密云区致泻大肠埃希菌耐药性及耐药基因研究

目的 建立密云地区腹泻患者致泻大肠埃希氏菌的毒力基因及耐药基因数据库.方法 采集腹泻患者粪便样本,通过实时荧光定量聚合酶链式反应(polymerase chain reaction,PCR)方法鉴定致泻大肠埃希氏菌并确定毒力基因,采用微量肉汤稀释法确定耐药性,采用普通PCR方法对耐药基因进行检测.结果 2112份粪便样...     

食品和腹泻患者分离耐环丙沙星大肠埃希菌耐药特征及耐药机制的比较研究

目的从食品和腹泻患者中分离耐环丙沙星大肠埃希菌进行耐药性及相关分子特征的研究。方法从645株食品和腹泻患者来源的大肠埃希菌中确定21株(3.3%)环丙沙星耐药菌株,并对分离株进行药敏试验,采用聚合酶链式反应和核苷酸序列分析技术对环丙沙星耐药菌株进行喹诺酮类染色体、质粒编码耐药机制、超广谱β-内酰胺酶耐药机制及系统发育分型研究。结果 21株环丙沙星耐药菌株均为多重耐药菌株,所有菌株分别在gyrA、parC和parE发生1~4个点突变,其中16株菌携带了质粒介导的喹诺酮耐药基因,包括oqx A、oqxB、qnrS、aac(6')-Ib-cr和qepA,同时所有分离株均携带bla基因。结论本研究提示食品和腹泻患者来源的耐环丙沙星大肠埃希菌耐药机制具有多样性的特点,编码耐药基因质粒存在潜在的传播可能,对公众健康产生巨大威胁。需进一步开展此类耐药菌株的监测,为研究此类菌株在食品和人群中的可能传播和评估其对人群的健康风险提供基础数据。     

Taqman探针荧光PCR法检测食品中的大肠埃希氏菌O145

针对大肠埃希氏菌O145的O抗原基因簇的wck D基因的特异性序列设计引物和Taqman探针,建立检测大肠埃希氏菌O145的荧光PCR方法,对其灵敏度、特异性进行验证,并将其用于食品样品的检测。结果表明,本研究中的方法可实现对大肠埃希氏菌O145的特异性扩增,其它27株非O145大肠埃希氏菌和20株非大肠埃希氏菌细菌的菌株均无扩增;检测的灵敏度可达165拷贝/反应;339份食品样品EC肉汤增菌后用本荧光PCR法进行检测,检出大肠埃希氏菌O145阳性31份,阳性率为9.1%。实验结果表明,本研究成功建立了可用于食品中大肠埃希氏菌O145的Taqman探针荧光PCR方法,食品样品采用EC肉汤增菌24 h、热裂解法提取核酸,增菌后检测所需时间由至少3 d~7 d缩短为仅需2 h~3 h,食品检测全过程仅需约28 h,经证实本方法特异性强、操作简便,为食品中大肠埃希氏菌O145提供了一种的快速检测手段。     

5 类致泻性大肠埃希氏菌多重荧光PCR检测方法的建立

目的：建立快速检测和鉴别5?类致泻大肠埃希氏菌的多重实时荧光聚合酶链式反应（polymerase chain reaction,PCR）方法。方法：根据5?类致泻大肠埃希氏菌的11?组毒力基因eae、stx1、stx2、ipaH、uidA、estla、estlb、aggR、pic、elt、astA建立多重实时荧光PCR方法,该方法包括A、B?2?个反应体系,可分别检测肠致病性大肠埃希氏菌、肠出血性大肠埃希氏菌、肠侵袭性大肠埃希氏菌、肠产毒大肠埃希氏菌、肠聚集性大肠埃希氏菌,优化反应体系的引物、探针浓度以及PCR反应条件,并对该方法的灵敏度和特异性进行检测。结果：11?组基因的探针和引物均可特异性地扩增相应的基因片段,A体系检测下限可达到2.6×104?copies/反应,B体系检测下限可到达2.2×104?copies/反应。结论：本研究所建立的多重实时荧光PCR方法可以对同一样本同时采用A、B?2?个反应体系进行检测,不但可以确定待测样本是否为大肠埃希氏菌,而且还能判定其致病型别。为大肠埃希氏菌的临床检测、疾病预防以及爆发溯源等提供参考。     

食源性沙门氏菌携带质粒介导的喹诺酮类耐药基因的液相芯片检测技术研究

目的:建立应用新型液相芯片技术检测食源性沙门氏菌携带的质粒介导喹诺酮类耐药(PMQR)基因中4种基因:qnrS、aac(6’)-Ib-cr、oqxA、oqxB的方法。方法:针对食源性沙门氏菌携带的qnrS、aac(6’)-Ib-cr、oqxA、oqxB四种PMQR基因,设计对应引物和微球,采用液相芯片技术对7株标准菌株进行特异性实验;对4株各含1种PMQR基因的食源性沙门氏菌进行重复性和灵敏度实验;然后检测来自食源性风险监测的71株耐喹诺酮类沙门氏菌,和普通PCR进行对比实验。结果:成功建立了液相芯片技术检测食源性沙门氏菌携带的qnrS、aac(6’)-Ib-cr、oqxA、oqxB四种PMQR基因的方法,携带qnrS基因的耐药株检出限为5 CFU/mL、携带aac(6’)-Ib-cr基因的耐药株检出限为25 CFU/mL、携带oqxA和oqxB基因的耐药株检出限为10 CFU/mL。所有阳性判定结果荧光中位值(MFI)均≥5倍阴性对照组。重复性实验变异系数(CV)均小于5%,特异性实验结果特异性100%,阴性菌株无阳性信号反应。qnrS检出率29.6%(21/71)、aac(6’)-...     

广州市蔬菜类凉拌菜中微生物污染状况调查及大肠埃希氏菌耐药现象研究

;目的 了解广州市蔬菜类凉拌菜的微生物污染状况及大肠埃希氏菌耐药情况,为食源性疾病的预防和控制提供科学依据。方法：从广州市的超市、集贸摊点采集300份凉拌菜,依据GB 4789-2016进行微生物检验,用VETIK 对检出的大肠埃希氏菌进行药敏试验,PCR法检测致泻性大肠埃希氏菌毒力基因。结果：300份样品中大肠菌群检出率为41.7%,大肠埃希氏菌检出率为6.7%,金黄色葡萄球菌检出率为2.0%,未检出沙门氏菌。药敏结果显示大肠埃希氏菌对头孢唑啉的抗性最高(40.0%)、其次为氨苄西林(30.0%),对其它受试抗生素不具有耐药性,且无多重耐药菌株。20株大肠埃希氏菌中检出3株致泻大肠埃希氏菌。结论：广州地区蔬菜类凉拌菜中存在较为严重的微生物污染,食源性大肠埃希氏菌具有一定的耐药现象,应加大卫生监督力度,保障食品安全。     

3种方法检测食品中致泻大肠埃希氏菌检测能力验证结果分析

目的提高食品中致泻大肠埃希氏菌的检测能力,促进实验室检测能力的提高。方法参照GB4789.6-2016《食品微生物学致泻大肠埃希氏菌检验》方法进行检测,采用VITEK 2 Compact全自动细菌鉴定系统进行生化鉴定、血清学鉴定,对可疑菌落进行普通PCR确证试验。同时使用多重实时荧光PCR法以及基质辅助激光解析电离飞行时间质谱(matrix-assisted laser desorption ionizationtime-of-flight mass spectrometry,MALDI-TOF-MS)分析鉴定可疑菌落。结果国标法和多重实时荧光PCR法能准确鉴定出目标菌,MALDI-TOF-MS可以检测大肠埃希氏菌,但无法区分致泻大肠埃希氏菌和肠出血性大肠埃希氏菌。结论 3种方法各有优劣,同时使用,综合判断,能确保试验结果准确快速。     

6类致泻大肠埃希氏菌多重PCR检测体系的建

目的 构建食源性致泻大肠埃希氏菌高效、快速、特异性强的检验方法。方法 根据6类致泻大肠埃希菌11种毒力基因引物, 采用煮沸法制备细菌基因组DNA作为模板构建致泻大肠埃希氏菌单菌多重PCR检测体系; 采用试剂盒法制备细菌基因组DNA作为模板构建6类菌十重PCR检测体系, 对2种检测体系进行优化并对其进行特异性、重复性验证。结果 构建了6类致泻大肠埃希氏菌多重PCR检测体系, 包括单菌多重PCR、6类菌十重PCR检测体系。仅6类致泻大肠埃希氏菌阳性菌株有特异性条带产生; 不同类型致泻大肠埃希氏菌菌株均检出其特异性阳性条带, 该多重PCR检测方法重复性好, 稳定性强。结论 该方法可高效快速地确定待测样是否为大肠埃希氏菌及其致病型, 为食品中致泻大肠埃希氏菌的监控、预警及爆发引起食物中毒后溯源等提供参考。     

6类致泻大肠埃希氏菌多重PCR检测体系的建立

目的构建食源性致泻大肠埃希氏菌高效、快速、特异性强的检验方法。方法根据6类致泻大肠埃希菌11种毒力基因引物,采用煮沸法制备细菌基因组DNA作为模板构建致泻大肠埃希氏菌单菌多重PCR检测体系;采用试剂盒法制备细菌基因组DNA作为模板构建6类菌十重PCR检测体系,对2种检测体系进行优化并对其进行特异性、重复性验证。结果构建了6类致泻大肠埃希氏菌多重PCR检测体系,包括单菌多重PCR、6类菌十重PCR检测体系。仅6类致泻大肠埃希氏菌阳性菌株有特异性条带产生;不同类型致泻大肠埃希氏菌菌株均检出其特异性阳性条带,该多重PCR检测方法重复性好,稳定性强。结论该方法可高效快速地确定待测样是否为大肠埃希氏菌及其致病型,为食品中致泻大肠埃希氏菌的监控、预警及爆发引起食物中毒后溯源等提供参考。     

2016年江苏省食源性疾病患儿中致泻大肠埃希氏菌毒力基因分布与耐药性特征

目的 了解江苏省食源性疾病患儿中致泻大肠埃希氏菌的流行状况、不同毒力基因型的分布和对抗生素的敏感性特征。方法 从江苏省各设区市的三甲医院共收集3566例食源性疾病患儿的粪便或肛拭子标本进行致泻大肠埃希氏菌检测, 用实时荧光定量PCR进行毒力分型, 用微量肉汤稀释法进行药敏实验。结果 江苏省食源性疾病患儿中, 共检出致泻大肠埃希氏菌104株, 总检出率为2.9%(104/3566)。在5种毒力基因型致泻大肠埃希氏菌中, 肠聚集性大肠埃希氏菌、肠致病性大肠埃希氏菌是主要的毒力基因型, 分别占61.5%(64/104)、26.9%(28/104)。致泻大肠埃希氏菌对氨苄西林耐药率最高, 达71.2%, 其次为四环素和萘啶酸, 分别为59.6%和54.8%。未发现亚胺培南耐药菌株。多重耐药率为75.0%。结论 肠聚集性大肠埃希氏菌是导致江苏省儿童食源性疾病最主要的致泻大肠埃希氏菌。约95%以上的致泻大肠埃希氏菌对头孢他啶、头孢西丁敏感, 100%对亚胺培南敏感。耐药率及多重耐药率高, 应加强致泻大肠埃希氏菌耐药性监测及临床抗生素合理使用。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Announcing a new international peer-reviewed journal:Food Science and Human Wellness now accepting manuscript submission in English

<正>We are pleased to announce the launch of a new international peer-reviewed journal-Food Science and Human Wellness,ISSN 2213-4530,which is an open access journal,produced and hosted by Elsevier B.V.on behalf of Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.Food Science and Human Wellness is an international peer-reviewed English journal that provides a forum for the dissemination of the