Identification of substances responsible for the ‘sawdust’ aroma in oak wood

The unpleasant ‘sawdust’ odour sometimes found in wines aged in new barrels was studied by gas chromatography olfactory detection and mass spectrometry. A particular aromatic zone has several chromatographic peaks, corresponding to certain characteristic odours which can be detected by smelling the gas effluent. These include the subtle rancid, weedy odour of ‘sawdust’. Various carbonyl components have been identified in this particular zone. These include (E)-2-nonenal, 3-octen-1-one, (E)-2-octenal and 1-decanal. These molecules are the primary cause of disagreeable oak wood odours. By measuring (E)-2-nonenal in wines, after derivation by O-(2,3,4,5-pentafluobenzyl)-hydroxilamine (PFBOA), it was possible to correlate the concentration of this unsaturated aldehyde with the intensity of the ‘sawdust’ character noted in tasting. The possible explanations for the presence of these carbonyl compounds are debatable. The carbonyl content varied from one wood sample to another. However, controling the toasting of the wood, both in the laboratory and in the cooperage, produced a major reduction in the extractable (E)-2-nonenal content and eradicated the ‘sawdust’ character of the wine. © 1998 SCI.     

Differential synthesis of fermentative aroma compounds of two related commercial wine yeast strains

The specific impact of the yeast strain on the wine flavour and aroma has not been well characterised yet because this effect is usually combined with other variables during the winemaking. In this study, the contribution to wine flavour of two Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains widely used in wine production, VIN13 and EC1118, was evaluated after fermentation at 15 °C. Chemical defined grape juice media fermented with the EC1118 strain showed higher solvent, fatty and pineapple aroma attributes, while that fermented with the VIN13 strain exhibited higher banana, fruity, yeasty and green attributes. Sensorial and chemical analyses evidenced that the production of flavour-active compounds is significantly affected by the yeast strain, as well as by the temperature of fermentation, as shown by comparing the former data with those from fermentations carried out at 28 °C under identical culture conditions.     

青梅酒香气成分的研究

采用顶空-气相色谱-质谱法对浸泡青梅酒的香气成分进行了分析,共鉴定出21种化合物,其中相对含量较高的物质为乙酸乙酯、异丁醇、异戊醇、苯甲醛、苯甲酸乙酯。通过比较浸泡基酒、青梅汁及青梅酒3者的香气成分,得出苯甲醛和苯甲酸乙酯为青梅浸泡过程中形成的典型性香气成分;以叔戊醇为内标物,利用气相色谱法对青梅酒的5种主要香气成分进行了定量分析,测得其含量依次为64.56、142.80、135.23、37.25、11.10mg/L。     

狗牙腊梅鲜花精油香气组分鉴定与分析

采取GC-MS联用技术,对超临界CO₂萃取的狗牙腊梅鲜花精油产品的香气组分进行鉴定分析,从两批不同原料生产的精油样品中分别鉴定出96种和100种香气成分,占各样品香气成分总峰面积的98.33%和99.53%。结果分析表明,批次1精油（样品1）的香气成分中以烯烃类和醇类物质为主,主体成分有壬醛、芳樟醇、罗勒烯等;批次2精油（样品2）香气成分中以烯烃类和醛类物质为主,主体成分有戊醛、1,3-戊二醇、甲苯等。两者含量较高的香气物质种类大致相似,相同的成分有62种;不同生产批次腊梅精油产品的同一组分香气物质的含量也存在较大差异,如2-硝基乙醇和（-）-斯巴醇在样品1中含量较高,在样品2中并未检出。本文还对主要香气组分对狗牙腊梅鲜花精油香气特征的贡献进行了讨论,为其生产加工及其产品的应用提供了理论依据。      

GC-MS对非酿酒酵母菌发酵赤霞珠葡萄酒香气成分的检测

以新疆石河子地区葡萄自然发酵过程中分离鉴定的7株非酿酒酵母菌为主要发酵菌种,以工业菌株为对照,研究了混合发酵赤霞珠葡萄酒香气成分的气相色谱-质谱联用仪分析结果。结果表明,共检测到香气成分16种,其中酯类物质7种,醇类6种,其他香气物质3种。以Y10（Hanseniaspora sp.）孢汉逊酵母属发酵的7#赤霞珠葡萄酒的主要优势特征香气为：苯乙醇、1,3-丁二醇、2-甲基-丙醇、1-己醇、辛酸乙酯、丁酸乙酯、己酸乙酯、琥珀酸二乙酯、乙酸己酯,且相对含量高于其他菌株和对照工业菌株。     

蜂蜜菊芋酒香气成分分析

利用二氯甲烷提取蜂蜜菊芋酒中的香气成分,采用气相色谱-质谱（GC-MS）法进行检测分析。结果表明,蜂蜜菊芋酒中共鉴定出53种香气成分,占总检出挥发成分的98.80%,其中包括醇类15种（43.97%）、酯类15种（43.47%）、酸类14种（8.61%）、酮类3种（0.94%）、醛类2种（0.59%）。相对含量较大的香气成分有苯乙醇（27.87%）、苯乙酸乙酯（12.54%）、乙酸乙酯（9.65%）、十四酸乙酯（4.73%）、月桂醇（4.70%）、琥珀酸单乙酯（4.25%）、戊酸乙酯（3.86%）、十四酸（3.02%）、3-甲基丁醇（2.28%）、苯基异丁基-氨基甲酸酯（2.05%）。表明蜂蜜菊芋酒中香气成分丰富,赋予了产品独特的风味。     

苹果酒、醋中香气物质分析

采用GC-MS法对'95-54'、'95-117'苹果酒、醋中的香气物质的种类与含量进行检测分析.95-54苹果酒中检测出48种香气物质,占总峰面积的90.36％.95-54苹果醋中检测出42种香气物质,占总峰面积的98.66％.95-117苹果酒中检测出43种香气类物质,占总峰面积的86.59％.95-117苹果醋中检测出49种香气物质,占总峰面积的99.37％.这些香气物质主要是醇类、醛类、酮类、酸类、酯类、缩醛类和萜烯类.分析得出不同品种的苹果酒和苹果醋都存在一定的共性和差异,苹果酒和醋之间的香气差异也均符合酒醋基本特征.     

荔枝酒酿造过程香气成分变化的研究

通过固相微萃取结合GC-Ms技术分析荔枝与荔枝酒的香气成分及其变化趋势.结果表明:荔枝汁的香气物质主要是烯萜类和醇类;随着酿造过程的进行,烯萜类物质逐渐减少,到了发酵后期,烯萜类物质几乎消失;醇类物质随着酿造的进行呈先上升后下降的变化趋势.总酯类物质的含量明显上升.     

生姜梨酒的研制及香味成分分析

以梨和生姜为原料研制复合型果酒。通过单因素试验,分别考察了初始糖度、酵母接种量、发酵时间和初始pH等4个因素对生姜梨酒酒质的影响,采用正交试验和验证试验,确定了生姜梨酒最佳的发酵工艺条件：初始糖度21%、生姜梨汁质量比1∶30、接种量8%、初始pH4.0、发酵时间8 d。采用气相色谱-质谱分析技术对生姜梨酒的香味成分进行分析表明：生姜梨酒中分析检测出24种香味成分,主要为醇类和酯类物质,占所有挥发性香味成分的90%以上。在最佳发酵工艺条件下,生姜梨酒酒液颜色清亮,梨和生姜的复合香气舒适,酒体丰满,口感醇厚,酸甜适中。     

静态顶空-气相色谱法测定葡萄酒中主要香气成分研究

摘 葡萄酒的香气成分反映了葡萄酒质量和生产工艺,通过对葡萄酒的主要香气组分及含量的分析测定对于指导葡萄酒生产过程控制和提高葡萄酒风味质量具有重要意义。以采用正交试验、静态顶空-气相色谱法研究了样品量、平衡温度、平衡时间、离子强度等影响因子对静态顶空-气相色谱测定葡萄酒中香气物质的影响,选择了最佳的分析条件,用酒样标准加入法对葡萄酒中香气成分进行定量。结果表明,该方法不仅在质量浓度范围内有良好的线性关系,而且稳定性好、准确度高、成本低、是适宜推广的测定葡萄酒中主要香气成分的方法。     

樱桃酒酿造用产香酵母的筛选及其特征香气成分分析

为提升杏酒品质,该研究以西南地区特色凯特杏为原料,以感官品评作为评价指标,在单因素试验的基础上,采用响应面法优化杏酒的发酵条件。结果表明,杏酒最佳发酵条件为采用D254酵母,发酵温度25 ℃、杏浆与水体积比4.4∶1、酵母接种量1.2 g/L、初始糖度21 °Bx、发酵时间7 d。在此优化条件下,酿造的杏酒呈金黄色、澄清透明,杏果香和醇香协调,酒体柔和,典型性强,并测得其酒精度为12.27%vol,还原糖含量为5.12 g/L,总酸含量为8.87 g/L,感官评分为85.45分。通过气相色谱-质谱仪（GC-MS）共检测出29种风味物质,主要为醇类和酯类等。     

果酒酿造工艺及香气成分研究进展

具有丰富营养价值和独特风味的低度果酒越来越受消费者青睐。该文对果酒酿造工艺中酵母菌筛选、稳定性改善、脱苦处理、混合果酒开发以及果酒中香气成分的来源、提取和分析方法进行阐述,并简要概括了目前果酒酿造中存在的问题,为果酒酿造和果酒品质的深入研究提供参考。     

洋葱酒陈酿前后香气成分变化研究

将发酵制得的洋葱酒置于10℃～15%陈酿180d,采用固相微萃取法提取、富集陈酿前后洋葱酒的香气成分,经气质联用进行分离与分析,比较陈酿前后洋葱酒的香气成分之间的差异.结果表明,分别鉴定出陈酿前后各40种香气化学成分.共占其色谱流出组分总量的95.02%和97.49%.其主要是酯类、含硫化合物、醇类和酸类等,并对其陈酿前后香气物质的变化进行了初步的分析.结果表明,陈酿后洋葱酒具有较好的感官质量.     

沙棘原汁澄清处理对沙棘酒香气成分的影响

为研究沙棘原汁澄清处理对沙棘酒发酵速度和香气成分形成的影响,利用果胶酶对沙棘原汁进行澄清处理。分别对沙棘澄清汁和未处理的沙棘原汁调整到糖度23%、pH3.7,然后接入0.18%的活性干酵母于28.5℃下发酵,陈酿后采用气-质联用仪（GC-MS）对各发酵酒进行香气成分检测。结果表明:以澄清汁为原料发酵的沙棘酒中检测出58种香气化合物;原汁发酵的沙棘酒中检测出52种香气成分,其中有28种非两者共有,产生了非常明显的香气差异。主要香气成分为3-甲基-1-丁醇和辛酸乙酯,用澄清汁发酵的沙棘酒其相对含量分别为31.24%和10.40%,较原汁发酵的沙棘酒分别提高了16.45%和5.32%。因此表明对沙棘汁澄清处理更有利于沙棘酒香气的形成。      

百香果果酒发酵工艺及香气成分分析

以百香果为材料,对酵母添加量、初始糖度、SO2添加量这三个发酵工艺参数进行优化,并采用高效液相色谱和气相色谱-质谱联用技术对百香果果酒有机酸组成和香气成分进行了分析。结果表明,百香果果酒最佳发酵工艺为SO2添加量90 mg/kg,初始糖度23%,酵母添加量0.4%。有机酸分析表明,百香果果酒有12种有机酸,其中甘露糖酸含量最高,为2 784.12 μg/mL,富马酸含量最低,为8.22 μg/mL。通过气相色谱-质谱对百香果果酒香气成分进行分析后,鉴定出10种香气成分,其中醇类物质相对含量约占60%,醛类约占15%,酯类约占12%,烷烃类物质的种类最多,判定醇类化合物为百香果果酒香气物质的主要成分。     

香格里拉产区特色非酿酒酵母及自然发酵葡萄酒香气成分的研究

以香格里拉产区澜沧江流域4个不同海拔葡萄园（布村、溜筒江、斯农和阿东）的酿酒葡萄赤霞珠为试材,对各地葡萄酒特色非酿酒酵母进行分离鉴定,并采用气质联用（GC-MS）法对各地自然发酵葡萄酒的香气成分进行分析。结果表明：各地赤霞珠自然发酵葡萄酒中共分离鉴定到非酿酒酵母9个属10个种,其中,葡萄汁有孢汉逊酵母（Hanseniaspora uvarum）在各地均有分离到;黏红酵母（Rhodotorula glutinis）在布村、溜筒江和阿东均有分离到;出芽短梗霉（Aureobasidium pullulans）、汉逊德巴利酵母（Debaryomyces hansenii）和美极梅奇酵母（Metschnikowia pulcherrima）为斯农独有;而核果梅奇酵母（Metschnikowia fructicola）、季也蒙毕赤酵母（Meyerozyma guilliermondii）和克鲁维毕赤酵母（Pichia kluyveri）为阿东独有;浅黄隐球酵母（Cryptococcus flavescens）为溜筒江独有。这些非酿酒酵母使得各地自然发酵葡萄酒的香气各具特色,其中以醇类、酯类和芳香族类香气种类与含量的差异最为突出。     

Multivariate analysis of maturity stages,including quality and aroma,in ‘Royal Glory’ peaches and ‘Big Top’ nectarines

Ethylene production, quality attributes and aroma compounds were analysed to determine the maturity evolution of ‘Big Top’ nectarines and ‘Royal Glory’ peaches at harvest dates ranging from 89 to 116 days after full bloom (DAFB) for nectarines and from 85 to 112 DAFB for peaches. These cultivars are highly coloured even in the early stages of maturity. However, the two cultivars had different patterns of ethylene production, this being slower in nectarines than in peaches. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to provide partial visualisation of the complete data set in a reduced dimension plot. Separation of the two cultivars can be shown by means of a two‐dimensional plot of the samples. Although only some aroma compounds are slightly correlated with quality parameters, when aroma volatiles were included in the PCA, the aroma compound set allowed both cultivars to be classified into three stages of maturity: immature, intermediate and fully mature. Compounds such as propanol, hexyl acetate, 2‐methylpropyl acetate, limonene, butanol, (Z)‐3‐hexenyl acetate, buthyl acetate, linalool, ethanol, propyl acetate and ethyl acetate are the most important volatiles for ‘Big Top’ nectarines. It is suggested that the presence of these compounds can be used to indicate when the fruit should be harvested. The presence of γ‐decalactone, δ‐octalactone, γ‐octalactone, ethyl butyrate, hexanal and (E)‐2‐hexenol can be used to indicate the harvesting maturity stage for ‘Royal Glory’ peaches. The optimum maturity date for harvest would be 105–107 DAFB for ‘Big Top’ nectarines and 93–95 DAFB for ‘Royal Glory’ peaches. © 2002 Society of Chemical Industry     

野生蓝莓冰酒发酵工艺及其香气成分的研究

目的以人工冰冻野生蓝莓为原料,在不外加糖源条件下,探究酿造野生蓝莓冰酒皀冰冻压榨、低温发酵工艺。方法通过单因素和正交试验优化发酵工艺,采用冰冻压榨和优化后皀低温发酵工艺制作蓝莓冰酒,采用传统工艺制作蓝莓酒,对2种酒按照国家标准进行感官、理化指标检测,采用气相色谱-质谱联用法(gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,GC-MS)进行香气成分分析。结果适宜酿造蓝莓冰酒酵母为GX1201,最佳发酵温度为12℃,酵母添加量为1.4%,残糖量为165 g/L;蓝莓冰酒皀感官评分优于蓝莓酒,同时经GC-MS法香气分析,蓝莓酒和蓝莓冰酒主香型一致,蓝莓冰酒含有15种香气物质明显高于蓝莓酒,拥有更加丰富皀香气层次。结论使用长白山野生蓝莓,经冷冻浓缩、冷压榨后,在不外加糖源皀情况下,酿造皀野生蓝莓冰酒,各项理化指标和感官指标,均符合标准,酿造出皀蓝莓冰酒口感醇厚,果香酒香浓郁、纯正、圆润、独特。     

新疆和田红干白葡萄酒香气成分分析

该研究以新疆和田地区酿酒葡萄“和田红”为原料进行工业化酿酒,利用固相微萃取和气相色谱质谱联用技术,研究和田红干白葡萄酒中的香气成分.结果表明:和田红干白葡萄酒中各项理化指标均符合国家标准,总酚含量为178.122mg/L;和田红干白葡萄酒中共鉴定出40种香气化合物,主要包括酯类(20种,占77.8％)、醇类(5种,占8.2％)和酸类(6种,占6.07％)化合物,酯类化合物含量最高,对其香气贡献最大.和田红干白葡萄酒中相对百分含量较高的香气化合物分别是辛酸乙酯、癸酸乙酯、己酸乙酯、乙醇、辛酸、3-甲基1-丁醇、癸酸、乙酸乙酯.