A Sinusoidal Pulsewidth Modulated Three-Phase AC to DC Converter-Fed DC Motor Drive

The external performances such as power factor, displacement factor, harmonic factor, and ripple factor of a three-phase ac to dc converter-fed separately excited dc motor drive employing sinusoidal pulsewidth modulation (SPWM) control technique are obtained for different speeds and modulation indexes. Since separately excited dc motors with armature voltage control provide constant torque operation, the external performance is also determined for the drive motor operating at different values of constant load torque. Motoring and regenerating operations of the dc drive machine are considered. The three-phase PWM converter-motor drive system is analyzed, taking commutation effects into account in motoring and regenerating operations. The analysis has revealed 27 common modes in one repetitive period of the output voltage. The sequence of modes for all pulses in one period of the output voltage is established. Experimental oscillograms of typical waveforms from a laboratory-sized dc motor are illustrated to verify the basic principles of operation. Although the converter circuit requires some additional components in comparison with the commonly used phase-controlled converter, the improved performance characteristics make it attractive for industrial applications involving large power ratings.     

A voltage source PWM rectifier-inverter with feedforward control of instantaneous power

In general, diode rectifiers with electrolytic capacitors on the dc side have been used as dc power supplies for voltage source inverters. This type of rectifiers, however, causes many problems such as poor power factor and harmonics. Recently, voltage source PWM rectifier-inverters have been studied to provide the following advantages; (1) harmonic-free on both ac sides; (2) unity power factor on the input ac side; (3) power flow of either direction or power regeneration; (4) reduction of the dc capacitor. It is, however, difficult for a conventional one to regulate the capacitor voltage on transient states because of having only a voltage feed-back loop. This paper describes a voltage source PWM rectifier-inverter with feed-forward control of instantaneous power. Based on the pq theory, the instantaneous power which is calculated in the control circuit of the inverter is fed forward to the control circuit of the rectifier. The feed-forward control of instantaneous power makes a great contribution to sufficiently suppress voltage fluctuation of the dc capacitor on transient states. Transient characteristics are discussed and some interesting experimental results of a laboratory model are shown.     

高功率因数三相软开关PWM变流器

本文提出一种三相软开关PWM变流器,它具有电路结构简单,开关次数较传统变流器少的特点,电路的开关切换是以单纯的ZVS方式进行的,从而可以减少开关损耗和抑制EMI。文章阐述了变流器输入功率因数为1和输出直流电压恒定的控制方法,通过改变调制信号的调制度a和相位角φ,不但可以使输入电流和相电压保持同相位,输入电流波形为正弦波,而且可以使输出直流电压保持恒定。     

大容量门极可关断晶闸管变频器的技术分析

对大容量门极可关断晶闸管（GTO）变频器系统的电路结构和能良好保持各单元变频器间电流平衡的多重化脉宽调制（PWM）控制方法进行了分析。采用多重化和PWM控制后,不仅增大了装置容量,而且改善了输出电压波形,大幅度降低了高次谐波;与交一交变频器系统相比具有同等以上的指标,同时实现了电源电流的正弦化和电源的高功率因数运行。该系统在轧机主传动等各个领域中有着广阔的应用前景。     

Circuit theory of power factor correction in switching converters

This paper discusses the circuit theory aspects of power factor correction in switching converter circuits. The discussion begins with an examination of the requirement of power factor correction in dc/dc converters. Using the concept of zero‐order converter circuits, sufficient conditions for a dc/dc converter circuit to provide power factor correction are derived. The duality principle is applied to generate new converter circuits that can achieve power factor correction. The practical application of power factor correction is considered in conjunction with the requirement of tight output voltage regulation. Detailed study of the circuit configuration that can simultaneously provide power factor correction and output regulation is given. Based on a general three‐port model, the voltage regulator with power factor correction capability is studied in terms of the power flow between the input port, output port and energy storage port. A detailed consideration of the power flow among the three ports leads to the derivation of all possible minimal configurations that can achieve power factor correction and voltage regulation. The efficiencies of these minimal configurations are studied theoretically, leading to the concept of ‘reduced redundant power processing’ which provides important clue to efficiency improvement. Another issue addressed in this paper is the synthesis of practical circuits that can provide power factor correction and output regulation. In particular, four practical minimal configurations that achieve reduced redundant power processing are considered. A systematic synthesis procedure is derived for creating converter circuits that achieve power factor correction and output voltage regulation. The control issue is also investigated in depth, pinpointing the basic requirement on the number of control parameters needed and its relationship with the operating mode. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Characteristics on PWM CSI-induction motor drive system with utility interactive photovoltaic generation

This paper proposes a PWM current source inverter-induction motor drive system with photovoltaic generation. Solar cells are inserted in dc link to obtain constant current characteristics. They are connected to the utility system with a PWM converter. The PWM converter is controlled to obtain the maximum output photovoltaic (PV) power. The PWM inverter supplies sinusoidal currents for an induction motor, which is driven by constant V/f control. A pulsewidth control is utilized in the inverter section because of constant dc link current caused by peculiar V-I solar cell characteristics. In the system proposed here, the PV power is not only used for inverter-induction motor drive but it also flows into the utility system. The experimental results in steady state show that the proposed system has sinusoidal current with unity power factor in the utility system, the maximum output PV power and sinusoidal current/voltage for a motor. The demonstrated results for the separation of the utility system or the motor from the converter-PV-inverter system are given. © 1997 Scripta Technica, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 118 (2): 79–87, 1997     

直接驱动型风力发电系统低电压穿越控制策略

提出了直接驱动型永磁同步风力发电系统在电网故障前后的控制策略。采用基于二阶广义积分闭环电网电压跌落检测方法,可精确得出电网电压故障信号、正序分量幅值、相位角。电网电压故障信号送给变桨距执行机构,最大限度地调节桨距角,屏蔽部分输入功率,提高系统低电压穿越能力;探索直驱风电系统在电网电压跌落发生后的控制策略,并实现与正常运行模式的快速平滑切换。故障前,网侧变流器运行在单位功率因数状态,保持直流侧电压恒定;故障后运行在STATCOM模式,依据检测环节所提供的电网电压正序分量幅值和相位角来决定变流器所发无功电流的量值,为电网提供动态无功支持。基于超级电容器的双向DC/DC变换器作为直流侧保护电路,来快速维持直流侧电压稳定。     

Unity-power-factor PWM converter with DC ripple compensation

The generation of harmonics and their subsequent propagation into power lines is a topic of increasing concern to power-supply authorities. To prevent obstacles in the power system, a unity-power-factor PWM converter will be applied at ac-dc power conversion plants. However, the PWM converter, especially at single-phase circuit, has some serious defects, including low-frequency ripple current that flows into the dc line and gives rise to a low-frequency ripple voltage that appears on the dc output. In usual cases, it is necessary to connect a very large capacitor or a passive L-C resonant circuit to the dc line for reduction of low-frequency ripple voltage. However, when batteries are connected to the dc output, most of the dc ripple current flows into the battery even if the above circuits are used, because the impedance of the battery is very low compared to that of the circuits. The low-frequency ripple current causes power loss on the battery and the temperature rises. It is well known that the life of a battery is deeply influenced by the temperature. The ripple current, therefore, should be reduced as low as possible. To accomplish reduction of the low-frequency ripple current, a novel topology for the PWM rectifier is presented in this paper. The main circuit is constituted by adding only a pair of switching devices to the conventional PWM converter circuit. With a simple control technique, the ripple energy on the dc line is converted into stored energy on the input ac capacitors through additional switches. The theoretical characteristics are obtained by using the state-space averaging method. The effect of ripple reduction is confirmed by experiments using a breadboard setup. © 1998 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 123(1): 51–62, 1998     

Investigation of harmonic currents and power factor on power rectifier circuits with nonequi-PWM and equi-PWM control (inductive load)

Lately, on the power rectifier circuit with semiconductor switching device, PWM control is generally employed for the purposes of reducing the harmonic currents on the dc side and improving the power factor of fundamental wave. In this case, the analysis of the current waveform becomes fairly complex. However, we express the PWM controlled voltage waveform by the step function, and can easily analyze the current waveform. We reported formerly some results of analysis about the waveform and harmonics of the current. In this paper, on the power rectifier circuit to which the nonequi-PWM and equi-PWM control are applied, we exactly calculate the harmonic currents on the dc and ac side, and the power factor by the use of the above analytical results. The characteristics of both control methods are compared on condition that each controlled factor of the load voltage is equal. These results are shown in the calculated charts. The following items can be seen from these charts on the power rectifier circuit: (1) The nonequi-PWM control can let the harmonic currents on the dc side decrease more than the equi-PWM control. But on the contrary, the harmonic currents on the ac side increase. Consequently, when the nonequi-PWM control is applied, the total power factor decreases by the increase of distortion factor of the current on the ac side. (2) The difference between the harmonic currents on the dc and ac side to both of the nonequi-PWM and equi-PWM control increases with the increase of controlled factor of the load voltage. © 1999 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 129(4): 117–125, 1999     

间接电流控制可调功率因数电流型PWM变流器

电流型PWM变流器（PWM-CSC）因其良好的功率因数和直流电流源特性，可望在某些场合取代产生大量谐波的二极管或晶闸管相控整流装置，但是，PWM-CSC本身的强耦合非线性特性，使得变流器常采用复杂的直接电流控制策略，实现功率因数可调和能量回馈非常困难。提出一种基于dq坐标系的间接电流控制方法，该方法将变流器的直流输出作为网侧电流有功分量的给定值，通过此给定值和tgj的乘积调节无功电流的大小，然后利用PWM-CSC交流侧电流的离散方程，求出当前变流器的控制量，间接控制变流器的网侧电流，从而控制了变流器的有功功率和无功功率，实现了变流器的可调功率因数和能量回馈。论文最后对变流器的稳定运行范围进行了讨论，得出变流器提供的无功功率受有功功率限制的结论。     

A voltage-source PWM rectifier-inverter with feedforward control of instantaneous power

In general, diode rectifiers with electrolytic capacitors on the dc side have been used as dc power supplies for voltage-source inverters. Rectifiers of this type, however, cause many problems such as poor power factor and harmonics. Recently, voltage-source PWM rectifier-inverters have been studied to provide the following advantages: (1) harmonic-free on both ac sides; (2) unity power factor on the input ac side; (3) power flow of either direction or power regeneration; (4) reduction of the dc capacitor. However, it is difficult for a conventional voltage-source PWM rectifier-inverter to regulate the capacitor voltage on transient states because it has only a voltage feedback loop. This paper describes a voltage-source PWM rectifier-inverter with feedforward control of instantaneous power. Based on the pq theory, the instantaneous power which is calculated in the control circuit of the inverter is fed forward to the control circuit of the rectifier. The feedforward control of instantaneous power contributes greatly to sufficiently suppress voltage fluctuation of the dc capacitor on transient states. Transient characteristics are discussed, and some interesting experimental results of a laboratory model are shown.     

Advanced control of PWM converter with variable-speed induction generator

This paper describes simple control structures for the vector-controlled stand-alone induction generator (IG) used to operate under variable speeds. Different control principles, indirect vector control and deadbeat current control, are developed for a voltage source pulsewidth-modulation (PWM) converter and the three-phase variable-speed squirrel-cage IG to regulate dc link and generator voltages with the newly designed phase-locked loop circuit. The required reactive power for the variable-speed IG is supplied by means of the PWM converter and a capacitor bank to buildup the voltage of the IG without the need for a battery, to reduce the rating of the PWM converter with the need for only three sensors, and to eliminate the harmonics generated by the PWM converter. These proposed schemes can be used efficiently for variable-speed wind energy conversion systems. The measurements of the IG systems at various speeds and loads are given and show that these systems are capable of good ac and dc voltage regulations.     

柔性功率调节器用变换器故障状态运行特性分析

双PWM变换器是柔性功率调节器(FPC)的一个重要组成部分，由于FPC需要在电力系统发生扰动和故障的情况下运行，因此研究变换器在电网异常情况下的运行特性非常必要。该文分析PWM变换器可能出现的各种运行状态，确定变换器参数选择的参考依据，并讨论电网电压跌落对变换器运行的影响。同时以最严重的电网三相短路故障为例，分析中间直流电容电压失控问题和FPC转子过电流问题，并提出一种简单有效的解决方法。仿真结果表明该方法具有良好的效果，能保证电力系统故障时FPC的正常运行。     

Control and protection scheme of HVDC system with self‐commutated converter in system fault conditions

For extending self‐commutated converter application to future trunk power systems, it is important to develop a stable operation scheme as well as to realize substantial cost reduction through coordinated system and control design. Suppression controls of converter overcurrent and dc overvoltage in various system fault conditions are essential in order to ensure stable operation and cost reduction of HVDC systems with voltage source type self‐commutated converters. Converter control and protection schemes which include such suppression controls have been developed, employing CRIEPI's ac/dc Power System Simulator test and EMTP analysis. This paper first discusses the cause of converter overcurrent at ac system faults, considering the effect of PWM pulse number and converter control speed. Continued operation has been achieved by adding a new overcurrent suppression scheme to the converter control. In the case of a dc line grounding fault, the selection of the grounding circuit constant and the adoption of a high‐speed converter control practically ensure the reduction of dc overvoltage while suppressing converter overcurrent. The converter block and restart sequence after a dc fault, which is coordinated with dc circuit breaker operation, enables stable recovery of HVDC transmission as fast as the usual line‐commutated HVDC system. © 2000 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 132(2): 6–18, 2000     

Modeling and simulation of ac–dc buck-boost converter fed dc motor with uniform PWM technique

PWM controlled rectifiers can efficiently and economically be employed in low and medium power applications of dc drives and in front-end converters of rectifier–inverter systems while maintaining the advantages of design simplicity and operation reliability of naturally commutated schemes. Due to the high dc voltage that is produced which is greater than the peak voltage of the utility supply, the ac–dc buck-boost converter is especially suited as a front-end power source in variable-speed drive systems to convert the utility supply voltage into a variable dc link voltage where a single-phase or a three-phase utilities power supply is available. In this paper, the dynamic model and steady state equivalent circuit of a single-phase ac–dc buck-boost converter fed dc motor with uniform PWM control is presented. The waveforms of voltage and current, the input and output characteristics of the converter are discussed and verified. Measured, computed and simulated results are shown to be very close and the model is proved to be efficient and accurate.     

PWM整流器直流环节电压双向变换研究

针对在三相电压型PWM整流器交流侧使用变压器降压的一些缺点,提出了在整流器直流环节采用直流双向变换器取代交流侧变压器的新方法,介绍了变换电路和系统电路的拓扑结构和工作原理.该电路特别适合于能量需双向流动的PWM整流和逆变场合.仿真和实验结果证明了该方法简单可行.     

A single-phase PWM current source type converter coupled with an ac chopper

A current source type converter can easily generate a sinusoidal current on the ac side by employing a PWM strategy. In the converter system for a single-phase supply, however, the dc current pulsates because the dc output voltage of the converter contains an ac component with twice the ac supply frequency. The dc current pulsations cause the ac current waveform to be distorted. Although the use of a dc reactor with large inductance reduces the dc current pulsations, the size and the weight of converter equipment including a dc reactor is large. Two-phase rectification using two full-bridge converters and a converter system with an ac chopper circuit has been proposed for elimination of the dc pulsations. In these converters, the number of switching devices comprising the circuit will unavoidably increase. To solve this problem, we propose a novel single-phase current source type converter coupled with an ac chopper circuit and the PWM method. In this circuit, two switching devices in the main bridge are used to form an ac chopper bridge with two added devices and a capacitor. This paper gives the experimental and theoretical waveforms and the steady-state characteristics. The results prove that a smooth dc current and a sinusoidal ac current are obtained, and that a great reduction of the dc inductance can be achieved by using the proposed converter. © 1998 Scripta Technica. Electr Eng Jpn, 123(3): 36–45, 1998     

分裂电容式PWM整流器的矢量控制策略研究

阐述了分裂电容式三相电压型PWM整流器(VSR)的拓扑结构、工作原理及运行模式。对变流系统控制对象进行了数学建模,并对其在旋转坐标系下的数学模型进行了分析。针对该数学模型,采用矢量控制同步PI电流调节策略,描述了它对电流环和电压环的不同要求,并对电流环和电压环进行了控制参数的设计。其中,电流内环设计了基于旋转坐标系下三电流环PI调节器的参数;电压外环设计了直流电压控制及针对分裂电容系统的电压偏差补偿PI调节器的参数。实验结果表明,该控制策略能获得较好的控制性能,并能有效抑制低次谐波。     

A single-phase three-level pulsewidth modulation AC/DC converter with the function of power factor corrector and active power filter

A single-phase three-level pulsewidth modulation (PWM) AC/DC converter with the function of power factor corrector and active power filter is proposed to reduce harmonic currents flowing into the power system and to draw a nearly sinusoidal current with unity power factor. The circuit topology of the adopted three-level PWM AC/DC converter is based on a conventional two-level full-bridge rectifier and one AC power switch. The control signals of the power switches are derived from the voltage balance compensator, current controller and detected operation region of mains voltage. A three-level PWM voltage pattern on the AC side of the converter in each half cycle of mains frequency is generated. Computer simulations are implemented to confirm the operation of the adopted converter with the function of power factor corrector and active power filter.     

A controlled PWM AC/DC converter for a high-speed brushless generator for minimum kVA rating

This paper proposes a control technique for an ac/dc converter and high-speed single-phase brushless ac generator topology with a reactive armature winding. An ac-to-dc pulsewidth-modulation (PWM) converter is used with phase angle control to deliver a controlled power factor for a wide speed range while maintaining a low kVA rating of the converter and the generator. The generator is a flux-switching machine, derived from a combination of the inductor alternator and the switched reluctance machine. The electrical characteristics of the generator are determined from open-circuit, short-circuit, and load tests performed on an experimental generator. A Simulink model is developed for the ac-to-dc PWM converter and the simulated voltage and current waveforms show that the kVA rating of the converter and the generator can be minimized through control of the power factor of the generator. This novel generator is shown to be simple to control and can be used for micro turbine applications and efficient low-cost independent power generation. The converter also allows the machine to be used as an integrated starter alternator.