电压稳定分析的潮流算法研究

研究了一种新型的用于电压稳定分析的潮流算法,它可充分考虑电力系统各种类型元件的模型,将常规潮流方程与动态元件的状态方程联立求解,同时解出系统中各个节点的电压、相角以及各种动态元件内部的状态变量。它考虑了系统中各种极限情况,消除了对于PV,PQ及平衡节点等的假设,使计算结果更加接近于系统的实际运行情况。采用上述潮流模型的连续潮流算法,对一个试验系统进行了电压稳定临界点的计算,并与常规潮流算法进行了比较。     

Preventive control based on complex-valued load-flow technique to avoid voltage instability in power systems

This paper presents a method for obtaining preventive control strategies based on nonlinear optimization for power systems which will incur voltage instability when load demand increases. An algorithm is proposed to determine an appropriate and effective control action taking into account the operating constraints to widen the margin between the present operating point and a voltage collapse point, thereby improving the system state. The method proposed here is based on a complex-valued load-flow technique using the Newton-Raphson method which has been developed already by the authors. Consequently, the preventive control algorithm also can evaluate the voltage instability in the event the present operating point becomes closer to the critical point and the system state becomes unfeasible at increased loading point. Further, in optimization, two-types of objective functions are introduced so that voltage stabilization and dissolution of constraint violation can be attained simultaneously. In addition, this paper discusses the extension of the proposed preventive control to the successive control method which carries out the control action to avoid voltage collapse while the load demand is increasing. Numerical examples for various model systems demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.     

Determination of voltage stability limit in multimachine powersystems

A method of determining the load limit and the critical state of a general multimachine power system is presented. In the method, the search for the load limit is formulated as an optimization problem. With this formulation, difficulties related to singularity of the load-flow-equations Jacobian matrix, and convergence of the load-flow solution around the voltage stability limit, are avoided. Modification to the basic formulation to allow consideration of load-voltage characteristics is also shown. A voltage stability margin is defined which may serve as a measure of the security of a given operating condition from voltage instability or collapse. Results of application of the proposed method to the AEP 14-bus network are presented     

Determination of probabilistic risk of voltage collapse using radial basis function (RBF) network

This paper describes a viewpoint for voltage stability assessment accounting uncertainties in line parameters and settings of reactive power control variables. A probabilistic risk of voltage collapse, however small it may be, is always present if system parameters and control variables are treated as random variables. Such uncertainties become important if operating point of system is near to voltage collapse point. Monte-Carlo simulation has been used to evaluate probabilities of voltage collapse for various operating conditions. Static voltage stability limit for various sampled values of system parameters and control variables have been obtained using continuation power flow methodology. Monte-Carlo simulation is a time-consuming process. Hence, a radial basis function (RBF) network has been used to get probabilistic risk of voltage collapse. Training and testing instances have been generated using Monte-Carlo simulation. The algorithm developed has been implemented on two standard test systems.     

开放电力市场环境下的电压稳定性评估

传统垄断结构下电力输电系统的设计和运行原则之一是运行点不常接近安全边界。然而在新的开放电力市场环境下,电力系统的运行点倾向于越来越接近于安全边界;在这一环境下,如果无功功率支持不足,就可能出现电压失稳。文章提出一种计算静态电压稳定极限点的崩溃点(Point of Collapse)算法。由于崩溃点算法特殊的优越性,该算法得到广泛的关注;然而,其方程的维数约为普通潮流方程的两倍,且不易采用稀疏矩阵技术,故其在大系统中的应用存在困难。针对这一问题提出一种算法,其程序可构筑在标准潮流程序基础上。以新英格兰39母线测试系统为例,验证了所提算法的有效性。计算结果表明该算法计算精确且计算高效。     

线性模拟法求解电力系统静态电压稳定裕度

文章提出一种快速,准确,实用的求解静态电压稳定裕度的线性模拟法,在求解过程中以灵敏度指标的变化特征作为临界点位置的判据,考虑了电力系统中各种非经恶性循环因素的变化,如发电机无功出力限制,负荷的静态特性,ＡＧＣ,ＯＬＴＣ调节作用等,使静态电压稳定工的求解更加符合电力系统的实际运行状况,同时,该方法还考虑了单负荷节点,区域,全网等不同的负荷增长方式下系统的功率裕度,基于该算法的电压稳定分析软件为运行人     

河源电网电压优化控制应用探讨

针对河源电网夏丰方式下的电压越限问题,分别以网损最小、电压偏移最小和二者结合为目标,采用原-对偶内点法及Matpower潮流优化程序,通过调节主变压器抽头、并联无功补偿装置容量以及电源出力,在考虑负荷裕度的指标下,实现对电网电压及网损的优化控制.该优化方法在河源电网应用后,极大地改善了该区域的电压质量、降低了网损,表明...     

一种识别静态电压稳定分岔点的混合方法

基于连续潮流法和崩溃点法,提出了识别和计算极限诱导分岔点和鞍结分岔点的2阶段混合算法。该方法结合了连续潮流法和崩溃点法各自的优点,并能考虑到所有发电机（包括平衡发电机）的功率限制。在第1阶段中应用常规的连续潮流法,加大步长快速穿越崩溃点;第2阶段通过分析比较,选用不同的算法精确识别和计算崩溃点。对IEEE 118节点和IEEE 300节点试验系统的计算结果表明,该算法能准确地识别静态电压稳定崩溃点,并有效地解决连续潮流计算中平衡发电机功率越限问题。     

Application of continuation power flow method in radial distribution systems

The paper presents a set of equations (SOE) comprising voltage magnitude and nodal real/reactive power balance equations to model a radial distribution system (RDS). The voltage equations in the SOE have dual roots. Then a Newton–Raphson (NR) method is presented to solve the SOE to determine the voltage solution of an RDS. This NR method is extended using the continuation technique to trace the P–V curves and to determine the maximum loading point of an RDS. Implementation of the proposed method on some common RDS and a 5002-bus RDS is demonstrated. An interesting characteristic of the path traced by the minimum singular value of the system Jacobian during the application of the continuation method for a system with shunt capacitors is reported. An analysis of a simple 4-bus system with and without a capacitor demonstrates that the presence of capacitive load creates multiple positive regions of σ_min. One positive region exists when the system is healthy (before collapse). The second region exists in between collapse point and the point where an increase in the load creates reactive power flow reversal on the source line.     

Efficient starting point of load-flow equations

Load flow is the solution of the static operating state of an electric power transmission system and is the most frequently computer-performed power system calculation.

In this paper, an initial linear solution of the load-flow equations is developed taking into consideration the decoupling principles, i.e. the active power depends on the voltage angle and the reactive power on the voltage magnitude.

This initial decoupled linear solution is utilized as the starting point for the solution of the load-flow equations using such numerical methods as the fast linear method, Newton's decoupled method and the Gauss—Seidel method. Its performance is compared with that of the flat starting point (V = 1.0 p.u., D = 0.0 radians). The test power systems used to test its performance are these of the standard 14, 30, 57 nodes IEEE test power systems.     

基于扩展潮流模型的电力系统电压稳定分析

提出一种追踪系统PV曲线并判断其电压崩溃类型的改进算法。它采用扩展潮流模型，应用连续潮流方法。给出新的发电机电流极限约束的直接处理算法，解决了计及发电机电流约束时，潮流难于收敛和不易精确求出电压崩溃点的问题；对不易精确求得的极限诱导分岔点，通过在连续潮流法的校正步骤中将关键的极限约束方程作为附加方程来快速而精确地求解。New-England 39节点系统和IEEE118节点系统算例表明该模型和算法的有效性和合理性。     

A new power sensitivity method of ranking branch outagecontingencies for voltage collapse

The objective of this paper is to present a powerful procedure for identifying severe single branch outage contingencies with respect to saddle-mode bifurcation induced voltage collapse, given a power system operating point, a load demand forecast, and a generation dispatch. The new power sensitivity ranking algorithm for voltage collapse, called λ/MVA sensitivity, provides more accurate "distance to collapse" estimates than linear admittance sensitivity, yet requires only slightly more computation time. The distinguishing features are the ability (1) to rank all branches in a large-scale power system quickly, and (2) to estimate the outage contingency bifurcation values accurately. As an illustration, the new λ/MVA sensitivity ranking algorithm can estimate all 6689 single branch outage contingency bifurcation points (λ*_ctgc) of a 3493 bus power system within 3% relative error, except for two branches within 7%, in less than 4 min on a 180 MHz PentiumPro PC     

Probabilistic load-flow computation using point estimate method

A new probabilistic load-flow solution algorithm based on an efficient point estimate method is proposed in this paper. It is assumed that the uncertainties of bus injections and line parameters can be estimated or measured. This paper shows how to estimate the corresponding uncertainty in the load-flow solution. The proposed method can be used directly with any existing deterministic load-flow program. For a system with m uncertain parameters, it uses 2m calculations of load flow to calculate the statistical moments of load-flow solution distributions by weighting the value of the solution evaluated at 2m locations. The moments are then used in the probability distribution fitting. Performance of the proposed method is verified and compared with those obtained from Monte Carlo simulation technique and combined simulation and analytical method using several IEEE test systems.     

综合考虑负荷增长和多预想故障的静态电压失稳预防控制策略

提出的综合的静态电压失稳预防控制策略以最小控制代价为目标,综合考虑了负荷增长方式和多预想故障条件下的静态电压稳定裕度约束对系统静态电压稳定性的影响。该策略分2步进行:首先考虑负荷增长的影响,若系统在未来运行点不满足静稳指标,则找出系统的薄弱区域和负荷最安全变化方向,在此方向进行合理的无功补偿;其次考虑多预想故障条件下系统的静态电压稳定裕度约束,并引入关键故障集的概念求解计算优化策略,施加控制措施后再进行扫描确定新的关键故障集,循环直至对所有故障都满足裕度要求。IEEE-39节点算例证明了该综合预防控制策略的有效性。     

A new intelligent algorithm for online voltage stability assessment and monitoring

This paper presents a new approach for assessing power system voltage stability based on artificial feed forward neural network (FFNN). The approach uses real and reactive power, as well as voltage vectors for generators and load buses to train the neural net (NN). The input properties of the NN are generated from offline training data with various simulated loading conditions using a conventional voltage stability algorithm based on the L-index. The performance of the trained NN is investigated on two systems under various voltage stability assessment conditions. Main advantage is that the proposed approach is fast, robust, accurate and can be used online for predicting the L-indices of all the power system buses simultaneously. The method can also be effectively used to determining local and global stability margin for further improvement measures.     

防止交直流联合系统电压崩溃措施的研究

在应用崩溃点法求得交直流联合系统电压崩溃点的基础上,利用左特征向量W和电压崩溃边界曲面Σ之间的关系计算出提高交直流联合系统负荷功率裕度的最优控制方向。在此基础上,研究可提高交直流联合系统负荷功率裕度、防止电压崩溃发生的交流系统措施和直流系统措施。     

计及磁饱和的同步发电机内电势幅值测量方法

在直接测量转子位置获取同步发电机内电势相位的基础上,给出了同步发电机内电势幅值的准确直接计算方法,该方法的准确性只依赖于机端电压、机端电流、发电机功角等电气测量结果的准确性,与同步发电机参数无关。同时,基于内电势幅值和相位的准确测量,给出了能够计及磁路饱和影响的同步发电机定子与转子间互感电抗和同步电抗的计算方法,并基于正态分布参数估计理论,给出电抗计算结果的置信区间和点估计值,实际算例表明,所述方法准确可靠。     

CORRESPONDENCE: DISCUSSION OF “GENERALIZED ANALYSIS AND PERFORMANCE OF RELUCTANCE MOTORS”

Abstract

Based on the boundary theorems developed in [1], a method of voltage stability analysis referred to as the Eigen-Structure Analysis method, is developed that does not require the complicated nonlinear programming calculations for evaluation of the closest boundary condition corresponding to a given power network operating point with voltage controlled and PQ buses. An algorithm for determining the stability margin and its sensitivity to bus voltages and bus injections is proposed which is capable of handling large scale power systems by utilizing the sparse matrix techniques for saving computation time and memory space. The Eigen-Structure Analysis method is applied to a number of test system models. The simulation results confirm the theory and show that the proposed stability margin decreases monotonically to zero when the system approaches voltage collapse. Simulation results for 30-bus New England Test System are included in this paper.     

STRONG CONTROLLABILITY AND OBSERVABILITY AND THEIR EFFECTS ON TRANSIENT STABILITY OF POWER SYSTEMS

ABSTRACT

An algorithm is developed for identifying bus clusters called control areas that have strong local controllability and observability property for measurements and controls at the buses or on generators within the control area. Two types of control areas are identified; one that is based on weak boundaries of the reactive power voltage jacobian and is called voltage control area; the other is based on the jacobian of both real and reactive power balance equations with respect to voltage and angle at network buses. The two control areas are identical under light load conditions, but are different as the system approaches voltage collapse or poorly damped low frequency oscillations. The understanding of strong controllability and observability in terms of real power angle dynamics and reactive power voltage dynamics (voltage control areas) and the strong controllability and observability of voltage and angle dynamics (control areas) helps understanding of voltage instability and inter-area oscillations.     

KOHONEN NEURAL NETWORK CLASSIFIER FOR VOLTAGE COLLAPSE MARGIN ESTIMATION

ABSTRACT

Owing to frequent black-outs world wide, voltage collapse has received much attention in the electric utilities industry. This paper presents an artificial neural network based method for on-line voltage collapse margin estimation. Homotopy Continuation based Newton-Raphson method is used to drive system operating point to knee of nose curve. The distance of operating point from critical point, measured in terms of system loading may be regarded as margin to voltage collapse. This paper utilizes Kohonen classifier to estimate margin so that computational efforts are reduced compared to conventional methods. Also there is ample of saving in training time compared to error back propagation for parameter estimation. Kohonen neural network classifier transforms input patterns into neurons on the 2-dimensional grid. Power system conditions are assigned to neurons on the grid based on self-organized feature mapping. Finally these neurons are allocated voltage collapse margins corresponding to their system conditions representation. The effectiveness of the proposed technique is tested on sample systems.