Ray analysis of low-grazing scattering from a breaking water wave

Low-grazing-angle backscattering from a modeled breaking-wave surface profile has been calculated using a ray-optical approach and compared with reference scattering found using an extended moment method. The calculations show that interference between the direct backscatter from the breaking plume and multipath scattering between the plume and wave face can lead to the HH-to-VV polarization-backscattering ratios of greater than 9 dB that characterize sea-spike events. The multipath effects can be accurately predicted from simple reflection from the front face at the smallest grazing angles. At higher angles, diffraction from rapid changes in the surface curvature must also be considered     

Electromagnetic modeling of multipath scattering from breakingwater waves with rough faces

The low-grazing-angle (LGA) backscattering from one-dimensionally rough surface profiles approximating breaking water waves with roughened front faces has been numerically examined. The added front-face roughness approximates that expected from wind generation. The reference "exact" backscattering was found using a numerical technique based on the moment method. A model-based approach to predict the backscattering was also implemented. In this, the crest scattering was found directly using the moment method, the multipath scattering was modeled using physical optics, and the distributed-surface scattering from the small-scale roughness was found from the two-scale model. The calculations show that the roughness adds incoherent components to both the vertically (VV) and horizontally (HH) polarized scattering cross sections. At VV, this is due to the random scattering from the small-scale roughness, while at HH it results from random changes in the multipath interference due to the large-scale roughness. As the mechanisms for the incoherent scattering are independent, it is difficult to predict the magnitude of the HH-to-VV backscattering ratio that will occur with specific realizations of the roughness from the underlying breaking-wave shape alone, particularly with large rms roughness added. Overall, the model-based calculations give a good prediction of both the coherent and incoherent scattering coefficients     

Low-grazing scattering from breaking water waves using an impedanceboundary MM/GTD approach

The radar backscattering from water waves of various degrees of breaking Is numerically examined. A hybrid moment method geometrical theory of diffraction (MM/GTD) technique previously used for small-grazing scattering from perfectly conducting surfaces is reformulated using impedance boundary conditions, allowing the treatment of large (but finite) conductivity scattering media such as sea water. This hybrid MM/GTD approach avoids the artificial edge effects that limit the standard moment method when applied to rough surfaces, allowing the calculation of the scattering at arbitrarily small grazing angles. Sample surfaces are obtained through the edge-detection of video stills of breaking waves generated in a wave tank. The numerical calculations show that the strength of the backscatter is closely associated with the size of the plume on the breaking wave. Strong interference appears in the both horizontal (HH) and vertical (VV) backscatter when the surfaces are treated as perfectly conducting. The VV interference is dramatically reduced when a sea water surface is used, but the HH interference is unaffected. The interference leads to HH/VV ratios of up to 10 dB. The behavior of the scattering is consistent with the multipath theory of sea-spike scattering     

Low-grazing-angle microwave scattering from a three-dimensional spilling breaker crest: a numerical investigation

The microwave backscattering from a three-dimensional (3-D) target approximating the rough crest of a gently spilling water wave at low grazing angle illumination has been numerically examined. The target surfaces were synthesized from the direct two-dimensional (2-D) measurement of the time evolution of the upwave-downwave cross-section of a wave-tank breaker. The reference scattering was found using the multilevel fast multipole algorithm implemented with impedance boundary conditions and resistive surface loading to suppress nonphysical edge diffraction. The scattering was compared with the predictions of the two-scale model and a synthesis of the 3-D backscattering from individual 2-D calculations. Specular reflection from a bulge feature that appeared on the crest prior to breaking dominated the backscattering at both polarizations, overwhelming even the strong vertical polarization Bragg scattering that appeared in the corresponding scattering from the individual 2-D profiles used to synthesize the 3-D target. The scattering from the surface including the bulge could be accurately modeled using a coherent addition of the scattering from the 2-D profiles. The two-scale model performed poorly whenever there are steep sections on the surface that provide significant quasi-specular back-reflection. Accuracy improved when the specular points were eliminated and the dominant scattering roughness was fully illuminated, but was still sensitive to the surface-roughness scale-separation threshold used in its application.     

碎浪在大角度对海面后向散射系数的修正模型

应用双尺度方法(Two-Scale Method,TSM)计算了海面的后向散射系数(Backscattering Coefficient,BSC).由于实测的海面散射系数在大角度与理论不相符,尤其是水平(Horizontal,HH)极化,中等尺度的碎浪模型被用来对海面散射系数进行修正.通过对不同参数的中等尺度碎浪散射系数进行统计平均,可以得到碎浪的平均散射系数.运用碎浪的覆盖率模型,将碎浪模型与海面的散射系数进行结合,得到了含碎浪的海面散射系数修正模型.结果表明,该模型在大入射角下能对HH极化有明显的修正作用,使其与实验数据更为吻合.对于垂直(Vertical,VV)极化,TSM计算的结果本身就与实验数据吻合得较好,碎浪也没有对其有明显的修正.     

Numerical simulation of low-grazing-angle ocean microwavebackscatter and its relation to sea spikes

This paper presents the results of numerically simulating microwave backscatter from a deep-water breaking wave profile. Enhanced microwave backscatter from the crests of breaking waves has been hypothesized as the source of bright short-lived microwave radar echoes that are observed at low-grazing angles (LGAs). The characteristics of these “sea spikes” are distinctly different from the Bragg-scatter echoes that dominate measurements made at moderate grazing angles. Of particular interest is the high contrast that sea spikes present against ocean background backscatter when observed with horizontally polarized transmit/receive configurations [horizontal (HH) versus vertical (VV)]. This HH/VV contrast disparity has been attributed to polarization-selective cancellation of the direct reflection from the wave crest by the surface reflection. This hypothesis is reinforced first by showing evidence that VV polarization is suppressed in the intensity range that would normally be populated by the brightest scatterers. Histograms of unaveraged Doppler-centroid measurements show further that the depleted VV backscatter population is responding to scatterers that are moving much more slowly than the HH scatterers. The Doppler-centroid histograms provide a sharper delination between the two scattering populations than do the unconditionally averaged Doppler spectra that are more commonly reported. Finally, our numerical simulations show evidence of an interference mechanism that selectively suppresses VV backscatter. In our simulations, the polarization selectivity comes from the phase dependence of the backscatter from the wave crest. A Brewster phenomenon at the surface reflection point is not necessary     

High-frequency asymptotic solutions for backscattering by cylinders with conic section directrixes

High-frequency asymptotic expansions are derived for electric and magnetic fields backscattered from a perfectly conducting smooth two-dimensional surface illuminated by a plane incident wave in two cases of TE and TM linear polarizations. Diffraction corrections up to the second order of the inverse large parameter p=ak (where a is a curvature radius at the specularly reflecting point, and k is a field wave number) to the geometrical optics fields, and specifically to their phases, backscattering cross sections (HH and VV for TE and TM polarizations, correspondingly), as well as the polarization ratio HH/VV, are derived for the specular points of a general form. These general results are applied to backscattering from cylinders with conical section directrixes (circle, parabola, ellipse, and hyperbola), and a number of new compact explicit equations are derived, especially for elliptic and hyperbolic cylinders illuminated at an arbitrary incidence angle relative to their axes of symmetry.     

Design and analysis of a 2-D eigenspace-based interferencecanceller

This paper deals with the problem of eigenspace-based interference cancellation using a two-dimensional (2-D) rectangular array. An efficient 2-D signal blocking technique is presented to remove the desired signal from the received array data. In conjunction with the 2-D signal blocking technique, a positive definite matrix is further constructed and used to compensate the effect of the signal blocking operation on the sensor noise received by a 2-D eigenspace-based interference canceller (EIC). Therefore, the interference subspace required for computing the optimal weight vector of the designed 2-D EIC can be obtained by simply using conventional eigenvalue decomposition methods instead of any complicated generalized eigenvalue decomposition methods. The performances of the designed 2-D EIC under finite samples and steering angle error are also evaluated. The developed theoretical results are confirmed by several simulation examples     

基于实测数据的Ka波段海杂波极化特性研究

文中介绍了获取Ka波段海杂波的试验条件,并利用获取的实测数据进行了杂波特性分析.发现:HH极化与VV极化下海杂波的幅度分布区别不大,与瑞利、韦布尔及K分布拟合程度较为接近,与理论分析基本一致;海杂波时间相关性很短,在不同极化方式下变化不大;其空间相关长度约为4 m,且随着擦地角增加而略有增加.此外比较分析了HH和VV两种极化下海杂波后向散射系数随擦地角的变化趋势,在低擦地角情况下,VV极化条件下的海杂波后向散射系数高于HH极化.本文的研究结果为海杂波背景下低空小目标的检测研究提供了更加丰富有利的支撑.     

Azimuthal anisotropy of scatterometer measurements over land

Studies of the Earth's land surface involving scatterometers are becoming an increasingly important application field of microwave remote sensing. Similarly to scatterometer observations of ocean waves, the backscattering coefficient (/spl sigma//sup 0/) response of land surfaces depends on both the incidence and azimuth angle under which the observations are made. In order to retrieve geophysical parameters from scatterometer data, it is necessary to account for azimuthal-modulation effects of the backscattered signal. In the present study, this paper localizes the regions affected by a strong azimuthal signal dependence when observed with the European Remote Sensing Satellite Scatterometer and the SeaWinds Scatterometer on QuikSCAT (QSCAT). The possible physical reasons for the azimuthal effects, relating the very detailed QSCAT azimuthal response to the spatial orientation of special topographic features and land cover within the sensor footprint, were then discussed. Different methods for normalizing the backscattering coefficient with respect of observation azimuth angle were also proposed and evaluated. First, the mean local incidence angle of the sensor footprint using the shuttle radar topography mission digital elevation model (DEM) were modeled and concluded that the resolution of the DEM is too coarse to characterize most of the observed azimuthal effects. A more effective way of normalizing the backscatter with respect to azimuth is then found to be by using historical backscatter observations to statistically determine the expected backscatter at each observation azimuth and incidence angle as well as time of the year. The efficiency of this method is limited to the availability of past measurements for each location on the Earth.     

Equal BER performance in linear successive interferencecancellation for CDMA systems

In this contribution, we calculate the received power distribution required to obtain equal bit-error rate (BER) performance for all links in a code-division multiple-access system employing a linear successive interference cancellation (SIC) receiver at the base station for an additive white Gaussian noise channel. We show that the variance of the decision statistic of the linear SIC receiver can be formulated in a nonrecursive manner that allows calculation of the power profile necessary to obtain equal signal-to-noise-plus-interference ratios for all received signals when cancellation order is determined based on average power. When equal BER performance is required, this formulation allows capacity limits to be determined for a required signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) or an SINR limitation to be calculated for a given capacity. We also show that the power profiles required are significantly larger than those obtained when perfect cancellation is assumed, highlighting the inadequacy of such an assumption     

Comments on “Partial parallel interference cancellation forCDMA”

We comment on partial parallel interference cancellation as discussed in the paper by Divsalar et al. (see ibid. vol.46, p.258-68, 1998). The aforementioned work showed that by multiplying the symbol estimates by a factor less than unity in the early stages of cancellation, the performance of parallel cancellation can be improved relative to full (“brute force”) cancellation. In this paper we analyze the improvement of parallel cancellation when using partial cancellation, and provide additional insight into the gains. Specifically, we show that the decision statistic is biased when linear (soft) estimates of the symbol or channel are used for cancellation. Partial cancellation improves the performance in this case by reducing the decision statistic bias     

Reflection of spherical waves at plane interfaces where relative index of refraction is near unity

When a spherical wave, incident at a grazing angle, is reflected from a plane interface where the relative index of refraction is near unity, it turns out that strong interference between the so-called lateral wave and the so-called specular reflected wave takes place. Numerical calculations to illustrate the effect are presented.     

On Multiple Access Using H-ARQ with SIC Techniques for Wireless Ad Hoc Networks

In this paper, we consider non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) for wireless ad hoc networks over block fading channels where the performance is limited by interference and fading. In order to provide a reasonable performance, we can use re-transmission and interference cancellation techniques. Re-transmission techniques can provide a diversity gain over fading channels, while the successive interference cancellation (SIC) can improve the signal to interference ratio (SIR). Using the information outage probability, we show that the NOMA approach with re-transmissions can perform better than the orthogonal multiple access (OMA) approach with re-transmissions when the signal to noise ratio (SNR) is low. It is also shown that the outage probability of the NOMA with SIC is lower than that of OMA when the rate is sufficiently low where SIC can be facilitated.     

Studies of dual polarized low grazing angle radar sea scatter innearshore regions

Reports on experiments featuring horizontally (HH) and vertically (VV) polarized X-band marine radar sea scatter imagery in the coastal environments of Bermuda and La Jolla, under light to moderate winds and the absence of long gravity waves. These conditions allowed the study of fundamental scattering mechanisms from small scale roughness and short waves of a few meters wavelength or less, shorter than the radar pulse. While a large fraction of radar data collected revealed the presence of slick bands, the authors analyze the radar echo of ambient background outside of the slicks. Sea scatter data were digitally recorded for 360° azimuthal coverage for grazing angles between 1-3.5°, and were converted to normalized radar cross section (NRCS or σ°) images. The HH and VV polarizations show quite different spatial texture, with HH exhibiting a discrete character and VV being more nearly spatially homogeneous. Grazing angle dependencies are different for HH and VV: upwind-downwind differences of mean NRCS show ratios of just 4-6 dB for VV, but are equal or greater than the 16-dB noise-imposed limit for HH for the low wind conditions. HH NRCS grazing angle characteristics are shown to correlate with biological activity indicators of the coastal waters, with a fourth power dependence in relatively unproductive waters, to a nearly quadratic in productive waters. Arguments are presented that suggest different scattering mechanisms for the two polarizations: evenly distributed Bragg scatter patches for VV and scatter from small asymmetric bore features for HH. A multipath illumination model for small bore features is outlined, and scale sizes for the small scale breakers inferred from the experimental results presented are between 2 and 4 cm in height, with crest widths between 24 and 48 cm     

Surface currents on impedance bodies of revolution

The surface currents induced by a plane wave axially incident on a rotationally symmetric body are determined by solving numerically extended form of Maue's integral equation. The relative surface impedance is independent of the azimuthal angle but may vary along the profile of the scatterer in any plane containing the axis of symmetry. Numerical results are shown for a sphere and a cone-sphere that are either perfectly conducting or perfectly absorbing. Apart from internal resonances, the computer code is found to provide accurate results well into the high-frequency region. A simple line-integral representation of the far field is given, and internal resonances are discussed for the backscattering radar cross section of a perfectly conducting and a perfectly absorbing sphere     

天波超视距雷达海面非后向散射特性建模分析

运用微扰法推导了非后向散射下的天波超视距雷达海杂波模型,将此模型进行计算机仿真,并定性分析此模型下双基地角、雷达工作频率、风向、风速、入射角对海杂波回波强度的影响,为非后向散射下天波超视距雷达的目标检测和雷达布站提供了科学依据。     

高频地波雷达不同干扰抑制方法性能比较

在拥挤的高频波段,高频地波雷达受短波电台的影响而不能正常地进行工作,空域波束形成和基于水平天线辅助旁瓣对消的干扰抑制方法被用来对消此类电台干扰.比较了基于不同辅助天线以及不同信号处理顺序情况下的干扰抑制性能,对实测数据处理结果表明,基于水平辅助天线的方法能够在保证目标信息不丢失的情况下抑制主瓣干扰,距离域旁瓣对消的方法表现出最佳的干扰抑制性能.     

Interference Cancellation for High-Frequency Surface Wave Radar

The performance of high-frequency surface wave radar (HFSWR) is known to suffer from external environmental interference and noise, such as cochannel radio-frequency interference from other radiating source, ionospheric clutter, lightning impulsive noise, etc. This paper experimentally evaluates the interference cancellation performance of various adaptive beamforming schemes with respect to the aforementioned three types of interferences in an attempt to find the most promising adaptive cancellation scheme in practical HFSWR environment.