焊后热处理对AA7075铝合金DP-MIG焊接接头组织及力学性能的影响

采用双脉冲熔化极精性气体保护焊（DP-MIG）工艺方法焊接AA7075-T651铝合金,焊接试板采用固溶处理（480℃×50 min）后水淬,再进行（80℃×24 h）+（120℃×24 h）两级人工时效热处理,通过金相观察、扫描电镜观察、X射线衍射分析、拉伸试验以及硬度测试,研究焊后热处理（PWHT）工艺对焊接接头显微组织及力学性能的影响.结果表明,焊缝区经热处理后,晶粒由枝晶向等轴晶转变,晶界处非平衡第二相溶解,晶界变细,焊缝显微组织特性改善明显;焊接接头经热处理后,抗拉强度由342.5 MPa提高到490 MPa,接头强度系数为0.872,焊缝软化区硬度得到较大改善,焊接接头力学性能有显著提升.     

焊后低温热处理对马氏体不锈钢组织和性能的影响

对ZG06Cr13Ni4Mo马氏体不锈钢进行了焊后低温热处理工艺试验(240、300 ℃),通过显微组织分析、拉伸及弯曲试验、硬度试验及残余应力测试对不同低温热处理下焊接接头的显微组织、力学性能、硬度和残余应力等进行了研究。结果表明,经低温热处理后,接头焊缝热影响区组织为回火马氏体及碳化物,接头焊缝区的组织为低碳马氏体+块状马氏体+碳化物,接头的抗拉强度变化不大,硬度略有下降,经240 ℃低温热处理后,焊接接头焊缝处的残余应力消除了69.1%。     

热处理对TC18钛合金大块富α相区的影响

对含亮斑缺陷的TC18钛合金棒材试样通过EDS能谱及光学显微镜分析缺陷的相组成、尺寸及组织形貌,并利用显微硬度仪进一步分析热处理对缺陷区及正常区显微硬度的影响。EDS能谱及金相分析表明,亮斑为α相富集区,并有一定宽度的过渡区。经1 150℃×2 h/WQ均匀化热处理后,亮斑面积明显减小,亮斑区与过渡区的边界被弱化。进一步经840℃×1 h/FC至720℃×1 h/AC+590℃×4 h/AC常规热处理后,过渡区组织与正常区组织无明显差别,亮斑区α相含量比正常区域稍有增加,组织形貌均为网篮组织。硬度分析表明,1 150℃β相区固溶+常规固溶加时效处理后缺陷区与正常区的硬度差别很小,这表明通过β相区高温固溶预处理可以改善TC18钛合金中的微观偏析。     

A508-3钢回火焊道接头组织和性能

文中针对A508-3钢,采用镍基合金焊条Ni690在其表面实施了异种材料的回火焊道焊接技术,分析了异种材料回火焊道焊接接头组织和性能,并与常规焊接工艺+590 ℃×2 h焊后热处理的焊接接头进行了对比。试验结果表明,常规焊接工艺+焊后热处理的接头硬度虽然粗晶区硬度明显降低,但是马氏体带的硬度降低不明显,而采用回火焊道焊接技术的焊接接头粗晶区和马氏体带的硬度均明显降低;回火焊道技术可以同时软化粗晶区和熔合区,其中粗晶区硬度约为热处理效果的73%～89%,但是获得的接头硬度均匀性更佳。从试验结果来看,能够免除焊后热处理的回火焊道焊接技术是大型结构部件焊接修复或制造时理想的焊接方法。     

预热温度对10Cr9Mo1VNbN钢接头组织和性能的影响

通过对不同预热温度下E9015-B9焊条焊接10Cr9Mo1VNbN钢焊接接头的组织和硬度分布进行分析,并通过插销试验测试了10Cr9Mo1VNbN钢焊接接头的冷裂纹倾向。结果表明:室温下HAZ组织为马氏体+残余奥氏体,焊缝区组织为马氏体+铁素体;预热到100℃时,HAZ组织为回火马氏体+少量贝氏体,焊缝区组织为回火马氏体+铁素体+少量贝氏体;预热到150℃时,HAZ为回火马氏体+贝氏体,焊缝区组织为马氏体+铁素体+贝氏体;焊接接头的硬度呈马鞍形变化趋势,HAZ硬度最高,母材区硬度最低;随着预热温度的升高,焊接接头的硬度整体呈现下降趋势;焊接接头的临界断裂应力随预热温度的提高而增大,在室温和100℃下插销试验的临界断裂应力较小,10Cr9Mo1VNbN钢的冷裂纹倾向较大,预热150℃时,焊接接头临界断裂应力明显提高,高达667 MPa。     

聚变堆用CLAM钢电子束焊接接头显微组织转变与力学性能

对聚变堆用CLAM钢进行了真空电子束焊接试验,并在740℃/1 h条件下对接头进行焊后热处理,利用金相显微镜和显微硬度计对接头各区域热处理前后显微组织转变及硬度分布进行了研究.结果表明,焊缝成形良好,无不良外观缺陷;焊态焊缝和熔合区由粗大板条马氏体+少量8铁素体组成,硬度大于410 HV.完全淬火区粗晶区由粗大板条马氏...     

TA19钛合金线性摩擦焊接头组织及硬度研究

对TA19钛合金进行了线性摩擦焊试验。对部分试样进行了焊后热处理,利用光学显微镜、扫描电镜和显微硬度计对热处理前后接头组织和显微硬度进行了对比分析。结果表明,焊缝区组织为典型的动态再结晶组织,等轴的β晶粒内部弥散分布着α'马氏体和针状α相;热力影响区以变形组织为主,其中靠近焊缝区域的β晶粒内部发生了动态回复和再结晶;热影响区的片间β相上有细小的针状α相析出。经过565℃焊后热处理,焊缝区α'马氏体相以及热力影响区和热影响区的亚稳β相分解为弥散的(α+β)相;随着热处理温度升高,有第二相质点析出。接头的显微硬度比母材高,焊缝中心的硬度最高,随着向母材方向过渡,硬度逐渐降低;热处理后接头的显微硬度略有提升。     

基于E9015-B9焊条的P91与P22异种钢接头组织与性能分析

通过斜Y坡口拘束冷裂纹试验评价了E9015-B9焊条焊接的异种钢P91与P22焊接接头的冷裂纹倾向,并对不同预热温度下焊接接头的组织和硬度分布进行了分析。结果表明:预热温度100和150℃时,P91与P22异种钢焊接接头的裂纹率为零,因此预热温度不应低于100℃。预热到100℃时,P91侧热影响区和焊缝区组织均为马氏体+少量的贝氏体,P22侧热影响区组织为马氏体+铁素体+少量的贝氏体;从P22到P91焊接接头的硬度分布呈现先上升后下降的变化趋势;随着预热温度的升高,硬度值随之降低。     

热处理对耐候钢激光焊接接头组织及性能影响

利用光纤激光器对耐候钢B800NQ钢板进行填丝对接焊,用万能力学试验机、显微硬度仪、光学显微镜(OM)和扫描电镜(SEM)等对焊接接头的拉伸强度、显微硬度、组织和拉伸断口形貌进行分析,研究焊后热处理对激光焊接接头力学性能影响。结果表明:接头焊缝区(WZ)和硬化热影响区(HHAZ)的显微组织为板条马氏体;软化热影响区(SHAZ)的显微组织主要由粒状贝氏体和铁素体组成,存在严重软化现象;母材(BM)区的显微组织主要为回火马氏体和铁素体;焊接接头在550~750℃回火处理时,发生软化,经950℃淬火+240℃回火,焊接接头力学性能最佳。     

焊后热处理对铝/钢焊接接头组织和显微硬度的影响

选用脉冲旁路耦合电弧焊以ER4043铝合金丝作为填充材料进行铝/钢异种金属的搭接焊,焊接接头分别在270℃和350℃下进行焊后热处理。采用扫描电镜观察焊接接头微观组织,使用能谱仪和显微硬度测试仪测试热处理前后焊接接头不同区域合金元素的扩散情况和硬度分布情况。结果表明:焊后热处理会使焊接接头中的合金成分产生均匀化扩散,350℃热处理后焊接接头焊趾区生成了一层金属间化合物Fe_2Al_5Zn_(0.4);270℃热处理后焊接接头焊缝金属组织的硬度分布均匀,焊趾区组织硬度变化较小,这有利于防止焊接接头产生应力集中、提高焊接接头的力学性能。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.     

Theoretical Analysis for the Motion and Temperature of Melt Droplets in Spray Degassing Process

The motion of melt droplets in spray degassing process was analyzed theoretically. The height of the treatment tank in spray degassing process could be determined by the results of theoretical calculation of motion of melt droplets. To know whether the melt droplets would solidify during spraying process, the balance temperature of melt droplets was also theoretically analyzed. Then proof experiments for theoretical results about temperature of melt droplets were carried. In comparison, the experimental results were nearly similar to the calculation results.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.