消声水池的散射声场试验测量验证仿真结果的有效性。采用相同的数值计算方法对Benchmark模型的多基地散射声场进行仿真计算,分析多基地(全向)声散射特性及散射机理。结果表明,水中目标多基地散射的回波强度与回波结构与多基地分置角相关,且回波亮点的主瓣宽度也随多基地分置角变化而变化;Benchmark模型的艇体和指挥舱之间存在强烈的干涉作用,使多基地(全向)散射声场的竖状条纹发生倾斜。研究为水下目标的多基地探测提供理论支持。     

水中规则波纹表面球回声特性研究

运用声呐目标回声特性预报的板块元方法,研究了平面波入射水中规则波纹(正弦平方曲线波纹)表面球体的目标回声特性。分析了表面波纹高度、周期、入射平面波频率和入射方位角对声目标强度空间分布和频率响应特性的影响规律。讨论了不同频段目标强度空间分布特性的形成机理,得到了表面波纹参数与目标强度频率响应和空间分布特性的近似定量关系。通过水槽实验测量得到了3D打印的规则波纹表面尼龙球目标强度的频率响应和空间分布特性,测量结果与理论计算结果吻合较好。掌握规则波纹表面球体回声特性,有助于开展利用声学超构材料对散射声场调控的研究。     

目标散射(综述)

一、概述 不论是光波、微波、弹性波、地震波还是声波,这些波在传播过程中与存在于介质中的目标相逆之后,从目标上返回的波中都携有目标特征的信息。这一现象称作散射,声散射现象早在上一世纪就作了研究,Rayleigh在其名著中首先系统地讨论了声散射问题[1]。本世纪以来,特别是第     

水中含空气腔消声层的声特性

根据周期物理场Bloch理论,应用有限元方法研究水中含空气腔结构消声层的声特性,给出质点振动模态,分析消声机理;空气腔对低频声特性产生重大影响,除了弹性波散射产生的能量耗损外,主要作用是谐振吸收.文中以圆锥腔、复合腔为例,说明结构消声层的声特性.     

一种基于气泡群的低频主动声呐目标模拟器设计

为了在水声测试过程中提供尺寸小、成本低、应用灵活、低频和高目标强度的目标模拟器,文中根据水中气泡群具有强散射这一特性,提出了一种面向主动声呐试验的气泡群模拟器设计方法。基于等效介质理论 (EffectiveMedium Theory, EMT)建立了气泡群声散射模型。首先将气泡群划分成立方体网格,然后应用图像处理方法获取立方体网格内气泡群的尺寸分布函数,接着使用 EMT 计算了每个立方体网格中的声反射系数和声波入射到立方体网格中产生的衰减,最后利用声波叠加原理计算了模拟器的反向散射目标强度。不同参数下的数值分析结果表明,气泡群尺寸分布函数呈伽马分布时,目标强度较高;目标强度随着尺寸分布区间减小和孔隙率增大而变大;共振频率随孔隙率增大而降低。结合气泡群孔隙率分布模型,文中给出了一组在低频时具有较高目标强度的小尺寸模拟器设计参数,可供相关设计者参考。     

平顶有肋柱壳低频散射特性研究

应用边界元(BEM)和有限元(FEM)耦合方法对平顶有肋柱壳在声波轴向入射时的低频反向散射特性和振动位移状态进行了计算,对结果作了分析。并且实验测量了与计算相同的三个目标的低频反向散射特性,同计算结果相比较,结果基本一致,理论和实验结果均证明了肋骨存在对回波强度的影响,改变了原有振动系统的振动分布,使得散射谐振发生变化。     

水下刚性角反射器散射特性

为了分析水下角反射器的声散射特性,提出了一种计算水下凹面目标散射声场的方法。采用ANSYS软件构建水下角反射器实体模型,再利用声学分析软件SYSNOISE对其远场散射声场进行仿真。计算了二面角反射器的目标强度,并与声束弹跳法和板块元法的计算结果进行对比,验证了该方法的适用性和精确性。对三面角反射器的散射特性进行了分析,得到了不同声波入射角度下的目标强度、目标强度随频率的变化规律以及散射方向图,结果表明,正方形角反射器的目标强度最大,三角形角反射器的散射宽度最大,角反射器目标强度不存在明显的频率效应。计算了八面角反射体的方向图,计算结果表明角反射器组合可以有效增大目标强度和散射宽度。     

单分散聚硅氧烷微球的制备表征及作为光散射剂的应用

以乳液聚合法制备粒径分布均匀、球形度良好的聚硅氧烷微球。采用扫描电镜(SEM)、动态光散射(DLS)、红外光谱(FT-IR)、X射线衍射(XRD)、热重分析(TGA)和接触角等测试技术对微球的微观形貌、粒径大小及分布、聚集态结构、耐热性、疏水性等进行了表征。将平均粒径为1.5μm的聚硅氧烷微球作为光散射剂添加到光学级聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)树脂中,可制备出性能优良的光散射材料。当聚硅氧烷微球添加质量分数约0.6%时,光散射材料的透光率是86.1%,雾度是91.25%,拉伸强度达到最大值77.2 MPa,弯曲强度是87.2 MPa,简支梁缺口冲击强度是2.16 kJ/m2,悬臂梁缺口冲击强度是2.71 kJ/m2,综合性能良好。     

声流对单管道周围换热特性的影响

通过仿真与实验的方式,研究声波影响管道外部的流动和换热特性。在仿真中,对输入声压级相同时,不同频率的声流速度进行研究,结果表明频率对管壁处平均声压级的影响较小,但对管壁周围切向速度的影响较大。基于声波对流场分布的影响,在实验中研究不同声压级和频率对单根钢管换热的影响,结果表明声压级不变,频率越低,钢管换热效果越好;频率不变,声压级越大,钢管换热效果越好。仿真与实验结果表明：管道周围的换热效果与声流速度的大小成正比,而声流大小与频率和激励速度直接相关,激励速度越大,频率越低,钢管附近声流运动越剧烈,采用低频高声压级的声波能够加速钢管的换热过程,该研究为声波影响管道换热特性提供了理论依据。     

Off-axis scattering of an ultrasound bessel beam by a sphere

In this paper, the scattering of an ultrasound zero-order Bessel beam by a rigid sphere in the off-axis configuration is studied. The beam is described through the partial wave expansion. The beam-shape coefficients which represent the amplitude of each multipole mode of the partial wave expansion are computed by numerical quadrature. Calculations are presented for both near- and far-field off-axis scattering. The far-field scattering is examined in both Rayleigh and geometrical acoustic limits. Results demonstrate that the scattered pressure in the off-axis case may significantly deviate from that in the on-axis configuration. In addition, the directive pattern of the scattered pressure is highly dependent on the relative position of the beam to the sphere.     

大粗糙度起伏下一维海面声散射建模与分析

针对起伏海面高频声散射计算问题,提出了一种改进的基尔霍夫(Kirchhoff)近似方法。该方法考虑了海面的阴影区和亮区之间的多次散射声场,可对小入射角下大粗糙度起伏海面的散射声场进行计算。以一维余弦和高斯谱海面散射声场的有限元计算结果为标准解验证了所提方法的准确性和适用性。利用该方法计算了一维余弦海面的散射强度,分析了不同入射声波频率和角度下海面散射强度的分布情况,并解释了Bragg散射的产生机理,同时讨论了不同海面均方根高度和相关长度情况下高斯谱海面散射强度的变化规律。     

Nonaxisymmetric elastoacoustic analysis of a submerged eccentric hollow sphere: an exact solution

The classical Navier equations of linear elasticity and the Helmholtz equation for the internal/external acoustic domains in conjunction with the translational addition theorem for spherical vector wave functions are employed to present an exact solution for three-dimensional nonaxisymmetric steady-state sound radiation from an eccentric hollow elastic sphere, immersed in and filled with acoustic fluids, and subjected to arbitrary time-harmonic mechanical drives at its internal/external surface. The analytical results are illustrated with numerical examples in which air-filled, water-submerged, thick-walled concentric and eccentric steel spheres are driven by harmonic concentrated or distributed radial internal/external loads. The numerical results reveal the important effects of sphere eccentricity, loading configuration, and excitation frequency on the sound radiation characteristics of the submerged structure. Limiting cases are considered and the validity of results is established with the aid of a commercial finite element package as well as by comparison with the data in the existing literature.     

Subsurface crack determination by one-sided ultrasonic measurements

Corrosion of steel reinforcement in concrete is a common type of damage. The cracks propagate from the steel bar to the surface without giving any visual sign prior to surface crack formation. As long as the surface material is intact, the sensitivity of the longitudinal wave velocity to the subsurface cracks is doubtful. In this paper, cracks were created in steel fiber reinforced concrete specimens by four point bending. Wave measurements took place on the intact surfaces (compression side) using common acoustic emission transducers. Although there was no visual sign of the crack, Rayleigh as well as longitudinal wave velocities clearly decreased relative to those of the sound material. Other parameters like the amplitude and the experimental scatter of the waves were much more sensitive to damage. Numerical simulations were conducted in order to make a parametric study concerning the depth of the sound layer, the propagating wavelength and the measured wave parameters and propose a firm methodology. It is concluded that by scanning a surface with simple acoustic one-sided measurements, the identification of the location of the subsurface damage is possible, while the propagating wave gives information about the depth of the crack.     

Scattering of Beltrami fields by an orthorhombic dielectric-magnetic sphere immersed in a chiral medium

The T matrix method can be formulated to study Beltrami planewave scattering by a sphere composed of an orthorhombic dielectric magnetic material immersed in a chiral medium. Whereas an orthorhombic dielectric-magnetic material whose permeability dyadic is a scalar multiple of its permittivity dyadic is pathologically unirefringent and anisotropic. A chiral medium characterized by either a left-handedness or a right-handedness in its microstructure is birefringent and not anisotropic. The backscattering efficiency has an undulating behaviour with increase in electrical size and is highly affected by constitutive anisotropy of the sphere. Multiple lobes appear in theplots of the differential scattering efficiency when the incident ?eld is left-circularly polarized wave. Peaks of curves of the backscattering effciency appear at lower frequencies for an incident left-circularly polarized wave and at higher frequencies for a right-circularly polarized wave incidence, if the sphere is impedance-matched to the ambient chiral medium.     

A new point contact surface acoustic wave transducer for measurement of acoustoelastic effect of polymethylmethacrylate

A new acoustic transducer and measurement method have been developed for precise measurement of surface wave velocity. This measurement method is used to investigate the acoustoelastic effects for waves propagating on the surface of a polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) sample. The transducer uses two miniature conical PZT elements for acoustic wave transmitter and receiver on the sample surface; hence, it can be viewed as a point- source/point-receiver transducer. Acoustic waves are excited and detected with the PZT elements, and the wave velocity can be accurately determined with a cross-correlation waveform comparison method. The transducer and its measurement method are particularly sensitive and accurate in determining small changes in wave velocity; therefore, they are applied to the measurement of acoustoelastic effects in PMMA materials. Both the surface skimming longitudinal wave and Rayleigh surface wave can be simultaneously excited and measured. With a uniaxial-loaded PMMA sample, both acoustoelastic effects for surface skimming longitudinal wave and Rayleigh waves of PMMA are measured. The acoustoelastic coefficients for both types of surface wave motions are simultaneously determined. The transducer and its measurement method provide a practical way for measuring surface stresses nondestructively.     

用耦合有限元／边界元方法研究加筋板的声传输

采用耦合的有限元／边界元方法,建立了考虑流体结构耦合的加筋板结构声传输计算模型,并利用该模型计算研究了加筋板的声传输特性。数值计算表明：结构的传声损失与结构的固有频率和激励频率密切相关,避免共振仍是产要的;改变板厚或肋骨惯性矩后,由于结构固有频率发生了变化会使得结构传声损失曲线上极小值的位置发生改变;当声波从空气经结构向空气中传递时,增大板厚或肋骨惯性矩可明显增大结构的传声损失;而当声波从空气经结构向水中传递时,增大板厚或肋骨惯性矩也增大了结构的传声损失,但效果明显不如当声波从空气经结构向空气中传递时显著。