Kuppelproduktion und Umweltpolitik: Eine Fallstudie zur Chlorchemie und zur Schwefelsäureindustrie

Joint Production and Environmental Policy: A Case Study for the Chlorine and Sulphuric Acid Industry The chemical industry is a key sector of industrialised economy. Thus, environmental policy with a focus on the chemical industry is likely to affect the economy as a whole. In this article we show, that environmental regulation of the chemical industry has major consequences for other production sectors. Two major problem areas of the chemical industry are considered: the chlorine industry and the sulphur industry. While the chlorine industry can cope with environmental legislation by process and product innovation without a substantial impact on other sectors, this is not the case with the sulphur industry. The production of its key product, sulphuric acid, utilises joint products of other sectors as inputs. The chemical industry offers these sectors the possibility to dispose of their unwanted by-products. Environmental policy, directed towards a reduction of sulphuric acid is likely to cause a waste disposal problem in sectors which manufacture sulphur or sulphur dioxide as by-products. Solving environmental problems within the chemical industry therefore creates new problems in other sectors.     

Untersuchungen zur Umlagerung von Olefinepoxiden und Epoxyfettstoffen

Investigations of Rearrangement of Olefine Epoxides and Epoxy Fatty Material The rearrangement of terminal and inner olefine epoxides and of some epoxy fatty material by different catalysts especially hydrohalogene acids into the corresponding carbonyl compounds was investigated. The time-dependency of the isomerization reaction was determined and yield/time curves were established. Especially hydroiodic acid was found to be a suitable isomerization catalyst for inner olefine epoxides and epoxy fatty material. The correponding keto compounds could be obtained preponderantly with good yields. Terminal aliphatic olefine epoxides, however, were rearranged to methylketones with poor yields, only.     

Phasengleichgewichtsmodelle zur Synthese und Auslegung von Trennprozessen

Phase Equilibrium Models in the Synthesis and Design of Separation Processes. While approximately 20 years ago the design of separation processes required expensive and time consuming experiments, modern thermodynamic models nowadays allow a reliable prediction of the phase equilibrium behavior of multicomponent systems using binary data alone. If binary data are not available, group contribution methods can be applied to predict the real behavior. These methods have been developed for the prediction of vapor-liquid equilibria. The range of application and the reliability of these models were improved by modification of the model, definition of new main groups and introduction of temperature dependent parameters. Especially promising models arise on utilising g^E-mixing rules in cubic equations of state. These models can be applied for the calculation and prediction of phase equilibria of strongly polar systems, including supercritical compounds. At the same time these models allow the calculation of densities, thermodynamic properties, etc.     

Technologien zur Sanierung von Bodenkontaminationen und Altlasten

Technologies for the clean-up of soil contamination and older burdens . Older burdens as a consequence of fast industrialization and soil contamination by leakage and accidents require fast clean-up. Sealing measures and storage on disposal sites postpone solution of the problem to some day in the future. Thermal treatment and washing entail extensive earth-moving operations. They have a high energy requirement and are expensive. Microbiological processes presently under development are expected to yield less expensive solutions. The degradation properties of soil microflora or specially cultured microorganisms are exploited for this purpose. Treatment of lower-lying contamination requires an adequate oxygen supply at the site of action.     

Planung und Auswertung von Ringversuchen zur Ermittlung der Wiederholbarkeit und Vergleichbarkeit

Planning and Evaluation of Collaborative Tests for the Determination of Repeatability and Reproducibility The aim of collaborative tests is to determine the precision of analytical methods. Repeating measurements in a certain laboratory variances of results appear. If measurements of the same kind are repeated in different laboratories on a certain material, the variance of the results is still higher, according to experience. These two kinds of variances are called “repeatability” and “reproducibility” respectively. Rules are stated, by which collaborative studies may be planned in order to determine the two kinds of variances; among them a rule for the necessary number of participants and analyses. Then, a simple and clear method is described, by which the repeatability and reproducibility can be calculated. The method operates without the presumption of normality, that otherwise is often needed for statistical evaluations. The method is explained by an example.