等离子表面高铬高碳耐磨层的研究

采用等离子表面合金化技术,在20钢表面渗铬,并进行双辉等离子渗碳,形成高铬高碳合金层.利用GDS、XRD、OM、SEM研究了合金层成分、相组成及组织形貌,并通过摩擦试验对合金层耐磨性进行了分析.研究结果表明:表面高碳高铬层含铬量和含碳量以及碳化物的质量分数(40%以上)高于一般冶金高铬铸铁;渗层主要包含M23C6和M7C3型碳化物,这些碳化物均匀弥散分布,尺寸通常在1μm左右,并无共晶碳化物组织;合金层表面显微硬度达到1000～1600 HV,耐磨性比GCr15轴承钢提高8.6倍.     

深冷处理对碳钢表面Mo-Cr合金层摩擦性能的影响

介绍了一种在Q235钢表面进行等离子合金化及热处理工艺,获得表面高性能强化层的技术方法.通过该技术方法的处理,使Q235钢表面含有Mo,Cr,C合金元素,成分达到或接近冶金高速钢.该工艺技术的基本原理是在真空容器中,利用辉光放电的溅射现象,首先在Q235钢表面渗入合金元素Mo,Cr,表面含量分别达到12%(质量分数,下同)和4%左右,随后进行超饱和渗碳,使表面含碳量达到2.0%以上,合金化层成分接近钼系高速钢.合金层中的碳化物细小、均匀、弥散,无粗大的共晶莱氏体组织.Q235钢表面合金化后分别采用淬火 低温回火,淬火 2h深冷处理 低温回火两种工艺.结果发现,经深冷处理的试样表面硬度达到1600HV,明显高于未经过深冷处理试样的表面硬度.摩擦磨损实验表明,经深冷处理试样的滑动摩擦系数较未经深冷处理试样的要小,经深冷处理试样的耐磨性是未经深冷处理的1.6倍.     

渗碳钢中的铬对渗碳层中碳化物形成的特殊作用

本文综述了渗碳钢中的 Cr 对渗碳层碳化物形成的特殊作用。铬有利于获得弥散的碳化物是由于铬促进渗碳体的形成,且随着钢中含铬量的增加,合金渗碳体由晶界形核过渡为均匀形核;同时长大速度降低。     

硼对高铬铸铁铸渗层组织和性能的影响

本工作利用自熔铸渗技术在ZG45钢表面复合不同硼含量的高铬铸铁铸渗层,研究了硼对高铬铸铁铸渗层组织和性能的影响.利用相图计算软件Thermo-Calc计算分析了不同硼含量下铸渗层的凝固过程,并采用SEM-EDS、XRD和显微硬度仪对不同成分铸渗层的微观组织和硬度进行分析.结果表明:铸渗层与ZG45钢基体达到冶金结合,在结合界面处未观察到微孔洞、微裂纹等缺陷,获得了厚度为10～12 mm的铸渗层.不含硼的铸渗层组织由α-Fe和α-Fe+M7 C3共晶组织组成.加入微量的硼元素后,铸渗层组织主要由α-Fe与α-Fe+M7 C3+M2 B共晶组织组成,与相图计算结果基本吻合.随着硼含量的增加,共晶组织逐渐细化,M7 C3碳化物含量减少,M2 B型硼化物增多,铸渗层硬度逐渐增加.当硼含量为0.72％(质量分数)时,铸渗层硬度最高达到1190HV.对铸态试样进行淬火+低温回火热处理后,铸渗层共晶硼化物与碳化物发生聚集长大,同时在铸渗层基体中伴有二次相的析出,试样铸渗层的洛氏硬度均有提升.热处理试样冲击磨损实验表明,铸渗层磨损表面主要以切削犁沟、疲劳剥层和剥落坑为主,并有少量微小的凿坑.硼含量为0.72％(质量分数)时,试样的抗冲击磨损性能最佳.     

等离子表面冶金Cr、Mo高速钢的研制

介绍了一种在铁碳合金表面进行等离子合金化及热处理的技术.在低碳钢表面渗入合金元素Cr、Mo,表面含量分别达到4%和12%左右,随后进行超饱和渗碳,使表面含碳量达到2.0%以上,合金化层成分接近钼系高速钢.形成的碳化物细小、均匀、弥散,没有粗大的共晶莱氏体组织.试样经深冷处理后表面硬度达到1600Hv.经X射线衍射分析,表面碳化物晶体结构相主要是有M23C6、M6C和M2C,尺寸≤1μm.     

航空齿轮钢16Cr3NiWMoVNbE的真空低压渗碳

对航空齿轮钢16Cr3NiWMoVNbE进行真空低压渗碳热处理,研究了真空渗碳、淬火、冰冷处理以及回火工艺对材料的组织和性能的影响。结果表明：实验钢经渗碳淬火处理后,从表面到心部的组织可分为碳化物区、碳化物与针状马氏体混合区、针状马氏体区和心部板条马氏体区。在碳化物区的晶界有大量的块状Cr碳化物析出,在析出位置Ni元素较少。在针状马氏体和板条马氏体基体中细小的析出物为Nb、V、Mo微合金元素的碳化物。从渗碳钢表面到心部,随着碳浓度的降低硬度曲线呈现先升高后降低的趋势,渗层深度为0.95 mm。冰冷处理使残余奥氏体进一步转化为马氏体,使实验钢的硬度大幅度提高。     

Q235钢表面双层辉光离子强化层摩擦磨损性能

在真空容器中,设置提供含有欲渗合金元素Mo,Cr的供给源和被渗Q235钢试样,利用双层辉光离子渗金属技术,在试样表面进行Mo-Cr共渗,之后经渗碳、淬火及回火复合处理形成强化层.Mo-Cr共渗层厚度在100μm以上,表面Mo含量可达20%(质量分数,下同),Cr含量达到10%.复合处理后表面硬度达到1300HV0.025.M-200磨损试验机磨损实验表明,摩擦因数平均在0.1左右,平均相对耐磨性是GCr15钢经渗碳、淬火及回火后的2.25倍.     

Q235钢表面TiN陶瓷化与Cr-Mo共渗表面强化耐腐蚀性能研究

介绍了一种在Q235钢表面用等离子直接复合渗镀合成氮化钛的方法.该工艺方法形成的组织是Ti固溶体扩散层上分布弥散细小氮化钛颗粒和表面氮化钛沉积层,沉积层与渗层和基体为冶金结合,不会产生剥落.渗镀层表面硬度1600～3400HV.X射线衍射结果表明,渗镀层表面为纯氮化钛层,(200)晶面的衍射峰最强,具有明显的择优取向.在Q235钢表面进行双层辉光离子铬钼共渗,表面Mo含量达到4%(质量分数,下同),Cr含量达到12%.然后进行超饱和渗碳,表面含碳量达到2.0%以上,超过平衡碳计算值.随后进行淬火 低温回火热处理,使表面合金层获得马氏体基体上均匀分布的细小弥散碳化物组织,没有共晶莱氏体.经X射线衍射分析,渗层碳化物类型为M23C6,M6C和M2C,尺寸小于5μm.表面硬度达到1100HV.将等离子复合渗镀合成氮化钛试样与双层辉光离子渗铬试样,在10%硫酸、5%的盐酸、3.5%NaCl水溶液和H2S富液(含H2S 5～8g/L,NH3·H2O20g/L)中,进行电化学腐蚀实验.结果表明,渗镀试样比铬钼共渗试样耐蚀性能分别提高了84,11.67,1.15,21.15倍.     

回火工艺对4Cr13钢激光淬火组织及耐蚀性的影响

研究了４Ｃｒ１３钢表面激淬火及续回火的组织及耐蚀性。结果表明，快速加热激光淬火抑制了碳、铬元素的充分扩散。导致未溶碳化物与周围基体之间碳、铬浓度差减少、使钝化区间变宽。经回火处理后蚀性明显变差。这种变化的程度与回火时碳原子的偏聚及碳化物析出的数量、大小密切相关。     

烧结Cr15高铬铸铁组织与性能的研究

为研发耐磨性能优良、成本相对低廉的高铬铸铁,本文分别以亚共晶、过共晶的水雾化Cr15高铬铸铁粉末为原料,采用超固相线液相烧结工艺制备了烧结高铬铸铁(SHCCI),并对其显微组织、力学性能和冲击磨粒磨损工况下的耐磨性能进行对比研究。结果表明,烧结高铬铸铁主要由M7C3碳化物、马氏体和奥氏体组成;在亚共晶烧结高铬铸铁中,通过电解腐蚀萃取的M7C3碳化物三维形貌呈珊瑚状,沿晶界均匀分布,材料抗冲击耐磨性能优良;在过共晶烧结高铬铸铁中,优先形成的初生碳化物可能成为共晶碳化物的生长基底,形成核-壳结构的M7C3碳化物,沿晶界相互连接呈网状,严重割裂基体。亚共晶、过共晶烧结高铬铸铁的力学性能分别为:硬度HRC63.9、HRC64.3,冲击韧性7.92、3.04 J/cm^2,抗弯强度2112.65、1624.87 MPa。     

Duplex surface treatment of AISI 1045 steel via plasma nitriding of chromized layer

In this work AISI 1045 steel were duplex treated via plasma nitriding of chromized layer. Samples were pack chromized by using a powder mixture consisting of ferrochromium, ammonium chloride and alumina at 1273 K for 5 h. The samples were then plasma-nitrided for 5 h at 803 K and 823 K, in a gas mixture of 75%N₂ + 25%H₂. The treated specimens were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis and Vickers micro-hardness test. The thickness of chromized layer before nitriding was about 8 μm and it was increased after plasma nitriding. According to XRD analysis, the chromized layer was composed of chromium and iron carbides. Plasma nitriding of chromized layer resulted in the formation of chromium and iron nitrides and carbides. The hardness of the duplex layers was significantly higher than the hardness of the base material or chromized layer. The main cause of the large improvement in surface hardness was due to the formation of Cr_xN and Fe_xN phases in the duplex treated layers. Increasing of nitriding temperature from 803 to 823 K enhanced the formation of CrN in the duplex treated layer and increased the thickness of the nitrided layer.     

Microstructure and Properties of Low Temperature Composite Chromized Layer on H13 Tool Steel

Low temperature composite chromizing is a process composed of a plain ion-carbonitriding or ion-nitriding at 550～580℃, followed by a low-temperature chromizing in a salt-bath of 590℃. The microstructure and properties of the low temperature composite chromized layer on H13 tool steel were investigated using metallography,X-ray diffraction, microanalysis, hardness and wear tests. It was found that this low temperature process was thermodynamically and kinetically possible, and the composite chromized layer on H13 steel, with a thickness of 3～6μm,consisted of three sub-layers (bands), viz. the outer Cr-rich one, the intermediate (black) one, and the inner, original white layer. After chromizing, the former diffusion layer was thickened. The results of X-ray diffraction showed that the composite chromized layer contained such nitrides and carbides of chromium as CrN, Cr2N, (Cr, Fe)23C6, and (Cr, Fe)7C3, as well as plain α-(Fe, Cr). A high surface microhardness of 1450～1550 HV0.025, which is much higher than that obtained by the conventional ion carbonitriding and ion nitriding, was obtained. In addition, an excellent wear resistance was gained on the composite chromized layer.     

激光淬火后Cr12MoV渗铬层的摩擦与磨损性能EI北大核心CSCD

利用激光对Cr12MoV冷作模具钢盐浴渗铬后进行表面激光淬火处理,通过SEM扫描电镜和X射线衍射仪分析渗铬层组织结构和物相组成,考察渗铬层摩擦因数与磨损性能,对磨损机理进行讨论。结果表明:渗铬层厚度约为20μm,Cr含量呈梯度分布,在渗铬层中形成富集层;渗铬层物相由CrC_3,CrC_2,(Fe,Cr)_2C_3和Cr组成,经渗铬+激光淬火后渗铬层表面形成致密Cr_2O_3膜;渗铬层-基体为冶金+机械结合方式,经渗铬+激光淬火后冶金结合能力增强;用SiC陶瓷球为对磨件进行干摩擦磨损实验,经渗铬+激光淬火后渗铬层平均摩擦因数为0.5795,比原始状态和渗铬处理分别降低了40.9%和19.2%,减少了黏着磨损,磨损形式为磨料磨损,淬硬层和硬质相是提高磨损性能的主要机制。     

碳钢与不锈钢表面高浓度渗铬法

在氩气气氛下，应用固体渗铬填料法对碳钢、不锈钢作了表面高铬浓度的渗铬处理，探讨了渗铬温度、时间和渗铬组分对渗层表面铬含量、厚度，试样增重和物相组分影响，碳钢、不锈钢的表面渗铬浓度分别达８０－９４ｗｔ％和７０－８２ｗｔ％。     

含铌中铬耐磨铸钢的摩擦磨损行为

使用立式MM-W1型销盘摩擦磨损试验机进行含铌中铬耐磨铸钢的室温干滑动摩擦磨损实验,用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和能谱仪(EDS)观察磨损表面形貌和亚表层的组织变化,研究了Nb含量对这种钢的磨损行为和磨损机制的影响。结果表明,加入0.2%（质量分数,下同）的Nb形成的不连续棒状铌碳化物和晶粒细化提高了试验钢的耐磨性能。但是,Nb含量过高则使钢发生严重的组织变形和生成粗大网状碳化物,使磨损表面脱落而降低耐磨性能。随着试验载荷的增大,含0.2%Nb试验钢的磨损机理从轻微磨粒磨损向黏着磨损和氧化磨损转变。     

CVD金刚石形核的研究

在钢渗铬层和硅片上进行了化学气相沉积金刚石膜,发现在渗铬层上形成的金刚石膜以球形金刚石为主;用高倍扫描电子显微镜分析显示,渗铬层上的球形金刚石是由大量二次晶核长大的微晶金刚石和非晶碳组成.     

Numerical Simulation of Solidification of Work Roll in Centrifugal Casting Process

A program on the solidification process of horizontal centrifugal casting coupled with eutectic carbides segregation has been developed in this paper.Due to the geometrical features of work roll,a cylindrical coordinate system was used.The temperature field of the outer layer at the end of filling process was imported as the initial temperature condition for the solidification process.The model of eutectic carbides segregation caused by different densities between eutectic MC and the molten steel was coupled in the program.The temperature field of the outer layer of work roll during horizontal centrifugal casting process was investigated.Results show that the outer layer has a "sandwich shape" solid fraction manner.Results also indicate that the segregation of eutectic MC is quite severe during centrifugal casting process.It forms four zones of different content of carbides in radial direction.The simulated results of MC carbides segregation phenomenon agree with the experimental observations.     

无碳化物贝氏体钢渗碳后的深冷处理

采用热磁分析、显微硬度分析与直读光谱分析等相结合的方法,对无碳化物贝氏体钢进行渗碳后的深冷处理工艺优化。结果表明:无碳化物贝氏体钢在1193K渗碳空冷后,测试有效硬化层样品的热磁曲线,可以得到有效硬化层的深冷处理温度宜低于134K。经123K深冷处理和463K回火,有效硬化层残留奥氏体含量约为12.2%(质量分数)。通过深冷处理使渗碳钢近表面层得到显著硬化,再经低温回火使近表面层硬度均达到810HV_(1.0)左右,渗碳钢的硬度梯度分布趋于合理。     

Synthesis of fullerites in steel under action of low-pressure arc discharge with graphite anode

The chemical and thermal effects of low-pressure arc discharge with graphite anode in nitrogen on the near-surface layer of a low-carbon (St3 grade) structural steel have been studied. The elemental and phase compositions of the arc-discharge-modified surface layer have been determined by the Auger electron spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis. Fullerites (C₆₀, C₇₀) and a considerable amount of Fe _n C carbides have been found in addition to a high fraction of an amorphous phase with a complex elemental composition. At the same time, graphite and austenite, which are characteristic of the thermodynamic equilibrium process in the Fe-C system with high carbon content, are completely absent in arc-discharge-treated steel.