氨和铵盐的产生及对酿造酱油质量的影响

文章介绍了酱油生产过程中氨和铵盐的产生及对酱油质量的影响.实验表明在酱油酿造中控制杂菌的数量是保证酱油质量的关键.评价酱油质量除了原有指标还应看其铵盐的含量.     

酱油的罐式与池式发酵过程中关键呈味物质对比分析

从发酵罐和发酵池中选取发酵过程中的酱油进行中性蛋白酶活力、氨基酸态氮含量、游离氨基酸含量、pH值、总酸含量、有机酸含量、还原糖含量、淀粉酶活力和食盐含量的检测与分析。结果表明：池式发酵酱油的中性蛋白酶活力、氨基酸态氮含量、氨基酸总量、有机酸总量、淀粉酶活力、还原糖含量、总酸含量和pH值都高于罐式发酵酱油;食盐含量则是罐式酱油更多;其中鲜味氨基酸在发酵12 d后池式酱油的含量就高于罐式酱油的含量,尤其是池式酱油的谷氨酸在发酵45 d时已达到10.42 g/kg,而罐式酱油的谷氨酸含量仅7.91 g/kg;两种方式发酵的酱油都能检测出7种有机酸,且含量较高的两种有机酸分别是乳酸和乙酸;在发酵结束时池式酱油的还原糖含量比罐式酱油的还原糖含量高1.01 g/100 g;池式酱油的食盐含量比罐式酱油的食盐含量低0.90 g/100 g,说明在关键呈味物质上池式发酵酱油优于罐式发酵酱油。     

产2-苯乙醇酵母的鉴定及其在酱油发酵中的应用

研究酱油中特征香气成分2-苯乙醇的合成途径并探索提高酱油发酵醪中2-苯乙醇含量,从酱油发酵醪分离得到1 株产2-苯乙醇酵母菌株922-1。通过形态观察、生理生化测试、转录间隔区序列测序和系统进化树分析鉴定922-1为Candida oceani,C. oceani 922-1可以在高含盐（18% NaCl）培养基中生长;采用唯一氮源实验证明了C. oceani 922-1主要通过艾氏途径,利用苯丙氨酸作为底物合成苯丙氨酸。C. oceani 922-1可以在酱油发酵醪中大量合成2-苯乙醇（44.70 mg/L）,添加1%苯丙氨酸可以将酱油发酵醪中2-苯乙醇质量浓度进一步提高到对照组的17.3 倍,并能一定程度改善发酵生酱油醇香和厚味,显示出C. oceani 922-1在高盐发酵调味品风味改善方面的应用前景。     

促酱醪发酵芽孢杆菌的筛选及应用

用酪素平板法从高盐稀态酱醪中筛选出56 株蛋白酶活性较好的菌株,牛津杯法复筛后制曲测定酶活性,得到淀粉酶活性最高的菌株CS1.11、蛋白酶活性最高的菌株CS1.13及纤维素酶活性最高的菌株CS1.17;16S rRNA序列测定结合形态学分析,CS1.11、CS1.13、CS1.17分别鉴定为贝莱斯芽孢杆菌（Bacillus velezensis）、甲基营养型芽孢杆菌（B. methylotrophicus）、枯草芽孢杆菌（B. subtilis）;分别将3 株实验菌与对照菌枯草芽孢杆菌CS1.03单独进行制曲后盐卤发酵,发现CS1.13发酵酱油氨态氮质量浓度最高,为5.12 g/L,CS1.11发酵酱油还原糖质量浓度最高,为27.20 g/L,与其酶活性结果一致,4 株菌对酱油总酸含量影响不大;顶空固相微萃取气相色谱-质谱联用内标法定性及定量分析发酵酱油发现,3 株实验菌与对照菌均具有产生吡嗪类物质及其前体乙偶姻和2,3-丁二醇的优势,且3 株实验菌优于对照菌;吡嗪类物质能赋予酱油良好的风味及健康因子,是芽孢杆菌酱油发酵的特征风味物质。筛选自高盐稀态酱醪的芽孢杆菌CS1.11、CS1.13、CS1.17有促酱醪发酵、丰富酱油风味、增进健康因子的潜力,具备良好的应用前景。     

酱油抗氧化能力评价及聚类分析

以抗坏血酸为对照,评价了41种酱油产品的DPPH及ABTS~+·自由基清除能力,并以聚类分析法将酱油样品分别按照2种自由基清除活性分别聚类。结果表明:酱油对2种自由基均具有较强清除能力,清除DPPH自由基的平均EC_(50)值为(2.94±1.87)μL酱油/mL溶液,对ABTS~-·自由基清除能力以TEAC值表示为(244.14±130.21)mmoltrolox/mL酱油,DPPH自由基清除能力与酱油中色深物质的含量呈较强的线性关系(R~2>0.9)。显著性分析结果显示,对于DPPH自由基的清除能力,老抽类酱油样品显著高于生抽类样品,华中地区酱油样品显著高于其他地区;对ABTS~+·自由基的清除,高盐稀态法生产酱油样品的清除能力显著高于低盐固态法生产的酱油样品,华南地区的酱油样品清除能力在各地区中最高,低盐固态发酵且等级为三级的酱油清除能力最低。     

浑浊酱油的再利用

本文针对浑浊酱油中的浑浊物进行了分析，实验，确定以低盐固态发酵法生产酱油产生的酱渣为过滤介质，与浑浊酱油混合，利用小型压榨设备，再提取酱油是一种简便易行的处理浑浊酱油的方法，既保护了环境又提高了效益。     

一株产2-苯乙醇酵母的鉴定及其在酱油酿造中的应用

2-苯乙醇是酱油的特征香气成分,为研究其合成代谢途径并提高其在酱油发酵醪中的含量,从酱油发酵醪分离筛选到1株产2-苯乙醇酵母菌株30-2;通过形态观察、生理生化试验、转录间隔区（ITS）序列测序和系统进化树分析鉴定菌株30-2为接合酵母（Zygosaccharomyces sp.）;菌株30-2可以在高含盐（18% NaCl）培养基中生长,采用唯一氮源实验证明了菌株30-2主要通过艾氏途径,以苯丙氨酸为底物合成2-苯乙醇。菌株30-2添加至酱油发酵醪可一定程度降低发酵液还原糖含量,2-苯乙醇合成量达到40.95 mg/L,并可以抑制发酵醪产酸,对酱油其他理化指标影响不显著（P＞0.05）;外加苯丙氨酸后2-苯乙醇含量进一步提高到对照组的14.7倍;显示出菌株30-2在高盐发酵调味品风味改善方面的应用前景。     

酱醪中耐盐酵母菌的分离鉴定及其耐盐性研究

为了改善酱油及鱼露发酵过程及风哧物质的产生,本文拟从自制高盐稀态酱醪发酵酱醪中分离纯化耐盐酵母,可作为产香酵母添加到酱醪或鱼露发酵过程。结果获得6株耐盐酵母菌,通过含3．0mol／LNaCl的固体培养基筛选出5#和6撑两株耐盐性较好、活力旺盛的菌株;经形态学、生理生化和18SrDNA鉴定,为鲁氏结合酵母。两株菌均耐盐性能强,且6#菌耐盐性能更优。     

Soy Sauce and Its Umami Taste: A Link from the Past to Current Situation

ABSTRACT: Soy sauce taste has become a focus of umami taste research. Umami taste is a 5th basic taste, which is associated to a palatable and pleasurable taste of food. Soy sauce has been used as an umami seasoning since the ancient time in Asia. The complex fermentation process occurred to soy beans, as the raw material in the soy sauce production, gives a distinct delicious taste. The recent investigation on Japanese and Indonesian soy sauces revealed that this taste is primarily due to umami components which have molecular weights lower than 500 Da. Free amino acids are the low molecular compounds that have an important role to the taste, in the presence of sodium salt. The intense umami taste found in the soy sauces may also be a result from the interaction between umami components and other tastants. Small peptides are also present, but have very low, almost undetected umami taste intensities investigated in their fractions.     

对酱油中产膜性酵母菌检验的研究

酵母菌是发酵工业中经常使用的一株菌种,但在酱油生产中,有些酵母菌却能使酱油产生不愉快的臭气或形成白膜,检测成品酱油中的酵母菌就显得尤为重要。用马铃薯-葡萄糖琼脂培养基、孟加拉红培养基、高盐察氏琼脂培养基和酱油原汁培养基,分别对长白酱油、涨瓶酱油和正常酱油进行平板稀释培养,结果长白酱油可能污染了不同的产膜酵母,酱油原汁培养基的检出率最高。运用加热灭菌、清洁和正确按量使用防腐剂是防止酱油长白的有效方法。     

Salt Reduction in Foods Using Naturally Brewed Soy Sauce

ABSTRACT:  In recent years, health concerns related to salt/sodium chloride consumption have caused an increased demand for salt-reduced foods. Consequently, sodium chloride (NaCl) reduction in foods has become an important challenge. The more so, since a decrease in NaCl content is often reported to be associated with a decrease in consumer acceptance. The objective of the present study was to investigate whether or not it would be possible to reduce the NaCl content in standard Western European foods by replacing it with naturally brewed soy sauce. Three types of foods were investigated: salad dressing ( n  = 56), soup ( n  = 52), and stir-fried pork ( n  = 57). In the 1st step, an exchange rate (ER) by which NaCl can be replaced with soy sauce without a significant change in the overall taste intensity was established per product type, by means of alternative forced choice tests. In the 2nd step, the same consumers evaluated 5 samples per product type with varying NaCl and/or soy sauce content on pleasantness and several sensory attributes. The results showed that it was possible to achieve a NaCl reduction in the tested foods of, respectively, 50%, 17%, and 29% without leading to significant losses in either overall taste intensity or product pleasantness. These results suggest that it is possible to replace NaCl in foods with naturally brewed soy sauce without lowering the overall taste intensity and to reduce the total NaCl content in these foods without decreasing their consumer acceptance.
PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Health concerns related to salt consumption cause an increased demand for salt-reduced foods. Consequently, the development of foods with reduced salt content without decreasing the consumer acceptance is an important challenge for the food industry. A new possible salt reduction approach is described in the present article: The replacement of salt with naturally brewed soy sauce.     

溶菌酶在酱油中的抑菌效果研究

溶菌酶为多肽链组成的蛋白质分子,酶活在酸性条件下具有良好的热稳定性,且对革兰氏阳性细菌具有专一的抑制杀灭作用,是成品酱油的一种良好的天然抑菌防腐剂。本文研究了溶菌酶在酱油中的抑菌防腐效果。结果表明:(1)在酱油中,溶菌酶的抑菌防腐效果理想,且具有缓慢杀菌的功能,其最佳添加量为150 mg/kg,抑菌防腐效果比0.1%苯甲酸钠要好;(2)在高盐分含量酱油中的抑菌防腐效果比低盐分含量酱油要好,添加溶菌酶后菌落总数下降趋势更加明显;(3)酱油的巴氏灭菌操作对溶菌酶的活性无显著影响;(4)在起始菌落总数为10000 cfu/ml或以下的酱油中使用溶菌酶能使酱油具有较好的抑菌防腐效果,在货架期内菌落总数增长缓慢,产品质量稳定。     

液体发酵中以乙醇代盐生产低盐酱油的研究

用乙醇代替部分盐发酵55d生产的低盐酱油,其中20%盐、1%乙醇溶液泡曲发酵的原酱油中氨基酸态氮为0.865g/100mL,15%～17%乙醇溶液泡曲发酵生产的无盐原酱油中氨基酸态氮约为1.020g/100mL,提高了17%;在5%盐条件下,12%乙醇溶液泡曲得到低盐酱油的氨基酸态氮为0.992g/100mL,提高了14%;10%盐条件下,5%乙醇溶液泡曲得到低盐酱油的氨基酸态氮也达到0.990g/100mL,提高了大约14%。而含有10%盐、5%～7%乙醇的酱油样品风味最好。     

添加剂对成曲酶活力和酱油质量的影响

以提高酱油成曲酶活力为目标,在发酵培养基的基础上,添加不同碳源、氮源、无机盐进行试验。结果表明,在葡萄糖0.25%、NaNO30.1%、ZnSO40.05%的条件下成曲的蛋白酶活力为2 383.83U/g干基,糖化酶活力为117.82U/g干基,分别较对照组提高了36.75%和46.02%。用该优化组和对照组进行酱油低盐固态发酵比较,优化组得到的酱油,总氮含量和氨基态氮含量等各项质量指标均优于对照组。     

Effects of a mixed koji culture of Aspergillus oryzae HG‐26 and Aspergillus niger HG‐35 on the levels of enzymes,antioxidants and phenolic compounds in soy sauce during the fermentation process

Soy sauce contains a number of bioactive components, which have been shown to possess strong antioxidative properties. The objective of this study was to compare the enzyme activities, antioxidant activity and phenolic compounds content of soy sauces prepared from a mixed koji (SSAON, inoculated with Aspergillus oryzae HG‐26 and Aspergillus niger HG‐35), with those of soy sauces made from a koji culture containing only Aspergillus oryzae HG‐26 koji (SSAO). The total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), content of three isoflavone aglycones (daizein, glycitein and genistein) and the antioxidant activity of the SSAON were found to be higher than those of the SSAO during moromi fermentation. In addition, they showed strong positive correlations with the antioxidant potential of the soy sauce. This study has demonstrated the potential of a mixed‐culture koji, based upon A. orzyae and A. niger, for the production of soy sauce with an increased level of bioactive components.     

高耐性酿酒酵母的筛选及其耐受性研究

优良的耐逆性菌株的添加能有效提高酱油生产效率和产品品质风味,该研究筛选出两株耐高温、耐高渗和耐高酸的酵母菌株用于酱油发酵。通过对酵母菌株高温热激之后稀释点板,对比各稀释度的菌落数量和形态,以及通过在高渗板和高酸板上各个菌的生长情况和在抗性培养基中菌的生长曲线测定来对比各菌株的耐受性。稀释点板实验以及生长曲线结果都显示,酿酒酵母L-19和L-38在55 ℃热激条件下以及在分别含有6%NaCl、0.6%乙酸和5%乳酸固体平板上菌落形态和大小都优于酱油酵母,而且在含有高盐和高酸的液体培养基中生长速率均高于酱油酵母。因此,成功筛选出两株具有高耐性的酿酒酵母。     

A study of chemical characteristics of soy sauce and mixed soy sauce: chemical characteristics of soy sauce

Mixed soy sauce is one among the Korean traditional fermented soy sauces consumed as condiment for cooking in Korea, especially mixed soy sauce is made of the fresh seafood and the meat different from the soy sauce. Therefore, mixed soy sauce provides the strong and complicated umami taste, which is stronger than that of soy sauce. The objective of this study was to investigate for the chemical characteristics changes of mixed soy sauce in comparison with soy sauce during fermentation process (0, 120, 240 and 360 days) at different fermentation temperatures (4 and 20 °C), change in moisture, total nitrogen, crude fat, ash, pH, titratable acidity, total acidity, salt content and reducing sugar of mixed soy sauce in comparison with soy sauce. Especially, histidine, arginine, threonine, methionine, phenylalanine, and lysine, essential amino acid and among adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-related compounds, inosine (HxR) and hypoxantine (Hx) were prominent in mixed soy sauce at 20 °C. Otherwise, 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH) derivative and 3DG content were prominent in soy sauce at 20 °C. The content of 2,4-DNPH derivative and 3DG in soy sauce is correlated with its browning intensity.     

酱油中铵盐含量的监测与来源分析

目的研究开平市产酱油中铵盐含量及其污染来源,为酱油生产过程质量控制提供参考依据。方法检测酱油中的铵盐和氨基酸态氮含量,计算铵盐比率和合格率;检测原料焦糖色中氨氮含量和糖蜜中铵盐含量。结果半成品酱油铵盐合格率(100%)和成品酱油铵盐合格率(91.3%)差异有统计学意义(χ2=4.3,0.01相似文献   

高盐稀态酱油发酵S3—2酵母基础发酵性能的研究

鲁氏酵母（S酵母）的耐盐能力抑制了其对高盐稀态酱油风味的改善作用。S3-2酵母是本试验室以S酵母为出发菌株,利用基因组重组技术构建的一株具有高耐盐度的酵母菌株。在YPD发酵培养基中对S3-2酵母进行基础发酵性能研究的结果表明,S3-2比S酵母具有更高的耐盐能力,S酵母能生长的最大盐度为19％,而S3-2酵母在含盐量高达21％的培养基中仍能够良好生长。在含盐量为18％的YPD发酵培养基中,S3-2酵母在提高醇类物质的种类和含量,对提高高盐稀态酱油风味具有重要的意义。     

酱油原料蒸煮工艺的优化

为探讨原料蒸煮工艺对酱油生产的影响,用高温短时法连续蒸煮与低盐固态发酵相结合的方法,以种曲蛋白酶活力为指标,通过单因素试验确定原料蒸料温度、蒸料时间、蒸料压力的选择范围,再通过正交试验确定蒸煮最佳工艺条件。并对种曲的蛋白酶活力以及发酵各阶段的酱醅和所得成品中的氨态氮含量进行测定和分析。结果表明,蒸煮温度在115℃、时间为4min、压力为0.15MPa时,种曲中的蛋白酶活力最高,达3545U/g,头油氨氮含量达1.078g/100mL,原料蛋白质利用率达89%。在实际生产中,应用上述优化条件,不但能提高原料利用率和产品质量,还降低了生产成本,提高了经济效益。