TC4钛合金熔盐电解法渗硼

采用熔盐电解法对TC4钛合金表面渗硼以提高其表面硬度。选用硼砂和碳酸钠的混合盐作电解质,施加1.49 V电压进行渗硼实验,研究熔盐温度对渗层微观形貌及物相的影响,并对熔盐电解渗硼的反应机理进行了探讨。对不同组分的混合熔盐进行示差扫描热量(DSC)-热重(TG)分析,利用X射线衍射(XRD)仪对渗层表面及熔盐进行物相分析,利用扫描电镜(SEM)和能谱(EDS)仪分析渗层断面的形貌和元素成分。结果表明:在900℃时渗硼110 min,可获得均匀密实的渗层,主要物相是TiB_2和TiB;渗硼后试样的表面硬度为7.1 GPa;渗硼后熔盐中的主要产物是NaBO_2;渗层中先有TiB_2相生成,TiB在TiB_2相的下层形成。     

电流密度对Na2B4O7-CaCl2熔盐电解法制备TiB2/TiB渗层的影响

采用熔盐电解法在纯钛表面渗硼,以硼砂作硼源、无水氯化钙为支持电解质,在电解温度920℃,电解时间1h的条件下,研究不同电流密度对渗层物相、微观结构及渗层厚度的影响,并用循环伏安法对阴极反应机理进行了研究。利用XRD对渗硼试样表面进行物相分析,利用扫描电镜(SEM)观察渗硼试样的断面形貌并采用能谱(EDS)进行元素分析。结果表明:在不同的电流密度下电解渗硼,得到的渗层均由TiB_2和TiB组成,且TiB_2渗层厚度可达到4.5μm,渗层厚度随电流密度非线性变化。循环伏安法结果显示阴极的反应主要是钠离子的还原,随后钠原子将硼砂生成的B_2O_3中的B置换出来,高温下B原子向钛基体扩散而形成硼化物渗层。     

钛金属表面熔盐电解法制备TiB2/TiB表面层

运用渗硼技术改进金属钛及其合金的表面特性。以无水硼砂为主渗硼剂,无水碳酸钠为助熔剂和高温络合剂的渗剂体系,在电流密度为7.3 A/dm2,保温温度为900℃,通电时间为30 min的电解渗硼工艺下制备出复合硼化物表面层。通过热重与差热图谱确定几种硼砂-碳酸钠配比体系的初晶温度。对4种不同配比的渗硼剂试验得到的样品做XRD测试,分析了相结构。并对硼化物生长机理与结构进行了研究与分析。结果显示:质量比为8∶2的渗硼剂组成最优。纯硼砂电解的样品表面物相组成与二渗硼钛标准粉末的XRD完全吻合。钛金属表面主要生成TiB2与TiB;扫描电镜图像可知渗硼表面致密,TiB2与TiB分层较为明显;TiB厚度可达35μm,TiB2厚度为43μm。     

TC4钛合金表面B-Al复合渗层的组织和性能

采用固体粉末包埋渗两步法,在TC4钛合金表面先1050 ℃渗硼 4~6 h再950~1050 ℃渗铝 4 h制备出B-Al复合耐磨渗层。利用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、波谱仪(WDS)和能谱仪(EDS)、显微硬度仪和摩擦磨损试验机对复合渗层的物相组成、显微组织、微区成分、表面硬度和摩擦因数进行测试和分析。结果表明:B-Al复合渗层厚为37~115 μm,主要由TiB₂相和TiAl₃相组成,外层是弥散分布TiB₂的TiAl₃层,向内依次形成厚度较小的TiAl₂、TiAl及Ti₃Al等Ti-Al金属间化合物层。B-Al复合渗层表面硬度为1041.7~1429.4 HV0.1,约为TC4钛合金硬度的3.03~4.16倍;经1050 ℃×6 h渗B后1050 ℃×4 h渗Al,其摩擦因数约为0.3,较TC4钛合金基体下降约25%。     

工业纯钛TA2熔盐电解法渗硼的渗层生长动力学

选用硼酸钠-氯化钙体系为电解质,采用熔盐电解法在钛表面渗硼,研究熔盐温度及渗硼时间对渗层物相、形貌及渗层厚度的影响,并对渗层生长动力学进行了分析。利用XRD对渗硼试样表面进行物相分析,利用扫描电镜(SEM)观察渗硼试样的断面形貌并采用能谱(EDS)进行元素分析。结果表明:在温度为1153～1293 K、电流密度为500 A/m~2,通电15～60 min的条件下,Ti表面得到的硼化物渗层上层是均匀致密的TiB_2,下层是嵌入基体的针状TiB;在1293 K下渗硼60 min后,所得渗层中TiB_2厚度约为8.4μm。根据TiB_2渗层厚度随时间的变化关系,计算出渗层在1193、1243和1293 K的生长速率常数分别为5.85×10~(-15)、1.24×10~(-14)和2.10×10~(-14) m~2/s,TiB_2渗层生长激活能为152.02 kJ/mol。     

渗硼对60NiTi合金表面组织与性能的影响

60NiTi合金具有高硬度、低弹性模量、耐腐蚀等优点，被认为是极具应用潜力的新型航空航天轴承材料。为了进一步提升60NiTi合金的耐磨特性，本文利用固相渗硼技术对其进行了表面改性处理，研究了改性层的显微结构特征及其相结构的热力学形成机理，分析了表面改性对合金力学与摩擦学性能的影响规律。结果表明，60NiTi经1000℃-5h渗硼处理后形成了TiB₂/NiTi₂+TiB₂/Ni₃Ti的梯度涂层结构，整体厚度约20μm。渗硼后样品的表面硬度从420HV0.2提升至2600HV0.2,20N外加载荷作用下的平均摩擦系数和磨损率分别降低了约39%和92%。由于摩擦热的作用，渗硼样品表面会生成具有润滑作用的氧化硼相，因此呈现出良好的减摩耐磨特性。     

TC4钛合金表面氧化镧催渗渗硼工艺优化

以渗层厚度和表面硬度为评定依据,采用正交试验对TC4钛合金表面氧化镧催渗渗硼工艺进行优化。结果表明,渗硼温度对渗硼层影响最大,其次为渗硼时间、B₄C含量和La₂O₃含量。最优的催渗渗硼工艺为：渗硼温度1050 ℃,渗硼时间20 h,渗硼剂配比20wt%B₄C+4wt%La₂O₃+76wt%SiC。渗层表面由TiB、Ti₂B₅、TiC和Ti组成;与未添加氧化镧渗硼层相比,添加氧化镧渗硼层厚度与表面硬度明显提高,耐磨性也得到显著改善。     

TC4合金渗硼层TiB和TiB_2价电子结构与渗层硬化

计算了TiB与TiB2的价电子结构,研究了TiB、TiB2的价电子结构与TC4合金渗硼层硬化的关系。研究发现:TC4合金渗硼层的TiB2和TiB相中B-B原子键合力最强,且远大于合金基体组成原子的键合力;TiB2相最强共价键的共价电子对数nTiB2为A 0.5554,TiB相最强共价键的共价电子对数nTiB A为0.4042,因此TiB2相对基体的硬化作用更强;TiB2相的原子状态组数σN为123,而TiB相的原子状态组数σN为19,所以TiB2相的稳定性更高;由相成键能力F的计算可知,从热力学角度看,渗层中TiB应比TiB2多;共价键空间分布决定了TiB晶体易沿[010]晶向生长成短纤维状,而TiB2相易于生成高对称性的粒状或球状,故TiB2比TiB更有利于硬化基体。     

TC4钛合金低温固体稀土-硼共渗

研究了TC4钛合金在950℃低温(β转变温度以下)下进行固体稀土-硼共渗的渗层形貌、物相组成、组织性能及基体相变。结果表明,低温稀土-硼共渗,可使TC4钛合金表面获得实用的渗硼硬化层,由TiB2和TiB双相化合物组成。同1050℃高温稀土-硼共渗相比,低温渗硼层致密均匀无孔洞,而且硬度梯度和脆性得到进一步改善。低温渗硼后TC4基体为等轴组织,性能良好,能有效地防止高温(β转变温度以上)时β相形成粗晶。低温渗硼有效地改善渗层的性能,减小工件畸变。     

TC4钛合金表面氧化锆催渗渗硼工艺的优化

以渗层厚度和表面硬度为评定依据,采用正交试验对TC4钛合金表面氧化锆催渗渗硼工艺进行了优化,其中渗硼温度影响最大,其次为渗硼时间和ZrO2含量,B4C含量影响最小,最优工艺为:渗硼温度1 050℃,渗硼时间25h,渗硼剂配比(质量分数):B4C 20%,ZrO24%,SiC 76%。利用X射线衍射仪和光学显微镜对渗层的物相组成和厚度进行分析,结果表明:渗层表面主要由TiB2、TiB、TiB12、TiC、TiN组成,渗层厚度为46.67μm。与基础渗硼剂所得渗层相比,渗硼层厚度、渗层硬度、界面结合力和耐磨性都有所提高。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.     

Theoretical Analysis for the Motion and Temperature of Melt Droplets in Spray Degassing Process

The motion of melt droplets in spray degassing process was analyzed theoretically. The height of the treatment tank in spray degassing process could be determined by the results of theoretical calculation of motion of melt droplets. To know whether the melt droplets would solidify during spraying process, the balance temperature of melt droplets was also theoretically analyzed. Then proof experiments for theoretical results about temperature of melt droplets were carried. In comparison, the experimental results were nearly similar to the calculation results.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.