某高层建筑室内自然通风模拟及热舒适分析

本文取济南某小区高层住宅建筑作为计算模型,对夏季典型气候下室内自然通风情况进行了模拟及分析,分析了气象条件和建筑高度对房间自然通风和热舒适影响,得出了相同工况条件下的自然通风和热舒适性,高层房间效果要优于底层房间。     

建筑平面布局和朝向对室内自然通风影响的数值模拟

合理的建筑设计可增强室内自然通风,使室内环境的舒适性得到明显的改善。为了对比建筑设计对室内自然通风效果的作用,结合重庆市的最佳户型评选活动的部分建筑户型,利用数值分析的方法,对建筑进行了建筑布局和建筑朝向的不同设计情况下室内速度场分布、温度场分布和室内PMV分布的分析。分析表明,通过改变建筑朝向和局部改变建筑布局设计,室内产生的最大气流可从0.24 m/s增强到0.82 m/s,显著改善了室内的自然通风效果;半小时后室内温度较原朝向降低0.9℃,室内的PMV值更接近舒适。由此可见,建筑布局和建筑朝向的合理设计,是保证建筑良好室内舒适环境的前提。     

重庆夏季自然通风对住宅热舒适的影响分析

住宅非空调工况下的自然通风对室内热湿环境质量有显著影响。结合重庆地区近五年夏季逐时气象参数和民用建筑室内热湿环境评价标准,分析重庆地区居住建筑夏季自然通风的可利用率。并以该地区某一住宅为对象,测试夏季自然通风情况下的不同天气过程的室内外热湿环境参数,采用预计适应性平均热感觉指标(APMV)和预计适应性不满意者的百分数(APPD),在分析门窗开关和房间朝向对热舒适影响基础上,提出重庆地区住宅夏季自然通风运行策略。研究结论可为该地区居住建筑的设计和室内热环境的调控提供参考。     

通风降温建筑室内热环境模拟及热舒适研究

将热舒适评价标准ＰＭＶ／ＰＰＤ模型与建筑动态热模拟及计算流体动力学（ＣＦＤ）模拟相结合，分别对重庆地区自然通风房间和埋管送风通风房间进行了室内气候及热舒适性模拟与分析，结果表明，埋管系统通风降温可以改善炎热地区的室内热舒适性。     

建筑平面布局与朝向设计对室内通风的影响

建筑平面布局和朝向对室内通风都有极大的影响,合理的建筑设计可增强室内自然通风,使室内环境的舒适性得到明显的改善.本文着重从建筑平面布局和朝向两个方面进行研究,对建筑布局、建筑平面、室内设计细节以及来流入射角对室内通风的影响进行了较为详细的探讨.     

冷屋面和种植屋面在夏热冬暖地区的热湿环境实测对比研究

建筑屋面采用冷屋面或种植屋面可以改善室内热湿环境,提高建筑室内的热舒适性。研究选取厦门市某居住建筑3个朝向、功能、布局、房间尺寸、围护结构顶层房间,分别设置冷屋面、种植屋面、普通屋面(对比屋面),测试其室内热环境参数。结果表明:测试期间冷屋面房间和种植屋面房间相对普通屋面房间在夏季可分别降温0.3℃和0.6℃,在冬季可分别降温0.2℃和0.5℃,在过渡季可分别降温0.8℃和0.5℃。在夏季非空调工况下,冷屋面房间和种植屋面房间在75%舒适区域(Ⅱ级热湿环境)热感觉指标(aPMV)比普通屋面房间分别提高了0.23、0.59;在冬季非采暖工况下,冷屋面房间和种植屋面房间在不可接受舒适区域(Ⅲ级热湿环境)aPMV比普通屋面房间分别提高了0.37、0.20。通过对比,在夏热冬暖地区,在夏季非空调工况下,种植屋面对室内热湿环境的改善比冷屋面作用更明显。在冬季非采暖工况下,冷屋面对室内热湿环境的不利影响比种植屋面更明显。     

自然通风室内热舒适均匀度ADPl研究

《绿色建筑评价标准》中对自然通风时外窗的室内外风压差提出了要求,但并未考虑室内热舒适均匀度的问题.通过结合空气分布特性指标(ADPI)对天津地区过渡季自然通风室内热舒适区的确定,对不同外窗风压、房间进深及门窗组织形式进行了数值模拟计算,发现室内热舒适均匀度与室外风压、房间进深均存在比例关系,室内热舒适均匀度随室外风压的上升而下降,并给出了ADPI在不同房间进深、风压及门窗组织形式下的预测图表,供建筑师参考.     

自然通风室内热舒适均匀度ADPI研究

《绿色建筑评价标准》中对自然通风时外窗的室内外风压差提出了要求,但并未考虑室内热舒适均匀度的问题。通过结合空气分布特性指标(ADPI)对天津地区过渡季自然通风室内热舒适区的确定,对不同外窗风压、房间进深及门窗组织形式进行了数值模拟计算,发现室内热舒适均匀度与室外风压、房间进深均存在比例关系,室内热舒适均匀度随室外风压的上升而下降,并给出了ADPI在不同房间进深、风压及门窗组织形式下的预测图表,供建筑师参考。     

南京地区活动式建筑外遮阳设施对室内热环境影响

针对活动式铝合金的外遮阳百叶帘和卷帘,对夏季和过渡季节南京地区建筑室内的热环境的影响进行了计算和分析研究,指出在该地区两种活动式建筑外遮阳设施在夏季能有效改善空调房间室内热环境,但对过渡季节自然通风房间室内热环境的影响正相反。     

赣州市居民建筑自然通风室内热环境的测试分析

在自然通风下,测试了赣州城区居民建筑室内房间的逐时温度、风速、相对湿度等参数,计算房间逐时PMV-PPD值,给出赣州城区居民建筑室内可接受的有效温度范围,分析了夏季赣州市居民建筑室内的热环境情况和热舒适指标。在没有外界机械降温的情况下,室内PMV和有效温度较高,室内的热环境基本在ASHRAE舒适区之外。     

大连市过渡季节住宅室内热湿环境研究

通过调查问卷结合实际测试,研究了大连地区过渡季节民用住宅室内热湿环境状况,分析了建筑围护结构的保温性、蓄热性、住宅形式、位置和朝向等因素对室内温湿度以及居住者热湿感觉的影响,为了解目前北方地区现有住宅过渡季节室内热湿环境状况提供了参考.     

对热舒适、空气感觉质量及能耗的模拟研究

室内空调设计温度和新风量对热舒适，室内空气质量及能耗量有重要影响，然而对它们之间相互关系进行研究的文献却较少。通过计算机模拟空调系统在7种室内设计温度和7种新风量条件下的运行情况，得到不同的设计条件组合对热舒适、人体感觉空气质量及建筑能耗量的影响。基于这项分析，提出了此办公建筑合理的室内设计温度和新风量取值。     

Parametric study on the performance of green residential buildings in China

The parametric study of the indoor environment of green buildings focuses on the quantitative and qualitative improvement of residential building construction in China and the achievement of indoor thermal comfort at a low level of energy use. This study examines the effect of the adaptive thermal comfort of indoor environment control in hot summer and cold winter (HSCW) zones. This work is based on a field study of the regional thermal assessment of two typical cases, the results of which are compared with simulated results of various scenarios of “energy efficiency” strategy and “healthy housing” environmental control. First, the simulated results show that the adaptive thermal comfort of indoor environment control is actually balanced in terms of occupancy, comfort, and energy efficiency. Second, adaptive thermal comfort control can save more energy for heating or cooling than other current healthy housing environmental controls in China's HSCW zone. Moreover, a large proportion of energy use is based on the subjective thermal comfort demand of occupants in any building type. Third, the building shape coefficient cannot dominate energy savings. The ratio of the superficial area of a building to the actual indoor floor area has a significant positive correlation with and affects the efficiency of building thermal performance.     

呼和浩特市既有住宅热环境与节能改造分析

以呼和浩特市城区老旧多层住宅建筑为研究对象,采用以EnergyPlus为计算核心的DesignBuilder软件对其在原有情况下的室内温度、热舒适度以及建筑能耗进行分析,并对不同房间、不同楼层的室内热环境进行分析。根据内蒙古地区最新居住建筑节能设计标准对研究对象进行不同部分围护结构改造。以原有建筑能耗做对比,分析不同改造措施的节能效率。分析在采用节能改造措施后的住宅室内的温度、热舒适度及能耗的改善情况,提出呼和浩特市乃至内蒙古地区老旧多层住宅的热环境及节能改造措施。     

The impacts of ventilation strategies and facade on indoor thermal environment for naturally ventilated residential buildings in Singapore

The impacts of various ventilation strategies and facade designs on indoor thermal environment for naturally ventilated residential buildings in Singapore are investigated in this study based on thermal comfort index. Four ventilation strategies, nighttime-only ventilation, daytime-only ventilation, full-day ventilation and no ventilation were evaluated for hot-humid climate according to the number of thermal discomfort hours in the whole typical year on the basis of a series of TAS simulations. Parametric studies of facade designs on orientations, window to wall ratios and shading devices were performed for two typical weeks by coupled simulations between building simulation ESP-r and CFD (FLUENT). The results indicate that full-day ventilation for indoor thermal comfort is better than the other three ventilation strategies. With various facade design studies, it was found that north- and south-facing facades can provide much comfortable indoor environment than east- and west-facing facades in Singapore. It is recommended that optimum window to wall ratio 0.24 can improve indoor thermal comfort for full-day ventilation and 600 mm horizontal shading devices are needed for each orientation in order to improve thermal comfort in further.     

改善重庆住宅热环境质量的研究

对重庆住宅室内热环境状况进行了调查与实测,建立了室内热环境模拟与评价模型,利用该模型并结合计算机模拟技术,对改善住宅室内热环境的措施进行了系统分析。在此基础上,提出了重庆地区住宅热舒适性指标,为重庆地区住宅节能工作的开展提供了技术支持。     

A study of the effectiveness of passive climate control in naturally ventilated residential buildings in Singapore

Singapore has the hot and humid climate throughout the year. Many passive climate control methods are adopted in the naturally ventilated residential buildings to help achieve thermal comfort and reduce the energy consumption of air-conditioning. A field measurement and computational energy simulations were conducted to examine the effectiveness of commonly used passive climate control methods for these buildings. The effect of building orientation, façade construction, special roof system and window shading device on indoor thermal environment and cooling load was studied. The surface temperature of external wall and indoor thermal environment was measured to analyze the façade thermal performance. The cooling load was simulated to evaluate the effectiveness of various passive climate methods. Using the special roof system as thermal buffer is the most efficient method to reduce the room cooling load.     

居住建筑室内热环境低能耗营造的多目标设计方法

人居环境改善涉及重大民生问题,节能减排是国家重大战略。因此,有必要寻求合理的居住建筑设计方法,使设计方案既满足居民的室内热舒适需求又能降低建筑能耗。基于多目标遗传优化算法,建立能够对建筑设计方案进行优化、实现增加室内热舒适时间比例的同时降低建筑全年冷热负荷的居住建筑设计双目标优化模型。最后,以重庆典型户型为实例进行优化,优化后的设计方案建筑全年冷热负荷降低了47.74%,室内热舒适时间比例提高了3.94%,验证了模型的可行性和准确性。     

Courtyard design impact on indoor thermal comfort and utility costs for residential households: Comparative analysis and deep-learning predictive model

A courtyard is an architectural design element which is often known as microclimate modifiers and is responsible to increase the indoor occupant comfort in traditional architecture. The aim of this study is to conduct a parametric evaluation of courtyard design variants in a residential building of different climates with a focus on indoor thermal comfort and utility costs. A brute-force approach is applied to generate a wide range of design alternatives and the simulation workflow is conducted by Grasshopper together with the environmental plugins Ladybug and Honeybee. The main study objective is the evaluation of the occupant thermal comfort in an air-conditioned residential building, energy load, and cost analysis, derived from different design variables including courtyard geometry, window-to-wall ratio, envelope materials, heating, and cooling set-point dead-bands, and building geographical location. Furthermore, a Deep Learning model is developed using the inputs and outputs of the simulation and analysis to transform the outcomes into the algorithmic and tangible environment feasible for predictive applications. The results suggest that regarding the thermal loads, costs, and indoor thermal comfort index (PMV), there are high correlations between the outdoor weather variation and dead-band ranges, while in extreme climates such as Singapore, courtyard spaces might not be efficient enough as expected. Finally, the highly accurate deep learning model is also developed, delivering superior predictive capabilities for the thermal comfort and utility costs of the courtyard designs.     

Passive environment control system of Kerala vernacular residential architecture for a comfortable indoor environment: A qualitative and quantitative analyses

The modern day practice does not give due respect to passive and natural environment control measures in buildings. With modern materials and technology, the buildings of present architectural style results in high energy consumption, in an attempt to provide thermal comfort indoors. The vernacular architecture at any place on the other hand has evolved through ages by consistent and continuous effort for more efficient and perfect solutions. The authors have conducted a qualitative analysis of the passive environment control system of vernacular residential architecture of Kerala that is known for ages for its use of natural and passive methods for a comfortable indoor environment. The orientation of building, internal arrangement of spaces, the presence of internal courtyard, use of locally available materials and special methods of construction, etc. have together created the indoor environment. A quantitative analysis was also carried out based on field experiments by recording thermal comfort parameters in a selected building. The study has provided positive results confirming that the passive environment control system employed in Kerala vernacular architecture is highly effective in providing thermal comfort indoors in all seasons.