Effect of insulator profiles on DC flashover voltage under pollutedconditions. A study using a dynamic arc model

From field experience and laboratory tests, it has been observed that the contamination flashover voltage of insulators used on DC lines is more influenced by geometry (diameter and profile) than those used on AC lines. Presented in this paper are the results and analysis of a study of the effect of insulator shapes on the DC contamination flashover voltage. A dynamic arc model is used for this purpose. The salient feature of the model is that it takes into account the geometry of the insulator at every instant of the arc propagation, and thus includes the role of geometry in the contamination flashover process. A variety of porcelain cap and pin insulator geometries that are widely used in practice have been evaluated using this model. Nonuniform pollution distribution on insulators, which is more representative of field conditions, has also been considered, and its effect on the flashover voltage has been evaluated for the various geometries. Results are in good agreement with the experimental findings. Use of the model as a design tool to select type and number of insulators for HVDC transmission lines has been illustrated     

A new flashover dynamic model of polluted HV insulators

In this work, a model based on field criterion has been developed to represent the flashover phenomenon, which occurs due to surface pollution on high voltage insulators, under ac voltage. The values of potential and electric field on an insulator surface have been determined using the finite element method (FEM). The open model of the insulator has been used for calculating the resistance in series with the arc, in addition to the values of the leakage current and the arc gradient. As a new approach, this dynamic model uses Lagrange multipliers for the solution of the pollution flashover problem. Both the impedance and the electric field criterion have been used for the propagation of arc on the surface. A computer program called NFDM (new flashover dynamic model) has been developed to achieve this. The results obtained from the program have been compared with theoretical and experimental results of other researchers.     

Critical condition of DC flashover on a circular sector model

In order to find the electrical size which determined the critical condition of flashover, the authors have examined the propagation of the discharge on surface under DC voltage in a new laboratory model which has a continuous and radial current distribution. This model is a vat having a circular sector form of variable angles, radiuses and depths filled by an electrolyte. The obtained results on this model show that for a given resistivity of electrolyte: if the current distribution in the horizontal plane is uniform according to the sector angle, the applied critical voltage and the critical current per unit of angle (1deg) are constant for all sectors of various angles, if the current distribution in the vertical plane is uniform according to the depth, the critical flashover voltage and the critical current per unit of the electrolyte depth (1 mm) are constant for all the depths. These results lead to the critical conditions of flashover to be determined by the current per unit of angle and per unit of electrolyte depth (A/deg/mm)     

Polluted insulator flashover model for ac voltage

Considerable theoretical and experimental research on polluted insulators has yet to yield a perfect generalized mathematical model which can predict accurately critical flashover voltages and currents. In this paper an ac model has been proposed especially applicable to static arcs. The salient feature of the proposed model is that it takes into account the appropriate selection of arc constants for different chemical nature of the pollutants. The computed results closely follow the experimental curves and can predict rms value of critical flashover voltages with a mean absolute error (MAE) of <4%. The validity of the model was verified by comparing the computed results of rms critical flashover voltages and currents against experimental and theoretical data of other researchers for a number of practical insulators of different geometries and good agreement has been obtained     

串联附加电感的电感测量方法

介绍一种快速测量发电机、变压器等感性绕组电感的方法,即采用同一化方法并进行动态测量。在测量回路中串联一个附加电感,同时对被测电感和附加电感进行动态测量,然后将结果相除．使得无需求解电流导数值,消除了由于采用离散采样的数值微分法近似求解电流导数值带来的误差。经计算机仿真,证明了其准确性。     

基于回转器-电容模型的变压器漏感的研究

回转器-电容模型是一种较新的描述磁性元件的电路模型.本文根据能量相等的基本原理推导变压器漏感在回转器-电容模型中的表现形式.文中具体给出了几种典型变压器的漏感能量求法,并对应回转器-电容模型给出了表征漏磁通的漏磁导电容值的求法;讨论了变压器绕组采用交错换位绕法后漏磁通发生的变化.通过一个立式变压器、平面变压器验证了漏磁导电容计算方法的有效性.     

Novel grounded inductance simulator using single OTRA

In this paper, a method to realize a grounded inductor using single operational transresistance amplifier is presented. The simulated inductance value can be controlled independent of realizability condition. The non‐ideality analysis of the circuit is also given. The workability of the proposed simulated inductance is demonstrated through two applications namely, a band pass filter and an oscillator. PSPICE simulation and experimental results agree well with the theoretical values. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Parameterisation effect on the behaviour of a head-dependent hydro chain using a nonlinear model

This paper is on the problem of short-term hydro scheduling (STHS), particularly concerning a head-dependent hydro chain. We use a method based on nonlinear programming (NLP), namely quadratic programming, to consider hydroelectric power generation a function of water discharge and of the head. The method has been applied successfully to solve a test case based on a realistic cascaded hydro system with a negligible computational time requirement and is also applied to show that the role played by reservoirs in the hydro chain do not depend only on their relative position. As a new contribution to earlier studies, which presented reservoir operation rules mainly for medium and long-term planning procedures, we show that the physical data defining hydro chain parameters used in the nonlinear model have an effect on the STHS, implying different optimal storage trajectories for the reservoirs accordingly not only with their position in the hydro chain but also with the new parameterisation defining the data for the hydro system. Moreover, considering head dependency in the hydroelectric power generation, usually neglected for hydro plants with a large storage capacity, provides a better short-term management of the conversion of the potential energy available in the reservoirs into electric energy, which represents a major advantage for the hydroelectric utilities in a competitive electricity market.     

A nonlinear model of AC-field-induced parametric waves on a watersurface

So-called parametric excitations occur as a result of a time-dependent change in a parameter (e.g., rigidity, gravitational acceleration, etc.) of a system. A parametric excitation, manifested as a wave, can be formed on the surface of a conductive liquid, e.g., water, by application of an alternating electric (AC) field perpendicular to the surface. It has been shown previously, using a linearized analysis, that the time dependence of this electrohydrodynamic phenomenon can be described mathematically by the Mathieu equation. This result is useful for predicting the wave length and frequency of the parametric wave, but it predicts unlimited growth and therefore cannot determine the resulting amplitude or phase. This paper presents a nonlinear extension of the linear model, resulting in the Mathieu equation with a nonlinear (cubic) term added. The nonlinear equation enables a prediction of the phase of the finite wave with respect to the exciting AC field. A method to calculate the nonlinear coefficient is introduced, based on the nonlinear increase in the capillary force as the wave amplitude grows. Viscous dissipation in the liquid is considered, and a practical value of the damping coefficient is derived. A spatially sinusoidal wave shape is assumed, but an asymmetric variation of the model can accommodate different curvatures of the upward and a downward phases of the wave. The model explains why electric discharging above a water surface often occurs after the applied electric field has started to decline from its peak. Experimental measurements (obtained using a channel of water) of wave amplitude and phase are compared with predictions from the model     

变压器电磁耦合模型中动态电感的计算方法

变压器瞬时电感参数计算是备受关注的研究内容。本文结合变压器直流偏磁问题,基于能量平衡原理计算动态电感。建立变压器电磁耦合模型,求解时变非线性磁场,利用局部线性化方法获取系统能量,从而计算动态电感;通过电路求解时域电流,并回馈磁场实现耦合。在此基础上模拟变压器直流偏磁电磁特性,分析在不同直流扰动下动态电感与非线性励磁的对应关系,并总结其规律。搭建实验平台,对比实测数据与计算结果,验证本文所采用方法的准确性。     

Experimental investigation of surface flashover in vacuum using nanosecond pulses

Based on a Marx generator and a coaxial pulse forming line, an experimental investigation of surface flashover characteristics in vacuum is conducted by using nanosecond pulses of 10 ns rise time and 30 ns full width at half maximum (FWHM). Insulator dielectrics chosen for this investigation are Teflon, PMMA and Nylon. The tested factors include gas pressure, cone angle of conical frustum, diameter and length of cylindrical insulator, material and shape of electrode, and contact style between insulator and electrodes. The effects of these parameters on the surface flashover characteristics are described and analyzed in this paper. In addition, the character of flashover time lag in the nanosecond range, and surface flashover theory in vacuum charged by nanosecond pulses are also discussed.     

A／D转换器的动态非线性模型辨识

本文提出了一种辨识A/D转换器动态非线性参数模型的方法。A/D转换器的动态模型由Volterra级数描述。用高阶谱很容易辨识出Volterra核。计算机模拟证明了方法的正确性。     

一种新的三绕组自耦变压器的非线性建模

自耦变压器的精确建模在分析变压器运行于磁饱和区域的特性时至关重要。从单相三绕组自耦变压器的电磁关系入手,推导出折算到高压侧的三绕组自耦变压器的等效电路。给出模型中的线性绕组漏阻抗参数和非线性激磁阻抗参数的计算方法,并详细介绍了利用磁等值回路图得到激磁电抗非线性电感的方法。然后给出了利用JA磁滞模型编程实现非线性电感的方法。最后通过FORTRAN语言在PSCAD中搭建三绕组自耦变压器模型。仿真结果验证了所建模型能够准确地反映自耦变压器的非线性特性。     

A combined engineering model for the analysis of switching surge flashover characteristics of long air gaps

The flashover characteristics of long air gaps submitted to switching surge voltages may be predetermined by use of a mathematical model of leader propagation. The present model is developed from each combination of previous engineering models, and is also applied to positive rod-to-plane geometries with gap lengths up to 20 m. However, four parameters to determine leader propagation with respect to our model are adjusted in the present calculation so as to fit experimental flashover voltages and calculated flashover voltages which depend on waveforms of the applied voltage and gap length. The calculations show that these parameters are only a function of gap length. Our combined engineering model using parameters that depend on gap length allows the flashover characteristics of long air gaps to be easily determined with a microcomputer.     

覆冰绝缘子交直流闪络场路模型的研究

该文建立了覆冰绝缘子的交直流闪络场路模型,该模型将覆冰绝缘子的闪络分为空气间隙击穿前电弧的起始、空气间隙击穿后电弧在冰表面的发展和临界闪络判定3个阶段。通过对空气间隙击穿前后覆冰绝缘子电场分布的计算,并结合覆冰绝缘子闪络电路模型中电弧的E-I特性和U-I特性,求取覆冰绝缘子的临界闪络电压和电流,进而求取闪络过程中的U-I特性和I-t特性,并可以避免用电路模型采用简化公式计算覆冰各参量所产生的误差。通过与其他理论模型计算结果和真实覆冰绝缘子的试验结果的比较,对该文所建立模型进行了验证。     

Developing measuring inductance strategies on a direct current machine using a DC source with magnetic saturation

This article describes a novel measuring inductance strategy on direct current (DC) machines. Measuring self‐inductance and mutual‐inductance in rotating machines is always a very challenging task over a few decades. A significant challenge in modeling electric machines is to obtain their variables and parameters as accurate as possible. The method developed in this paper using a DC source for measuring the inductance in a DC machine overcomes some problems associated with traditional methods by using an alternating current source. In particular, it enables the field winding to carry its rated DC. This approach has demonstrated the feasibility of taking measurements for inductance in a DC machine and providing its field current that is sufficient to lead magnetic saturation, such that the flux can be kept the same as the supplied flux to the running DC machine. The proposed method for measuring both self‐inductance and mutual inductance of the DC machine armature winding coils has played a main role in modeling DC machines under a wide range of operating conditions. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Construction and levitation guidance experiment of magnetic levitation system without gap sensors using inductance model of thin steel plates

Recently, the noncontact conveyance methods that are applied magnetic levitation techniques have been studied in many institutes. In this paper, from the view point of practical use, the authors construct a magnetic levitation system without using gap sensors which have been essential for the conventional magnetic levitation of thin steel plates. This system adopts both current sensors and Hall‐effect sensors in place of the gap sensors. In addition, we consider the peculiar inductance characteristics of magnetic levitation for a thin steel plate. Moreover, we conduct the levitation, guidance, conveyance and disturbance experiments.     

A nonlinear lumped circuit model for gunn diodes

A nonlinear lumped circuit model for Gunn diodes which includes the effects due to domain extinction and nucleation phenomena is presented. The model is based upon physical principles and allows an arbitrary nonlinear drift velocity curve v(E) and a nonlinear diffusion curve D(E) to be specified by the user. It is valid for simulating arbitrary Gunn-diode circuits operating in any matured high-field domain mode, or in the LSA mode. Under additional assumptions, the model simplifies to other existing models. Several computer-simulated examples of Gunn-diode circuits operating under both steady-state and transient regimes are presented. Finally, a rigorous definition of a ‘DC’ I-V curve for Gunn diodes is offered and shown to be rather useful for predicting the qualitative behaviour of Gunn-diode circuits during all time intervals where a matured domain exists.