浮游植物叶绿素a测定方法的比较分析

本文研究了乙酸纤维滤膜、混合纤维滤膜和玻璃纤维滤膜对浮游植物叶绿素a测定结果的影响,比较了丙酮浸提法、丙酮研磨法、乙醇法和热乙醇法四种方法的稳定性和可替代性。研究表明,三种滤膜对丙酮浸提法和研磨法的测定结果无显著影响,可选择任一种滤膜。丙酮浸提法和研磨法测定结果无显著差异,可相互替换,丙酮研磨法平均损耗率为32.91%,误差较大。乙醇法和热乙醇法可相互替换,但热乙醇法的平行性较差,加热过程难控制。丙酮法测定结果普遍偏高,其中丙酮浸提法的结果明显高于乙醇法,鉴于数据的可比性和简便操作,可采用丙酮浸提法,而乙醇法值得在日后水质监测中推广。     

应用激光粒度分析仪测定油田碎屑岩粒度分布

针对MSS型激光粒度分析仪在实际应用过程中存在的问题,进行了方法改进。结果表明,为了使粒度分级格式符合石油行业标准的要求,对于宽范围的碎屑岩,采用激光干湿法结合或者筛析法与激光湿法结合的方式进行粒度测量;通过增加采样次数,使测量数据更加准确可靠;由激光法与筛析-沉降法、图像分析法的比对可知,证明激光法检测碎屑岩粒度是可行的。     

最小二乘法——有限元耦合方法

加权残数法与有限元结合是一种有实用价值的方法。本文介绍了最小二乘法一有限元耦合方法的三种类型:直接法、对称法、迭代法。对称法适用于大型程序,而迭代法适用于微机。     

Using the synthetic aperture focusing technique with velocity responses to detect the defects inside reinforced concrete structures

In civil engineering, imaging can be a useful non-destructive testing (NDT) tool for revealing defects in a concrete structure. To date, there is no effective method for imaging the defects inside in situ concrete structures. In this study, a new elastic wave-based NDT method has been developed and then applied to reveal the defects inside concrete specimens using an imaging method. This method integrates the point-source/point-receiver method with the synthetic aperture focusing technique (SAFT) to achieve a scanning effect when using a phase array system. This method operates with a large functioning depth because the transient elastic wave method possesses a high-energy feature, whereas the traditional ultrasonic method does not. As an alternative to using displacement responses, this method uses velocity responses to construct the SAFT image. Based on the numerical simulation and the experimental results, using the proposed method allowed a high image quality to be produced and successfully revealed defects underneath a layer of rebars. The results of this study indicate the great potential for using the elastic wave-based imaging method to inspect defects in situ concrete structures.     

地下结构横截面地震反应拟静力计算方法对比研究

对目前地下结构横截面地震反应计算中广泛采用的地震系数法、自由场变形法、土-结构相互作用系数法、反应位移法、反应加速度法等多种拟静力方法进行介绍及分析。以大开地铁车站地震反应为例进行数值模拟,通过改变输入地震波、结构刚度、土层刚度以及结构埋深对各种拟静力计算方法的适用性进行了研究,将不同方法的计算结果与动力时程分析方法结果进行了对比。研究结果表明:反应加速度法与动力时程分析方法符合较好,表明该方法在常见地下结构环境条件下具有良好的适用性与计算精度,可以用于地下结构的抗震反应分析。     

求解一类含阻尼的强非线性系统的改进多尺度方法

将改进LP方法参数变换思想直接应用到多尺度方法中,提出一种改进的多尺度方法,对含有阻尼的Duf-fing系统自由振动摄动解进行研究,得出了该类问题摄动解的显示表达式,这是使用MLP方法无法得到的。和数值计算比较的算例表明,所得方法计算结果与数值计算结果非常接近。     

感性设计方法的意义和价值

目的感性直觉方法在设计实践中是常见的一种思维方法,但相关的理论研究相对薄弱。在强调现代设计的理性精神和方法的同时,也要认识到感性设计方法的合理性及其价值,明确感性设计方法是理性设计方法的有益补充。旨在探究感性设计方法价值和意义的具体所指。方法以情感体验、直觉感受的艺术设计方法论和设计符号学与产品语义学的视觉文化设计方法论,对感性设计思维方法特征进行梳理,以悦目动心的设计、有意味的形式、创造的进化3个角度与理性设计思维方法的差异进行分析研究。结论感性设计思维与理性设计思维两者之间是此消彼长的对应互补关系;感性设计方法是历史悠久的设计方法,并依然被许多设计师推崇;感性设计方法在"感性消费时代"、"创感时代"以及营造"艺术化生存"方面具有积极意义和价值。     

二维非均质材料应力场的数值化计算方法

等效夹杂方法是求解含杂质材料弹性应力场的一种有效方法,但是其解析求解只适用于椭球/椭圆类杂质问题。本文提出一种基于等效夹杂方法的数值化计算方法,介绍了其基本理论,并引入共轭梯度法求解该方法的一致性条件线性方程组。该方法通过计算区域的数值离散,能够实现对二维任意形状杂质弹性场的求解。将该方法得到的结果与解析解进行比较,验证了该方法的有效性。讨论了数值化等效夹杂方法在效率以及收敛性上的表现。通过对比证明,利用共轭梯度法实现该方法,能在保持精度的同时,相较于高斯消元法具有较大的效率优势。最后通过半椭圆杂质和氧化锆/氧化铝共挤复合材料算例验证了该方法处理任意形状杂质的能力。     

Assessment of methods for computing the closest point projection,penetration, and gap functions in contact searching problems

In computational contact mechanics problems, local searching requires calculation of the closest point projection of a contactor point onto a given target segment. It is generally supposed that the contact boundary is locally described by a convex region. However, because this assumption is not valid for a general curved segment of a three‐dimensional quadratic serendipity element, an iterative numerical procedure may not converge to the nearest local minimum. To this end, several unconstrained optimization methods are tested: the Newton–Raphson method, the least square projection, the sphere and torus approximation method, the steepest descent method, the Broyden method, the Broyden–Fletcher–Goldfarb–Shanno method, and the simplex method. The effectiveness and robustness of these methods are tested by means of a proposed benchmark problem. It is concluded that the Newton–Raphson method in conjunction with the simplex method significantly increases the robustness of the local contact search procedure of pure penalty contact methods, whereas the torus approximation method can be recommended for contact searching algorithms, which employ the Lagrange method or the augmented Lagrangian method. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Uncertainty analysis of elastostatic problems incorporating a new hybrid stochastic-spectral finite element method

This article aims to present a combination of stochastic finite element and spectral finite element methods as a new numerical tool for uncertainty quantification. One of the well-established numerical methods for reliability analysis of engineering systems is the stochastic finite element method. In this article, a commonly used version of the stochastic finite element method is combined with the spectral finite element method. Furthermore, the spectral finite element method is a numerical method employing special orthogonal polynomials (e.g., Lobatto) and quadrature schemes (e.g., Gauss-Lobatto-Legendre), leading to suitable accuracy, and much less domain discretization with excellent convergence as well. The proposed method of this article is a hybrid method utilizing efficiencies of both methods for analysis of stochastically linear elastostatic problems. Moreover, a spectral finite element method is proposed for numerical solution of a Fredholm integral equation followed by the present method, to provide further efficiencies to accelerate stochastic computations. Numerical examples indicate the efficiency and accuracy of the proposed method.     

An ensemble evolution numerical method for solving generalized density evolution equation

The key issue of the probability density evolution method (PDEM) is to solve a generalized density evolution equation (GDEE). Previously, the GDEE was solved in the framework of the point evolution method which is essentially a zero-order ensemble evolution method. In this paper, a first-order ensemble evolution method is proposed aiming at increasing the accuracy and robustness of the PDEM. The main idea of the proposed method is to incorporate information of standard deviation of each probability subdomain into the probability density evolution equation (PDEE) by introducing an ensemble velocity term. Compared with the point evolution method, the proposed method can truly reflect the fluctuation of a stochastic dynamic system. In order to estimate the ensemble velocity term accurately, a piecewise quadratic polynomial fitting method is also proposed. In addition, a GF-discrepancy based point selection method and a finite difference scheme that is total variation diminishing are adopted to solve the new PDEE. A single-degree-of-freedom oscillator, a Riccati equation and a 2-span 8-storey frame structure are investigated in detail to demonstrate the advantage of the proposed method over the original one.     

A general approach of least squares estimation and optimal filtering

The least squares method allows fitting parameters of a mathematical model from experimental data. This article proposes a general approach of this method. After introducing the method and giving a formal definition, the transitivity of the method as well as numerical considerations are discussed. Then two particular cases are considered: the usual least squares method and the Generalized Least Squares method. In both cases, the estimator and its variance are characterized in the time domain and in the Fourier domain. Finally, the equivalence of the Generalized Least Squares method and the optimal filtering technique using a matched filter is established.     

Dissolution Profiles of Ceftizoxime Suppository

Abstract

The in vitro dissolution rates of ceftizoxime suppository were compared using a rotating dialysis cell method, a dialysis membrane method and the JP XI rotating basket method. Only small variations in the dissolution rates were found with the rotating dialysis cell method and the rotating basket method, while the dialysis membrane method indicated rather large variation than other methods. In the rotating basket method, it was observed that a part of suppository bases came out through the wire mesh of the basket and spread over the surface of the dissolution medium. In the case of dialysis membrane method, it seemed that the large variations in dissolution rate was depending on a skill of the apparatus used.

As to obtain a good results, a selection of the rotating dialysis cell method was important. In vitro dissolutions of Ceftizoxime(CZX) suppository by using the rotating dialysis cell method were very rapid and also consistent with the absorption characteristics reported previously by Motohiro after rectal dose in pediatric subjects.     

非线性精细积分方法及其在拟动力试验中的应用

将精细积分方法和预估-校正Adams-Bashforth-Moulton多步法相结合,构造了一种避免状态矩阵求逆、隐式预估-校正、四阶精度的精细积分多步法,可用于多自由度结构体系的非线性地震反应分析。基于精细积分多步法,构造了一种实用的显式拟动力试验数值积分方法,该方法在成倍地增大时间步长后的计算精度比中心差分法高,稳定性较好,试验工作可大量减少。最后,将本文显式方法应用于组合筒体结构拟动力试验中。     

Dissolution Profiles of Ceftizoxime Suppository

The in vitro dissolution rates of ceftizoxime suppository were compared using a rotating dialysis cell method, a dialysis membrane method and the JP XI rotating basket method. Only small variations in the dissolution rates were found with the rotating dialysis cell method and the rotating basket method, while the dialysis membrane method indicated rather large variation than other methods. In the rotating basket method, it was observed that a part of suppository bases came out through the wire mesh of the basket and spread over the surface of the dissolution medium. In the case of dialysis membrane method, it seemed that the large variations in dissolution rate was depending on a skill of the apparatus used.

As to obtain a good results, a selection of the rotating dialysis cell method was important. In vitro dissolutions of Ceftizoxime(CZX) suppository by using the rotating dialysis cell method were very rapid and also consistent with the absorption characteristics reported previously by Motohiro after rectal dose in pediatric subjects.     

显微栅线投影相关法及其在三维形貌测试中的应用

基于数字图像相关法解调被物体高度调制的投影栅线平移量的原理，提出了显微栅线投影相关法的概念。该方法是栅线投影法和数字图像相关方法相结合的产物，用于测量微结构的三维形貌和离面变形。系统阐述了该方法的测量原理和详细的标定过程，研究了该方法在微薄膜挠度测量中的应用。测量结果表明，显微栅线投影相关法简单易行，测试结果可靠，配合高速图像采集系统，可用于微结构的动态测试，从而为实现微结构动、静态测试展现了新的应用前景。     

修改的MPA法用于连续刚构桥的抗震性能分析

弹塑性时程分析方法是计算桥梁结构地震响应较为严格的分析方法,但该方法工作量大,计算复杂,不利于工程师进行结构设计。采用基于模态的Pushover分析方法(MPA法),对某高墩连续刚构桥梁进行抗震性能分析,根据建筑结构设计规范,要求振型参与质量之和需达到90%。通过理论分析,提出以振型贡献率提取振型参与计算的加载模式,剔除振型贡献参与质量比低于1%的振型,对高墩大跨连续刚构桥进行了推覆分析。这样既避免了全部模态参与计算的繁琐,又考虑了高阶振型的影响,并与弹塑性时程响应结果进行了对比。计算结果表明,修改的MPA法(MMPA法)应用于高墩连续刚构桥的抗震性能分析是可行的。     

A k-space method for large-scale models of wave propagation in tissue

Large-scale simulation of ultrasonic pulse propagation in inhomogeneous tissue is important for the study of ultrasound-tissue interaction as well as for development of new imaging methods. Typical scales of interest span hundreds of wavelengths. This paper presents a simplified derivation of the k-space method for a medium of variable sound speed and density; the derivation clearly shows the relationship of this k-space method to both past k-space methods and pseudospectral methods. In the present method, the spatial differential equations are solved by a simple Fourier transform method, and temporal iteration is performed using a k-t space propagator. The temporal iteration procedure is shown to be exact for homogeneous media, unconditionally stable for “slow” (c(x)⩽c₀) media, and highly accurate for general weakly scattering media. The applicability of the k-space method to large-scale soft tissue modeling is shown by simulating two-dimensional propagation of an incident plane wave through several tissue-mimicking cylinders as well as a model chest wall cross section. A three-dimensional implementation of the k-space method is also employed for the example problem of propagation through a tissue-mimicking sphere. Numerical results indicate that the k-space method is accurate for large-scale soft tissue computations with much greater efficiency than that of an analogous leapfrog pseudospectral method or a 2-4 finite difference time-domain method. However, numerical results also indicate that the k-space method is less accurate than the finite-difference method for a high contrast scatterer with bone-like properties, although qualitative results can still be obtained by the k-space method with high efficiency. Possible extensions to the method, including representation of absorption effects, absorbing boundary conditions, elastic-wave propagation, and acoustic nonlinearity, are discussed     

On Solving the Direct/Inverse Cauchy Problems of Laplace Equation in a Multiply Connected Domain,Using the Generalized Multiple-Source-Point Boundary-Collocation Trefftz Method &Characteristic Lengths

In this paper, a multiple-source-point boundary-collocation Trefftz method, with characteristic lengths being introduced in the basis functions, is proposed to solve the direct, as well as inverse Cauchy problems of the Laplace equation for a multiply connected domain. When a multiply connected domain with genus p (p>1) is considered, the conventional Trefftz method (T-Trefftz method) will fail since it allows only one source point, but the representation of solution using only one source point is impossible. We propose to relax this constraint by allowing many source points in the formulation. To set up a complete set of basis functions, we use the addition theorem of Bird and Steele (1992), to discuss how to correctly set up linearly-independent basis functions for each source point. In addition, we clearly explain the reason why using only one source point will fail, from a theoretical point of view, along with a numerical example. Several direct problems and inverse Cauchy problems are solved to check the validity of the proposed method. It is found that the present method can deal with both direct and inverse problems successfully. For inverse problems, the present method does not need to use any regularization technique, or the truncated singular value decomposition at all, since the use of a characteristic length can significantly reduce the ill-posed behavior. Here, the proposed method can be viewed as a general Trefftz method, since the conventional Trefftz method (T-Trefftz method) and the method of fundamental solutions (F-Trefftz method) can be considered as special cases of the presently proposed method.     

A point collocation method based on reproducing kernel approximations

A reproducing kernel particle method with built‐in multiresolution features in a very attractive meshfree method for numerical solution of partial differential equations. The design and implementation of a Galerkin‐based reproducing kernel particle method, however, faces several challenges such as the issue of nodal volumes and accurate and efficient implementation of boundary conditions. In this paper we present a point collocation method based on reproducing kernel approximations. We show that, in a point collocation approach, the assignment of nodal volumes and implementation of boundary conditions are not critical issues and points can be sprinkled randomly making the point collocation method a true meshless approach. The point collocation method based on reproducing kernel approximations, however, requires the calculation of higher‐order derivatives that would typically not be required in a Galerkin method, A correction function and reproducing conditions that enable consistency of the point collocation method are derived. The point collocation method is shown to be accurate for several one and two‐dimensional problems and the convergence rate of the point collocation method is addressed. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.