Perceptual and attentional effects on drivers' speed selection at curves

This paper describes an experiment comparing the relative effectiveness of various types of warnings on drivers' speed selection at curves. The experiment compared three types of curve warnings across three different curve types in a driving simulator. All of the warnings worked reasonably well for severe curves (45 km/h), regardless of demands from a secondary (cell phone) task. For less demanding curves, only those warnings with a strong perceptual component (i.e., implicit cues) were effective in reducing drivers' curve speeds in the presence of the cell phone task. The design implications of these data appear straightforward; curve warnings that contain perceptual components or emphasise the physical features of the curve work best, particularly in cognitively demanding situations. The cell phone task added to driver workload and drivers became less responsive to primary task demands (i.e., speeds were elevated and reaction times were longer).     

把握包装设计的视觉心理

文中阐述了包装设计是用艺术的手法传达信息的设计,设计的本质在于创造;每个人都具有创新的意识和需求,存在着创造的潜能,精巧的构思、奇妙的创意是包装设计的根本.     

Conspicuity, memorability, comprehension, and priming in road hazard warning signs

This study assessed driver reactions to 16 road hazard warning signs of various formats by projecting life-sized video of road scenes to drivers in a driving simulator. A range of measures, including attentional and search conspicuity, implicit and explicit recognition, dynamic and static comprehension, and sign priming were collected. Of the signs tested, road works and school warning signs were most often detected, remembered, and understood. Slippery surface warnings were associated with some of the lowest detection and comprehension rates. The effectiveness of the different formats depended on the type of hazard sign. In the case of road works warnings, a flashing variable message format was only slightly more conspicuous than the large dimension format, equal in comprehensibility, and perhaps somewhat worse in terms of memorability. For the school warnings, however, the flashing variable message format appeared to convey a greater sense of potential hazard, produced superior search conspicuity and priming, and was equal in terms of memorability and comprehensibility. The range of measures worked well as a whole with the two measures of conspicuity and the measure of static comprehension showing the greatest consistency.     

Reductions in driver speed using posted feedback of speeding information: social comparison or implied surveillance?

Reducing driver speed has an essential role to play in traffic safety. This study measured the effect of a roadside sign, in a 50 km/h zone, that consecutively displayed one of three messages:

1. The average speed at the site: this message was designed to induce “social comparison” whereby drivers may reduce their speed in order to comply with the behaviour of the majority.

2. A warning that drivers’ speeds were being measured: this was intended to imply surveillance whereby drivers may reduce speed in order to avoid possible enforcement action.

3. A combination of both messages, to see if both together would have a greater effect than either alone.

The speed of drivers travelling along a busy urban road (11,500 cars daily in each direction) was measured using inductive loop detectors. The proportion of drivers travelling 60 km/h or less increased with all three messages, suggesting that both social comparison and implied surveillance are mechanisms by which driver speed may be reduced. However, the speed reductions were not as great as in previous studies of feedback signs. This may be due to differences in the existing safety culture.     

The influence of perceptual speed regulation on speed perception, choice, and control: tunnel wall characteristics and influences

The present work sought to determine if the type of visual pattern and presence of texture applied to transportation tunnel walls differentially affected driving performance. Choice of speed and speed control were measured with 32 participants who drove through a simulated transportation tunnel environment. Participants experienced three visual patterns consisting of vertical segments that decreased, increased, and remained a constant width throughout the length of the tunnel. Participants also drove a baseline control condition in which no visual pattern was present. Each of these conditions was presented either with or without a homogenous texture. When compared to the baseline condition, results indicated drivers gradually decreased speed when exposed to the decreasing width visual pattern and increased speed with the increasing width visual pattern. The presence of texture served to attenuate overall driving speed. Results suggest drivers' perception of speed and their subsequent response to such perceptions were modified by the visual pattern and texture expressed on the tunnel wall. The evident speed control opportunities afforded to the traffic engineer are discussed.     

Effect of driving experience on anticipatory look-ahead fixations in real curve driving

Anticipatory skills are a potential factor for novice drivers’ curve accidents. Behavioural data show that steering and speed regulation are affected by forward planning of the trajectory. When approaching a curve, the relevant visual information for online steering control and for planning is located at different eccentricities, creating a need to disengage the gaze from the guidance of steering to anticipatory look-ahead fixations over curves. With experience, peripheral vision can be increasingly used in the visual guidance of steering. This could leave experienced drivers more gaze time to invest on look-ahead fixations over curves, facilitating the trajectory planning.     

Laser-Schlieren Photography of Air Flow in an Air-Blast Circuit-Breaker During the Arcing Period

A schlieren system having a Q switched ruby laser as a light source in conjunction with a selective filter arrangement has been used to obtain pictures of the flow of hot gas in the interrupter head of an air-blast circuit-breaker during the arcing period.     

驾驶员对北京市道路交通标志的感知和理解

通过模拟在交通标志引导下到达指定地点的过程,研究了北京市道路交通标志信息量以及驾驶员脑力负荷对感知和理解道路交通标志的影响.在已有研究的基础上,改进了交通标志信息量的计算方法.相关分析结果表明,该方法很好地拟合了驾驶员对交通标志信息量的主观评价.方差分析结果表明:1)信息最的大小对驾驶员感知和理解交通标志没有显著影响;2)脑力负荷对交通标志识别率、决策时间、决策正确率以及决策确信程度有显著影响;3)脑力负荷对主观任务负荷和识别交通标志的时间没有显著影响.     

A prospective study of relationships between propositions about risk and driver speeding

Risk propositions are specific and modifiable hypotheses that people hold about the outcomes of risk-taking behavior. According to fuzzy trace theory (FTT), risk propositions arise from the subjective and idiosyncratic interpretations that people make about the meaning of risk information, and form the primary basis of decision-making. A community sample of 255 drivers was interviewed at baseline (T1), 6 weeks after baseline (T2) and 14 weeks after baseline (T3). We tested whether propositions about speeding-related risk at time 1 (T1) would predict speeding at time 3 (T3), controlling perceptions of speeding-related danger and other speeding-related variables (the perceived possibility of being caught and the enjoyment and excitement to be gained from speeding) measured at time 2 (T2). We also tested whether relationships between T1 propositions and T3 speeding would be mediated by T2 perceptions of danger. T1 propositions predicted T3 speeding independently of the control variables, and we also found evidence consistent with mediation by T2 danger. In line with FTT, risk propositions were not scaleable as a single dimension, but generally predicted speeding as independent entities. Taken together these findings support the view that drivers perceive speeding risk as a series of potentially modifiable propositions which may have item-specific influences on speeding behavior.     

Effect of a road safety training program on drivers' comparative optimism

Reducing comparative optimism regarding risk perceptions in traffic accidents has been proven to be particularly difficult (Delhomme, 2000). This is unfortunate because comparative optimism is assumed to impede preventive action. The present study tested whether a road safety training course could reduce drivers’ comparative optimism in high control situations. Results show that the training course efficiently reduced comparative optimism in high control, but not in low control situations. Mechanisms underlying this finding and implications for the design of road safety training courses are discussed.     

旅游引导标识设计中的视知觉认知规律

在对中国6个城市引导标识设计和应用现状进行调查与分析的基础上,总结出旅游引导标识设计中认知原则、图形信息编码和引申意义等视知觉认知规律,从而指导太原市旅游引导标识设计的应用,同时对国内其它城市引导标识设计具有一定的参考价值.     

Video-based road commentary training improves hazard perception of young drivers in a dual task

This study used a video-based hazard perception dual task to compare the hazard perception skills of young drivers with middle aged, more experienced drivers and to determine if these skills can be improved with video-based road commentary training. The primary task required the participants to detect and verbally identify immediate hazard on video-based traffic scenarios while concurrently performing a secondary tracking task, simulating the steering of real driving. The results showed that the young drivers perceived fewer immediate hazards (mean = 75.2%, n = 24, 19 females) than the more experienced drivers (mean = 87.5%, n = 8, all females), and had longer hazard perception times, but performed better in the secondary tracking task. After the road commentary training, the mean percentage of hazards detected and identified by the young drivers improved to the level of the experienced drivers and was significantly higher than that of an age and driving experience matched control group. The results will be discussed in the context of psychological theories of hazard perception and in relation to road commentary as an evidence-based training intervention that seems to improve many aspects of unsafe driving behaviour in young drivers.     

An epidemiological study of the risk of cycling in the dark: The role of visual perception,conspicuity and alcohol use

To curtail the rising numbers of cyclists seriously injured in road crashes, more insights are needed into the factors that contribute to these crashes. For instance, darkness is known to be associated with higher injury rates, but little is known about the relative influence of factors such as poor conspicuity, impaired perception and alcohol use among cyclists. To examine these factors, the present study analyzed the epidemiological crash data for three meteorological light conditions: daylight, late evening darkness and early morning darkness; for two crash types: crashes with (M-crashes) and without motorized traffic (NM-crashes); and for different age groups. The relative injury rates (injury risk per distance travelled in darkness corrected for daylight injury risks for each age group) confirmed findings from earlier studies that cycling in late evening darkness is associated with higher injury rates than cycling in daylight conditions. This is the case for both crash types with only small differences between the age groups suggesting that poor conspicuity (M-crashes) and impaired perception (NM-crashes) may play a role. In comparison to late evening darkness, relative injury rates in early morning darkness are much higher. This is the case for both crash types with large differences among the age groups, suggesting that in addition to the absence of daylight also age related risk factors are at play. Support for this hypothesis was found from the analyses of hospital records, showing that the proportion of seriously injured cyclists who have been drinking is highest in early morning darkness and has strongly increased over the last decades. These insights provide input for the selection of countermeasures such as improved lighting (both street and bicycle lights) and interventions targeting alcohol use among cyclists.     

Can child-pedestrians’ hazard perception skills be enhanced?

ObjectiveTraffic collisions yield a substantial rate of morbidity and injury among child-pedestrians. We explored the formation of an innovative hazard perception training intervention – Child-pedestrians Anticipate and Act Hazard Perception Training (CA²HPT). Training was based upon enhancing participants’ ability to anticipate potential hazards by exposing them to an array of traffic scenes viewed from different angles.MethodTwenty-four 7–9-year-olds have participated. Trainees underwent a 40-min intervention of observing typical residential traffic scenarios in a simulated dome projection environment while engaging in a hazard detection task. Trainees were encouraged to note differences between the scenarios presented to them from separate angles (a pedestrian's point-of-view and a higher perspective angle). Next, trainees and control group members were required to perform crossing decision tasks.ResultsTrainees were found to be more aware of potential hazards related to restricted field of view relative to control.ConclusionsChild pedestrians are responsive to training and actively detecting materialized hazards may enrich child-pedestrians’ ability to cross roads.     

Landscape heritage objects’ effect on driving: A combined driving simulator and questionnaire study

According to the literature, landscape (panoramas, heritage objects e.g. landmarks) affects people in various ways. Data are primarily developed by asking people (interviews, photo sessions, focus groups) about their preferences, but to a lesser degree by measuring how the body reacts to such objects. Personal experience while driving a car through a landscape is even more rare. In this paper we study how different types of objects in the landscape affect drivers during their drive. A high-fidelity moving-base driving simulator was used to measure choice of speed and lateral position in combination with stress (heart rate measure) and eye tracking. The data were supplemented with questionnaires. Eighteen test drivers (8 men and 10 women) with a mean age of 37 were recruited. The test drivers were exposed to different new and old types of landscape objects such as 19th century church, wind turbine, 17th century milestone and bus stop, placed at different distances from the road driven. The findings are in some respect contradictory, but it was concluded that that 33% of the test drivers felt stressed during the drive. All test drivers said that they had felt calm at times during the drive but the reason for this was only to a minor degree connected with old and modern objects. The open landscape was experienced as conducive to acceleration. Most objects were, to a small degree, experienced (subjective data) as having a speed-reducing effect, much in line with the simulator data (objective data). Objects close to the road affected the drivers’ choice of’ lateral position. No significant differences could be observed concerning the test drivers’ gaze between old or modern objects, but a significant difference was observed between the test drivers’ gaze between road stretches with faraway objects and stretches without objects. No meaningful, significant differences were found for the drivers’ stress levels as measured by heart rate.     

Roadway crash risks in recent immigrants

Adult immigrants are sometimes characterized as unsafe drivers and responsible for excess road crashes. We analyzed Canada's largest and most ethnically diverse province to assess whether recent immigrants had an increased risk of involvement as drivers in serious motor vehicle crashes. Overall, the study included 4,238,222 individuals followed for a median duration of 8.0 years. In total, 10,975 individuals were subsequently admitted to hospital as drivers involved in a crash, with a rate per 100,000 significantly lower among recent immigrants compared to long-term residents (158 vs 289, p < 0.001). This difference was equal to a 45% relative reduction in the incidence of a crash (odds ratio = 0.55, 95% confidence interval 0.52–0.58), persisted after adjustment for baseline characteristics (hazard ratio = 0.61, 95% confidence interval 0.58–0.65), extended to extremes of crash severity, and was accentuated during initial years following immigration. These findings suggest that, contrary to popular opinion, recent immigrants are less prone to be drivers in serious motor vehicle crashes.     

A comparison of the hazard perception ability of accident-involved and accident-free motorcycle riders

Hazard perception is the ability to read the road and is closely related to involvement in traffic accidents. It consists of both cognitive and behavioral components. Within the cognitive component, visual attention is an important function of driving whereas driving behavior, which represents the behavioral component, can affect the hazard perception of the driver. Motorcycle riders are the most vulnerable types of road user. The primary purpose of this study was to deepen our understanding of the correlation of different subtypes of visual attention and driving violation behaviors and their effect on hazard perception between accident-free and accident-involved motorcycle riders. Sixty-three accident-free and 46 accident-involved motorcycle riders undertook four neuropsychological tests of attention (Digit Vigilance Test, Color Trails Test-1, Color Trails Test-2, and Symbol Digit Modalities Test), filled out the Chinese Motorcycle Rider Driving Violation (CMRDV) Questionnaire, and viewed a road-user-based hazard situation with an eye-tracking system to record the response latencies to potentially dangerous traffic situations. The results showed that both the divided and selective attention of accident-involved motorcycle riders were significantly inferior to those of accident-free motorcycle riders, and that accident-involved riders exhibited significantly higher driving violation behaviors and took longer to identify hazardous situations compared to their accident-free counterparts. However, the results of the regression analysis showed that aggressive driving violation CMRDV score significantly predicted hazard perception and accident involvement of motorcycle riders. Given that all participants were mature and experienced motorcycle riders, the most plausible explanation for the differences between them is their driving style (influenced by an undesirable driving attitude), rather than skill deficits per se. The present study points to the importance of conceptualizing the influence of different driving behaviors so as to enrich our understanding of the role of human factors in road accidents and consequently develop effective countermeasures to prevent traffic accidents involving motorcycles.     

Willingness to pay for road safety and estimates of the risk of death: evidence from a Swedish contingent valuation study

We examine how WTP for a reduction in road-mortality risk varies with different individual characteristics and how subjective mortality-risk estimates differ from objective (statistical) mortality-risk values. Using data from a Swedish contingent valuation study, we find some support that WTP declines with age and background risk, but we find no support that WTP varies with health status. Further, we find that respondents underassess their own mortality risks, both road- and total-mortality risks, compared to the objective risk measures for Sweden at the time of the survey.     

FD2815X型农用车转向节臂断裂分析

采用光学显微镜和扫描电镜对断裂转向节臂的宏,微观组织进行了分析。检验结果表明,表面碳层的存在及表面粗糙是导致构件断裂的主要原因。断裂性质属疲劳断裂。