Mischen und organische Reaktionen in der chemischen Industrie

Mixing and Organic Reactions in the Chemical Industry Mixing is one of the most important unit operations in the chemical industry. In addition to classical mixed vessels, static mixers are often used too. However, for several years now, micro technology is becoming more and more common practice in process development. Especially in chemical engineering micro technology becomes a very valuable tool for research and development. Micro reaction technology is used for the optimization of existing and the development of new processes. Microstructured mixer and heat exchangers are used to overcome heat and mass transfer limitations to show the potential of a chemical reaction. First examples for the application of micro technology beyond the laboratory scale are already know.     

Definition und Messung der Mischgüte in flüssigen Gemischen

Definition and measurement of quality of mixing in liquid mixtures. The relative deviation from homogeneity of a mixture can be defined in various ways. These expressions are adapted to the various methods of measuring the degree of mixing and the mixing time: probe methods; color change of chemical indicators; decoloration proportional to the conversion of a reaction; increase in temperature arising from heat of reaction. A comparative study of the various methods is presented (see also [1] in English language).     

Rationelle Wärmenutzung und -versorgung in der chemischen Industrie

Rational utilization and supply of thermal energy in the chemical industry . The development of energy consumption since 1960 is considered, paying special attention to the consumption trends in industry and the position and consumption structure of the chemical industry. The need for maximum exergonic utilization in steam supply is clearly seen. The various possibilities of energetic utilization are then illustrated for an example of steam supply. Utilization of steam from process waste heat is considered as an illustration, and some comments on the pertinent engineering are made. The possibilities and dangers of condensate recovery from process heat exchangers are mentioned in conclusion.     

Aspekte zur Schadensverhütung und Risikobetrachtung in der chemischen Industrie

Aspects of loss prevention and consideration of risks in the chemical industry . When dealing with questions of safety and loss prevention, a distinction must be made between the terms danger, safety, source of danger, and risk. Relevant sources of danger are tabulated. The risk in breakdowns is discussed at length in terms of the factors incidence rate and damaging effect with the aid of recent literature. Access to incidence rates is provided by logic diagrams which are of great value on a qualitative basis for loss prevention. The basic requirements for a quantitative treatment are considered and the problems arising with quantitative results are discussed. Loss prevention can be achieved by reducing incidence rates and/or damaging effects.     

Dia- und Ultrafiltration – Stofftrennverfahren in der chemischen Industrie

Dia- and ultrafiltration – separation processes in the chemical industry . The use of ultrafiltration membranes for purification and concentration of chemical or biotechnological products has a wide scope of application in industrial practice. Continuing development and improvement of membranes, and especially the increasing availability of favourably priced membranes for these applications, is increasing the use of these separation processes in chemical production. The present contribution deals with theoretical principles, potential applications, and aspects of industrial practice of these separation methods. Above all, the topic is surveyed from an industrial viewpoint.     

Ionenaustauscher und Adsorber — vielseitige Hilfsmittel der chemischen Industrie

Ion exchangers and adsorbers – versatile aids in the chemical industry . Ion exchangers and adsorbers are nowadays available in such a wide range of universally applicable or specialist products that they are widely used in industrial chemistry. New applications are discovered each year. Hence their originally predominant use in water treatment has meanwhile been extended and diversified by numerous further applications.     

Anlagenplanung und Anlagenbau für die Rohstoffversorgung der chemischen Industrie

Design and construction of plant for the supply of raw materials to the chemical industry . This article presents a brief review of the historical development of the chemical industry in Germany, as dominated by coal chemistry, and of the subsequent use of petroleum as raw material. There follows an account of developments to date regarding the supply of Bayer AG with chemical raw materials in the form of petrochemical feedstocks and petrochemicals and of the plant construction undertaken to this end at the Bayer-BP subsidiary company EC Erdoelchemie GmbH founded in 1957. Particular attention is focussed on the expansion phase of EC involving investment to the tune of DM 900 m in the period of 1975 to 1979. The article closes with an account of international trends in plant construction initiated primarily by the continuous steep rise in oil prices since the first oil crisis of 1973.     

Aufgaben,Leistungen und Ziele der Instandhaltung in der chemischen Industrie

Duties, performance, and objectives of maintenance services in the chemical industry . In the West German chemical industry, about DM 5000 million will be spent on maintenance in 1979. This figure is only slightly less than the amount to be spent on reserch or capital investment. The expenditure ensures peak performance from production installations and the infrastructure as a whole and a high level of plant safety. Increasing costs and reduced earnings demand greater efforts on the part of all maintenance services. The remedy in the past lay in preventive maintenance, but much higher targets are being set today: planning of easily maintainable plants, early recognition of damage; rationalisation of maintenance techniques; work preparation and scheduling; quality control; integration of spare parts inventories; standardisation, etc. The difficult task for the future will be to find solutions to the rising labour costs and various human problems.     

Produktionslogistik in der chemischen Industrie

Logistics in the manufacture of chemical products. This survery covers the fields of location analysis, organization of operational material flow, and materials management, all of which are interlocked with each other. Logistics problems with location analysis lie in the area of infrastructure, procurement, and distribution. The organization of the operational material flow has to be based on a closed concept, taking simultanously into consideration interests of production techniques and of logistics. Special attention has to be paid to the reciprocal effect of plant and storage capacity. With complex production structures simulation models should be used, including a statistical model of the market demands, systematic variation of material flows, and grouping of technical equipment. Target is a minimization of total cost. For market oriented operation of complex productions, integrated materials management systems have to be employed. The systems supply a transparent material flow starting from the market demands via the control of production up to the procurement of raw materials.     

Produktansatzbildung beim Erhitzen und Eindampfen flüssiger Lebensmittel

Formation of deposits from liquid foods on heated surfaces during heating and evaporation . In the past, deposit formation on heated surfaces in food processing has been investigated by considering the whole of the deposited material. This precluded reaction kinetic studies and it was therefore impossible to introduce preventive measures. However, ultrafiltration of milk and whey has now furnished model systems in which deposit formation by proteins and salts can be studied separately. The tendency for deposit formation of proteins is similar to the denaturation reaction of whey proteins. The heat sensitive native proteins in the liquid are deposited preferentially on surfaces already covered with reactive proteins. The deposition of milk salts is determined by the degree of supersaturation of the solution. For milk salts deposition, an activation energy was found which is typical for diffusion processes.     

Strukturwandel in der Ingenieurtechnik der chemischen Industrie – Wege zum Partner und Unternehmer

Structural Change of Engineering Units in the Chemical Industry – Ways of Becoming a Partner and Entrepreneur. Structural change must not be misunderstood as only observing staffing levels or methods of organisation. On the contrary, the cost/benefit-relation is much more important. A balanced relation of a company's own personnel and the contractor's has to be considered. Structural change means also change of mind set: The task of management is nowadays to implement a culture of operational profit instead of a culture of demands. It is becoming more and more important to cooperate in a team. This cooperation starts early in defining the project aims, includes analysing all functions, looking for alternatives regarding cost/benefit-aspects and is based on a clear, structured analysis of the problem instead of quick solutions.