不同金属基材上类金刚石薄膜的摩擦特性

针对类金刚石(DLC)薄膜在精密机械零件中的应用,研究了在常温条件下沉积高界面强度的DLC薄膜的技术,以提高DLC薄膜与金属基材之间的结合强度.通过在基材与薄膜之间沉积加入a-Si:H中间过渡层,研究了在不同金属基材上DLC薄膜的结合强度.采用Ball-on-Disk方法评价了薄膜的摩擦特性并测定其摩擦系数、疲劳破坏寿命和磨耗.实验结果表明:在薄膜与金属基材之间加入a-Si:H过渡层后,界面的结合(键合)强度得到了明显的改善,在金属基材上沉积的DLC薄膜在磨耗过程中被完全磨穿而没有发生剥离.实验显示,在自制的化学气相沉积RF-DCCVD装置上沉积的DLC薄膜的最大沉积厚度是3.3μm;在1μm厚度的薄膜上施加2.94 N的负荷(点载荷),其疲劳破坏寿命达到了70万循环;DLC薄膜与SiC,Si3N4,SUS304和SUJ2材料之间的摩擦系数为0.1～0.15.得到的结果验证了薄膜与金属间的结合强度和摩擦特性能够满足精密机械零件的使用要求.     

Angiofil-mediated visualization of the vascular system by microcomputed tomography: a feasibility study

Visualization of the vascular systems of organs or of small animals is important for an assessment of basic physiological conditions, especially in studies that involve genetically manipulated mice. For a detailed morphological analysis of the vascular tree, it is necessary to demonstrate the system in its entirety. In this study, we present a new lipophilic contrast agent, Angiofil, for performing postmortem microangiography by using microcomputed tomography. The new contrast agent was tested in 10 wild-type mice. Imaging of the vascular system revealed vessels down to the caliber of capillaries, and the digital three-dimensional data obtained from the scans allowed for virtual cutting, amplification, and scaling without destroying the sample. By use of computer software, parameters such as vessel length and caliber could be quantified and remapped by color coding onto the surface of the vascular system. The liquid Angiofil is easy to handle and highly radio-opaque. Because of its lipophilic abilities, it is retained intravascularly, hence it facilitates virtual vessel segmentation, and yields an enduring signal which is advantageous during repetitive investigations, or if samples need to be transported from the site of preparation to the place of actual analysis, respectively. These characteristics make Angiofil a promising novel contrast agent; when combined with microcomputed tomography, it has the potential to turn into a powerful method for rapid vascular phenotyping.     

A feasibility study on a robotic exercise system for mdof physical rehabilitation therapy

This paper presents a robot system developed for medical purpose. A 6-degree-of-freedom robot was introduced for physical exercise and rehabilitation. This system was proposed for stroke patients or patients who cannot use one of their arms or legs. The robot system exercises the hemiplegic part based on the motion of normal part of a patient. Kinematic studies on the human body and robot were applied to develop the robotic rehabilitation exercise system. A clamp which acts as an end effector of the robot to hold a patient was designed and applied to the robot to guarantee the safety of patients. The proposed robotic rehabilitation system was verified by simulations and experiments on arm (elbow and shoulder) motion. Patients are expected to be able to exercise various motions by themselves with the proposed robotic rehabilitation system.     

Chemical imaging of a Symbiodinium sp. cell using synchrotron infrared microspectroscopy: a feasibility study

The symbiotic relationship between corals and Symbiodinium spp. is the key to the success and survival of coral reef ecosystems the world over. Nutrient exchange and chemical communication between the two partners provides the foundation of this key relationship, yet we are far from a complete understanding of these processes. This is due, in part, to the difficulties associated with studying an intracellular symbiosis at the small spatial scales required to elucidate metabolic interactions between the two partners. This feasibility study, which accompanied a more extensive investigation of fixed Symbiodinium cells (data unpublished), examines the potential of using synchrotron radiation infrared microspectroscopy (SR‐IRM) for exploring metabolite localisation within a single Symbiodinium cell. In doing so, three chemically distinct subcellular regions of a single Symbiodinium cell were established and correlated to cellular function based on assignment of diagnostic chemical classes.     

Friction on a Microstructured Elastomer Surface

The friction of microstructured polydimethylsiloxane samples against a glass surface is studied through force measurements and simultaneous optical microscopy. Both average friction forces and the amplitude of stick-slip oscillations are greatly reduced by the structuring. Optical microscopy reveals waves propagating through the contact in connection which stick-slip events. The experimental observations are interpreted with the help of simulations of a spring-block model for which parameters are directly derived from the experiment. Stress gradients across the contact area are found to play an important role for the frictional behavior.     

Formulating advanced 4 centistoke gas turbine oils - a feasibility study

A formulation study has been carried out to assess the feasibility of developing advanced gas turbine lubricants in the (4 cSt) viscosity range intermediate between current MIL-L-7808 and MIL-L-23699 lubricants. Using additive technology developed on advanced MIL-L-2 7502 oils the authors have formulated several 4 cSt polyol ester base stocks. Eight of the blends thus far tested have shown good to acceptable performance in the Erdco Bearing Rig Test run under MIL-L-27502 conditions. Various other key targets of a proposed new specification have been met or closely approached.     

基于Geomagic Studio的快速曲面重建

快速曲面重建是逆向工程软件系统的重要发展趋势.通过点云生成CAD曲面的流程,分析了快速曲面重建系统的典型代表Ceomagic Studio软件的设计思路和应用特点.重点通过实例对其曲面阶段的形状和制作模块下3种不同的处理流程进行分析,总结了基于Geomagic Studio的快速曲面重建的主要特点,并提出其应用前景.     

超薄石英晶片超精密抛光实验的研究

为了解决超薄石英晶片高表面质量的加工问题,以及寻求一种高效低成本的加工方法,将一种新的超精密抛光工艺应用到超薄石英晶片的加工中。给出了加工过程中的抛光原理,制定出了在研磨和抛光过程中的最优实验条件,并对加工后超薄石英晶片的粗糙度和厚度做了详细的分析;讨论了磨粒的尺寸对表面粗糙度和材料去除率的影响,同时对加工过程的材料去除机理做了论述,以表面粗糙度和厚度为评价目标对超薄石英晶片的加工特性和表面质量进行了评价。研究结果表明：使用该实验的工艺加工超薄石英晶片可以得到厚度为99．4μm、表面粗糙度为0．82nm的超光滑表面;同时,该研究还发现通过延长抛光时间可以减小石英晶片的表面残余应力,可有效控制石英晶片四角“翘曲”现象,得到更好的平面度和平行度。     

Friction and elasticity on a molecular scale

A molecular scale atomic force microscopy study of friction and elasticity is presented on a one-component lipid bilayer system - a model boundary lubricant. With a real area of contact on the order of the lattice spacings of the sample, the elastic compliances of single lipid molecules are recorded - the first report of a molecularly resolved elasticity map. The anisotropic and highly ordered structure of the lipid bilayer has been observed to cause contrast information in friction on molecularly flat areas, and to be dependent on the sliding direction. This anisotropic behavior of friction has been measured to be independent of normal elastic compliances. Only asymmetric indentation which causes in-plane compliances leads to heterogeneities in the elasticity map. In this fundamental study of friction, the effects of adhesion and elasticity are discussed.     

Friction Measurements on a Low Earth Satellite

The coefficient of sliding friction for a number of materials was measured during the flight of Ranger 1 spacecraft. Flat disks of materials of interest were rotated at a speed of 8–14 inches per minute while in contact with 1/8-inch diameter hemispherical riders. Because of the low orbit achieved by Ranger 1, the experiment was exposed to vacuum in the range of 3 × 10^?6 to 8 × 10^?9 mm Hg. For unlubricated metals sliding on metals, the friction coefficient averaged about 0.5; for some combinations of metals, it occasionally exceeded 1.0. Lower values were observed with lubricants of grease or gold-plate and for ceramics sliding against metals. The coefficient of friction was very low, averaging 0.04, for metallic pairs lubricated with molybdenum disulfide and for polytetrafluoroethylene sliding against metals and ceramics. Relatively low friction coefficients were found for metallic materials sliding against unlubricated metallic and ceramic materials when at least one member of the pair was of high hardness. The coefficients observed for unlubricated metal pairs were not inconsistent with the hypothesis that high friction tends to correlate with high mutual solid solubility. In general the coefficients in space and in a laboratory vacuum of 5 × 10^?6 mm Hg were not systematically different. For unlubricated metallic materials, friction in vacuum was higher than in air at shorter running times.     

Biomechanical disc culture system: feasibility study using rat intervertebral discs

A small-scale biomechanical disc culture system was designed to stimulate intervertebral disc (IVD) 'motion segment' in culture environment with load-controlled compression and combined load (compression+shear). After 7 days of diurnal mechanical loading, cell viability of discs stimulated with static compression load (0.25 MPa) and static combined load (compression (0.25 MPa)+shear (1.5N)) were similar (>90 per cent) to unloaded controls. Mechanically stimulated discs showed decrease in static/dynamic moduli, early stress relaxation, and loss of disc height after 7 days of diurnal loading. Histological data of discs indicated load-induced transformations that were not apparent in controls. The feasibility of studying the mechanobiology of intact IVD as a motion segment was demonstrated. Media conditioning (improve tissue stability in long-term culture) and application of biochemical gene expression assays (differential tissue response to types of mechanical stimulation) are proposed as future improvements. The study suggests that the limitations in studying mechanobiology of IVD pathology in vitro can be overcome and it is possible to understand the physiologically relevant mechanism of IVD pathology.     

Friction force microscopy in ultrahigh vacuum: an atomic-scale study on KBr(001)

We present an atomic-scale study on friction performed by a bidirectional atomic force microscope operated in ultrahigh vacuum. Experiments on surfaces of in situ cleaved KBr crystals are presented. On a m scale the cleavage structure with monoatomic steps of 3.5 ± 0.3 Å is revealed. On the atomically flat terraces, atomic-scale resolution is achieved. The resolved square lattice shows a periodicity of 4.7 Å and corrugations of 0.3–0.7 Å and exhibits the cubic symmetry of KBr(001). The lateral (frictional) force map shows all characteristics of the stick-slip movement of the probing tip. From analysis of the friction loops, the kinetic friction force was determined as a function of load. For a load regime of -4 to 10 nN, lateral force corrugations ranging from 1 to 5 nN were found. A comparison with a novel theoretical model is discussed qualitatively.     

离合器摩擦副表面温度对摩擦因数的影响

通过对某型离合器摩擦副的摩擦学小样试验,研究了离合器在结合的滑动摩擦过程中,摩擦面温度对离合器摩擦材料摩擦因数的影响.采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM),分析了样件的摩擦表面形貌,探讨了产生影响的机制,并从摩擦因数角度探讨了微车离合器起步发抖和烧蚀的主要原因.微车离合器摩擦材料摩擦因数随着摩擦面温度先升高,然后趋于稳定,最后再降低,其稳定工作的温度区间为130～220℃;在摩擦面温度较低的工况下,摩擦因数较低,微车起步时,离合器传递的扭矩不足以克服道路阻力,引起微车起步发抖的现象;而在摩擦面温度过高的工况下,离合过程中,摩擦因数较低,传递扭矩效率低,导致离合器滑磨时间过长,引起烧蚀现象.     

摩擦摆中的摩擦激励特性研究

介绍一种摩擦摆实验装置,建立摩擦摆稳定摆动状态下系统的运动微分方程,计算并讨论摩擦副间相对角速度和相对角加速度对摩擦摆自激振动稳定性的影响。结果表明:与相对加速度有关的交变摩擦力是系统自激振动的主要原因,因此有效控制工程实践中各种摩擦自激振动的途径在于,力求使摩擦副间摩擦力既不随相对速度变化,更不随相对加速度波动。     

A feasibility study on the design and walking operation of a biped locomotor via dynamic simulation

A feasibility study on the mechanical design and walking operation of a Cassino biped locomotor is presented in this paper. The biped locomotor consists of two identical 3 degrees-of-freedom tripod leg mechanisms with a parallel manipulator architecture. Planning of the biped walking gait is performed by coordinating the motions of the two leg mechanisms and waist. A threedimensional model is elaborated in SolidWorks® environment in order to characterize a feasible mechanical design. Dynamic simulation is carried out in MSC.ADAMS® environment with the aims of characterizing and evaluating the dynamic walking performance of the proposed design. Simulation results show that the proposed biped locomotor with proper input motions of linear actuators performs practical and feasible walking on flat surfaces with limited actuation and reaction forces between its feet and the ground. A preliminary prototype of the biped locomotor is built for the purpose of evaluating the operation performance of the biped walking gait of the proposed locomotor.     

Spin and energy analyzed photoemission: a feasibility analysis

New scientific opportunities, particularly for investigation of surface magnetism, will be provided by spin and energy analyzed photoemission. Electron-optical conservation laws and phase space concepts are summarized and applied to determine the feasiblity of an experiment consisting of a photoemitter in a magnetic field, a photoelectron energy analyzer and an electron spin analyzer. For the example of photoemission from a Ni crystal using He I resonance radiation and typical parameters for the energy and spin analyzers, a final signal count rate of approximately 220 counts/s is calculated. Ways to increase the count rate by orders of magnitude are described. In particular, a new experimental configuration is suggested which may avoid the large reduction in count rate caused by the magnetic field.     

碳复合材料钻孔加工性研究

从刀具材料,几何角度,切削用量等几个方面分析了碳复合材料钻孔工艺性和表面质量,给出了改善复合材料钻孔质量的工艺参数。