Functional group‐assisted green synthesised superparamagnetic nanoparticles for the rapid removal of hexavalent chromium from aqueous solution

Superparamagnetic nanoparticles (NPs) prepared using the capping agent derived from the Lantana camara fruit extract were used to study the adsorption of chromium ions. Characterisation techniques such as scanning electron microscope, energy‐dispersive X‐ray, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, vibrating sample magnetometer and thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA) were used to study the NP features and adsorption mechanisms. The maximum monolayer adsorption capacity calculated from the Langmuir isotherm was found to be 41 mg/g. The chemical nature of the adsorption is confirmed with the results of Dubinin–Radushkevich model and thermodynamic studies. In addition, thermodynamically favourable and spontaneous adsorption is considered to be a good indication for the removal of metal ions. Out of the kinetic models investigated, the experiments exhibited the best fit to pseudo‐second‐order model, advocating for surface‐based adsorption, involving both physical and chemical interactions. It is also significant to note that 85% of the adsorption occurs in the first 10 min, and hence the selected adsorbent is also claimed for rapid removal of metal ions. The newly synthesised adsorbent hence possesses remarkable properties in terms of simple synthesising technique, low cost, rapid uptake and improved efficiency without generating harmful byproducts.Inspec keywords: superparamagnetism, nanoparticles, magnetic particles, nanofabrication, nanomagnetics, adsorption, chromium, Fourier transform infrared spectra, X‐ray diffraction, X‐ray chemical analysis, magnetometry, thermodynamic propertiesOther keywords: functional group‐assisted green synthesis, superparamagnetic nanoparticles, hexavalent chromium ions, aqueous solution, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectra, X‐ray diffraction, vibrating sample magnetometry, TGA, Dubinin‐Radushkevich model, thermodynamic model, Langmuir isotherm, monolayer adsorption capacity, surface‐based adsorption, pseudosecond‐order adsorption model, chemical interactions, physical interactions, Cr     

Rapid removal of lead(II) ions from water using iron oxide–tea waste nanocomposite – a kinetic study

Lead (Pb) ions are a major concern to the environment and human health as they are contemplated cumulative poisons. In this study, facile synthesis of magnetic iron oxide–tea waste nanocomposite is reported for adsorptive removal of lead ions from aqueous solutions and easy magnetic separation of the adsorbent afterwards. The samples were characterised by scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform‐infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, and Braunner–Emmet–Teller nitrogen adsorption study. Adsorptive removal of Pb(II) ions from aqueous solution was followed by ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) spectrophotometry. About 95% Pb(II) ion removal is achieved with the magnetic tea waste within 10 min. A coefficient of regression R ²  ≃ 0.99 and adsorption density of 18.83 mg g⁻¹ was found when Pb(II) ions were removed from aqueous solution using magnetic tea waste. The removal of Pb(II) ions follows the pseudo‐second‐order rate kinetics. External mass transfer principally regulates the rate‐limiting phenomena of adsorption of Pb(II) ions on iron oxide–tea waste surface. The results strongly imply that magnetic tea waste has promising potential as an economic and excellent adsorbent for the removal of Pb(II) from water.Inspec keywords: visible spectra, scanning electron microscopy, mass transfer, ultraviolet spectra, X‐ray diffraction, nanocomposites, lead, adsorption, magnetic separation, iron compounds, nanofabrication, Fourier transform infrared spectraOther keywords: FeO, Pb, time 10.0 min, X‐ray diffraction, Fourier transform‐infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, adsorbent, magnetic separation, rapid removal, Braunner–Emmet–Teller nitrogen adsorption, iron oxide–tea waste surface, magnetic tea waste, aqueous solution, adsorptive removal, magnetic iron oxide–tea waste nanocomposite, lead(II) ions     

Facile synthesis of mesoporous alumina using hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (HTAB) as template: simplified sol‐gel approach

Herein the authors present the synthesis of surface functionalised mesoporous alumina (MeAl) for textural characterisation by a simplified sol–gel method obtained by using hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide as a template. Etoricoxib (ETOX) was used as a model drug for the study. Alumina supported mesoporous material containing drug was characterised using instrumental technique namely Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface area, Fourier transform‐infrared, differential scanning calorimetry, transmission electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction, and field emission scanning electron microscopy. Diffusion study using a dialysis bag method used to check the release pattern of ETOX‐loaded‐MeAl. Results of characterisation study revealed the successful surface functionalisation of the drug on nanocomposite. The IC₅₀ value obtained from cell viability study demonstrated the non‐toxic behaviour of synthesised drug‐loaded mesoporous alumina up to the tested concentration range. The present work has demonstrated that synthesised MeAl showed excellent stability with an expanded surface area suitable for carrier material for drug delivery system.Inspec keywords: Fourier transform spectra, adsorption, biomedical materials, silicon compounds, drug delivery systems, X‐ray diffraction, alumina, differential scanning calorimetry, nanocomposites, field emission electron microscopy, nanofabrication, nanomedicine, mesoporous materials, transmission electron microscopy, sol‐gel processing, scanning electron microscopyOther keywords: ETOX‐loaded‐MeAl, successful surface functionalisation, synthesised drug‐loaded mesoporous alumina, synthesised MeAl, expanded surface area, drug delivery system, hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide, sol‐gel approach, surface functionalised mesoporous alumina, simplified sol–gel method, mesoporous material containing drug, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface area, Fourier transform‐infrared, differential scanning calorimetry, transmission electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy, dialysis bag method     

Biosynthesis and characterisation of nano‐silica as potential system for carrying streptomycin at nano‐scale drug delivery

A growing trend within nanomedicine has been the fabrication of self‐delivering supramolecular nanomedicines containing a high and fixed drug content ensuring eco‐friendly conditions. This study reports on green synthesis of silica nanoparticles (Si‐NPs) using Azadirachta indica leaves extract as an effective chelating agent. X‐ray diffraction analysis and Fourier transform‐infra‐red spectroscopic examination were studied. Scanning electron microscopy analysis revealed that the average size of particles formed via plant extract as reducing agent without any surfactant is in the range of 100–170 nm while addition of cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide were more uniform with 200 nm in size. Streptomycin as model drug was successfully loaded to green synthesised Si‐NPs, sustain release of the drug from this conjugate unit were examined. Prolong release pattern of the adsorbed drug ensure that Si‐NPs have great potential in nano‐drug delivery keeping the environment preferably biocompatible, future cytotoxic studies in this connection is helpful in achieving safe mode for nano‐drug delivery.Inspec keywords: silicon compounds, nanofabrication, nanomedicine, drug delivery systems, nanoparticles, X‐ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectra, scanning electron microscopyOther keywords: nanosilica, streptomycin, nanoscale drug delivery, nanomedicine, silica nanoparticles, Azadirachta indica leaves extract, X‐ray diffraction analysis, Fourier transform‐infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide, SiO₂      

Biosynthesis of reusable and recyclable CuO@Magnetite@Hen Bone NCs and its antioxidant and antibacterial activities: a highly stable magnetically nanocatalyst for excellent reduction of organic dyes and adsorption of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

For the first time, through a fast, eco‐friendly and economic method, the aqueous extract of the leaf of Euphorbia corollate was used to the green synthesis of the highly stable CuO@Magnetite@Hen Bone nanocomposites (NCs) as a potent antioxidant and antibacterial agent against Pseudomonas aureus, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae pathogenic bacteria. The biosynthesised NCs were identified using the scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, elemental mapping, X‐ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy and UV–vis analytical techniques. Also, the radical scavenging activity using (2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl) method was used to evaluate the antioxidant activity of the NCs. The stability of nanocatalyst was monitored using the XRD and SEM analyses after 30 days from its synthesis. Furthermore, its excellent catalytic activity, recycling stability, and high substrate applicability were demonstrated to the adsorption of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons of the light crude oil from Shiwashok oil fields and destruction of methylene blue and methyl orange as harmful organic dyes at ambient temperature using UV–vis spectroscopy. Moreover, the green CuO@Magnetite@Hen Bone NCs were recovered and reused several times without considerable loss of its catalytic activity.Inspec keywords: nanobiotechnology, X‐ray diffraction, infrared spectra, catalysis, crude oil, Fourier transform spectra, ultraviolet spectra, scanning electron microscopy, dyes, catalysts, photochemistry, iron compounds, X‐ray chemical analysis, antibacterial activity, adsorption, visible spectra, microorganisms, organic compounds, reduction (chemical), nanomedicine, toxicology, recycling, chemical industryOther keywords: antioxidant activity, XRD, SEM analyses, recycling stability, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, harmful organic dyes, UV–vis spectroscopy, green CuO@Magnetite@Hen Bone NCs, reusable CuO@Magnetite@Hen Bone NCs, recyclable CuO@Magnetite@Hen Bone NCs, antioxidant activities, antibacterial activities, highly stable magnetically nanocatalyst, eco‐friendly method, economic method, euphorbia corollate, green synthesis, CuO@Magnetite@Hen Bone nanocomposites, antibacterial agent, pseudomonas aureus, staphylococcus aureus, escherichia coli, klebsiella pneumoniae pathogenic bacteria, biosynthesised NCs, X‐ray spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, radical scavenging activity, antioxidant agent, 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl, catalytic activity, organic dye reduction, light crude oil, CuO     

Higher adsorption capacity of Spirulina platensis alga for Cr(VI) ions removal: parameter optimisation,equilibrium, kinetic and thermodynamic predictions

This study discusses about the biosorption of Cr(VI) ion from aqueous solution using ultrasonic assisted Spirulina platensis (UASP). The prepared UASP biosorbent was characterised by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, Brunauer–Emmet–Teller, scanning electron spectroscopy and energy dispersive X‐ray and thermogravimetric analyses. The optimum condition for the maximum removal of Cr(VI) ions for an initial concentration of 50 mg/l by UASP was measured as: adsorbent dose of 1 g/l, pH of 3.0, contact time of 30 min and temperature of 303 K. Adsorption isotherm, kinetics and thermodynamic parameters were calculated. Freundlich model provided the best results for the removal of Cr(VI) ions by UASP. The adsorption kinetics of Cr(VI) ions onto UASP showed that the pseudo‐first‐order model was well in line with the experimental data. In the thermodynamic study, the parameters like Gibb''s free energy, enthalpy and entropy changes were evaluated. This result explains that the adsorption of Cr(VI) ions onto the UASP was exothermic and spontaneous in nature. Desorption of the biosorbent was done using different desorbing agents in which NaOH gave the best result. The prepared material showed higher affinity for the removal of Cr(VI) ions and this may be an alternative material to the existing commercial adsorbents.Inspec keywords: adsorption, ultrasonic applications, Fourier transform infrared spectra, X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, X‐ray chemical analysis, thermal analysis, chromium, free energy, enthalpy, entropy, desorption, water treatment, water pollution, biological techniques, microorganismsOther keywords: Cr⁴⁺ , entropy changes, enthalpy changes, Gibb''s free energy, pseudofirst‐order model, Freundlich model, thermogravimetric analyses, energy dispersive X‐ray, scanning electron spectroscopy, Brunauer‐Emmet‐Teller, X‐ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, UASP biosorbent, ultrasonic assisted Spirulina platensis, aqueous solution, chromium ion biosorption, thermodynamic prediction, kinetic prediction, equilibrium prediction, parameter optimisation, chromium ion removal, Spirulina platensis alga, adsorption capacity     

Synthesis of Co3 O4 /graphene nanocomposite using paraffin wax for adsorption of methyl violet in water

This study discusses the use of Co₃ O₄ impregnated graphene (CoOIG) as an efficient adsorbent for the removal of methyl violet (MV) dye from wastewater. CoOIG nanocomposites have been prepared by pyrolyzing paraffin wax with cobalt acetate. The synthesised nanocomposite was characterised by X‐ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscope, Fourier transform infrared spectroscope, Raman spectroscopy, and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller isotherm studies. The above studies indicate that the composites have cobalt oxide nanoparticles of size 51–58 nm embedded in the graphene nanoparticles. The adsorption studies were conducted with various parameters, pH, temperature and initial dye concentration, adsorbent dosage and contact time by the batch method. The adsorption of MV dye by the adsorbent CoOIG was about 90% initially at 15 min and 98% dye removal at pH 5. The data were fitted in Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, and Dubinin–Radushkevich and Sips isotherm models. Various thermodynamic parameters like Gibbs free energy, enthalpy, and entropy of the on‐going adsorption process have also been calculated.Inspec keywords: cobalt compounds, graphene, nanoparticles, nanocomposites, nanofabrication, adsorption, dyes, scanning electron microscopy, field emission electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, Raman spectra, Fourier transform infrared spectra, free energy, enthalpy, entropyOther keywords: nanocomposite, paraffin wax, adsorption, methyl violet dye, water, X‐ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, Brunauer‐Emmett‐Teller isotherm, cobalt oxide nanoparticles, graphene nanoparticles, thermodynamic parameters, Gibbs free energy, enthalpy, entropy, Co₃ O₄ ‐C     

Antibacterial and anticancer activity of biosynthesised CuO nanoparticles

The present investigation aims for the synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) using Nilgirianthus ciliatus plant extract. The obtained CuO NPs were characterised by X‐ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectrum, ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, photoluminescence, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy analysis. Significant bacterial activity was manifested by CuO nanoparticles against both Gram‐positive (Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus mutans) and Gram‐negative (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) bacteria. The synthesised CuO NPs have good cytotoxicity against both human breast cancer cell line (MCF‐7) and lung cancer cell line (A549) with minimum cytotoxic effect on normal L929 (fibroblast) cell lines.Inspec keywords: microorganisms, ultraviolet spectra, nanomedicine, transmission electron microscopy, visible spectra, cellular biophysics, antibacterial activity, nanoparticles, X‐ray diffraction, lung, copper compounds, cancer, toxicology, biomedical materials, scanning electron microscopy, photoluminescence, Fourier transform infrared spectraOther keywords: antibacterial activity, anticancer activity, biosynthesised CuO nanoparticles, copper oxide nanoparticles, Nilgirianthus ciliatus plant, X‐ray diffraction, infrared spectrum, ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy analysis, bacterial activity, Gram‐negative bacteria, synthesised CuO NPs, human breast cancer cell line, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus mutans, CuO     

Biocompatibility assessment of SiO2 –TiO2 composite powder on MG63 osteoblast cell lines for orthopaedic applications

The objective of this study is to evaluate the biocompatibility of composite powder consisting of silica and titania (SiO₂ –TiO₂) for biomedical applications. The advancement of nanoscience and nanotechnology encourages researchers to actively participate in reinvention of existing materials with improved physical, chemical and biological properties. Hence, a composite/hybrid material has given birth of new materials with intriguing properties. In the present investigation, SiO₂ –TiO₂ composite powder was synthesised by sol‐gel method and the prepared nanocomposite was characterised for its phase purity, functional groups, surface topography by powder X‐ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR) and scanning electron microscopy. Furthermore, to understand the adverse effects of composite, biocompatibility test was analysed by cell culture method using MG63 osteoblast cell lines as a basic screening method. From the results, it was observed that typical Si–O–Ti peaks in FT‐IR confirms the formation of composite and the crystallinity of the composite powder was analysed by XRD analysis. Further in vitro biocompatibility and acridine orange results have indicated better biocompatibility at different concentrations on osteoblast cell lines. On the basis of these observations, we envision that the prepared silica–titania nanocomposite is an intriguing biomaterial for better biomedical applications.Inspec keywords: bioceramics, nanocomposites, silicon compounds, titanium compounds, nanofabrication, sol‐gel processing, surface topography, X‐ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectra, scanning electron microscopy, X‐ray chemical analysis, cellular biophysics, nanomedicineOther keywords: MG63 osteoblast cell lines, orthopaedic applications, biomedical applications, nanoscience, nanotechnology, nanotoxicology, physical properties, chemical properties, biological properties, biological applications, biomaterial synthesis, composite‐hybrid materials, intriguing properties, sol‐gel method, surface properties, ceramic nanocomposite, phase purity, functional groups, surface topography, powder X‐ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, FT‐IR spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X‐ray analysis, biocompatibility test, cell culture method, screening method, crystallinity, XRD, in vitro biocompatibility, acridine orange, silica‐titania nanocomposite powder, SiO₂ ‐TiO₂      

Biosynthesis of waste pistachio shell supported silver nanoparticles for the catalytic reduction processes

Silver nanoparticles (NPs) are immobilised on pistachio shell surface by Cichorium intybus L. leaves extract as an antioxidant media. The Fourier transform infrared spectra, X‐ray diffraction, field‐emission scanning electron microscopy equipped with energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscope analyses confirmed the support of silver NPs on the pistachio shell (Ag NPs/pistachio shell). Ag NPs on the pistachio shell had a diameter basically in the 10–15 nm range. Reduction reactions of 4‐nitrophenol (4‐NP), and organic dyes at ambient condition were used in the investigation of the catalytic performance of the prepared catalyst. Through this research, the Ag NPs/pistachio shell shows a high activity and recyclability, and reusability without loss of its catalytic activity.Inspec keywords: transmission electron microscopy, nanoparticles, X‐ray diffraction, catalysis, nanofabrication, dyes, X‐ray chemical analysis, reduction (chemical), silver, catalysts, Fourier transform infrared spectra, field emission scanning electron microscopyOther keywords: waste pistachio shell, silver nanoparticles, catalytic reduction processes, pistachio shell surface, antioxidant media, infrared spectra, X‐ray diffraction, field‐emission scanning electron microscopy, energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, transmission electron microscope analyses, reduction reactions, catalytic performance, catalytic activity, Cichorium intybus L. leaves extract, size 10.0 nm to 15.0 nm, Ag     

Synthesis,characterisation and anti‐tumour activity of biopolymer based platinum nanoparticles and 5‐fluorouracil loaded platinum nanoparticles

A facile and green synthesis of platinum nanoparticles [gum kondagogu platinum nanoparticles (GKPtNP)] using biopolymer‐ gum kondagogu was developed. The formation of GKPtNP was confirmed by ultraviolet (UV)–visible spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy–energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction, Zeta potential, Fourier transform infrared, inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy. The formed GKPtNP are well dispersed, homogeneous with a size of 2–4 ± 0.50 nm, having a negative zeta potential (−46.1 mV) indicating good stability. 5‐Fluorouracil (5FU) was loaded onto the synthesised GKPtNP, which leads to the development of a new combination of nanomedicine (5FU–GKPtNP). The in vitro drug release studies of 5FU–GKPtNP in pH 7.4 showed a sustained release profile over a period of 120 min. Agrobacterium tumefaciens induced in vitro potato tumour bioassay was employed for screening the anti‐tumour potentials of GKPtNP, 5FU, and 5FU–GKPtNP. The experimental results suggested a complete tumour inhibition by 5FU–GKPtNP at a lower concentration than the GKPtNP and 5FU. Furthermore, the mechanism of anti‐tumour activity was assessed by their interactions with DNA using agarose gel electrophoresis and UV‐spectroscopic analysis. The electrophoresis results revealed that the 5FU–GKPtNP totally diminishes DNA and the UV‐spectroscopic analysis showed a hyperchromic effect with red shift indicating intercalation type of binding with DNA. Over all, the present study revealed that the combined exposure of the nanoformulation resulted in the enhanced anti‐tumour effect. Inspec keywords: nanoparticles, transmission electron microscopy, biomedical materials, tumours, ultraviolet spectra, DNA, drugs, electrophoresis, polymers, platinum, pH, drug delivery systems, biochemistry, X‐ray chemical analysis, microorganisms, molecular biophysics, electrokinetic effects, X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, cancer, nanofabrication, visible spectra, nanomedicine, Fourier transform infrared spectra, materials preparationOther keywords: 5FU–GKPtNP, 5‐fluorouracil loaded platinum nanoparticles, gum kondagogu platinum nanoparticles, antitumour activity, scanning electron microscopy‐energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, biopolymer‐based platinum nanoparticles, biopolymer‐based platinum nanoparticles, ultraviolet‐visible spectroscopy, UV‐visible spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction, zeta potential, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy, nanomedicine, in vitro drug release studies, sustained release profile, Agrobacterium tumefaciens, in vitro potato tumour bioassay, tumour inhibition, tumour activity, agarose gel electrophoresis, UV‐spectroscopic analysis, DNA, time 120.0 min, Pt     

Sustainable green synthesis of silver nanoparticles by using Rangoon creeper leaves extract and their spectral analysis and anti‐bacterial studies

The plant‐based biological molecules possess exceptionally controlled assembling properties to make them suitable in the synthesis of metal nanoparticles. In the present study, an efficient simple one‐pot method was employed for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (SNPs) from the Rangoon creeper (RC) aqueous leaf extract. Biomolecules present in the leaf extract play a significant role as reducing agent as well as capping agent in the formation of RC‐SNPs. The formation of RC‐SNPs was confirmed by using several analytical techniques such as Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy and ultraviolet–visible spectrophotometer studies. The presence of a sharp surface plasmon resonance peak at 449 nm showed the formation of RC‐SNPs. X‐ray diffraction analysis showed the crystalline nature of the RC‐SNPs with a face‐centred cubic structure. Elemental analysis of RC‐SNPs was done by using energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The morphology of RC‐SNPs was examined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) in the nano range 12 nm, and thermogravimetric‐differential thermal analysis demonstrated the mechanical strength of RC‐SNPs at various temperatures. The authors’ newly synthesised RC‐SNPs exhibited significant anti‐bacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Inspec keywords: silver, nanoparticles, X‐ray photoelectron spectra, antibacterial activity, ultraviolet spectra, microorganisms, X‐ray chemical analysis, differential thermal analysis, X‐ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, visible spectra, nanofabrication, surface plasmon resonance, Fourier transform infrared spectra, mechanical strengthOther keywords: silver nanoparticles, ultraviolet–visible spectrophotometry, antibacterial activity, sustainable green synthesis, plant‐based biological molecules, assembling properties, reducing agent, capping agent, Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy, surface plasmon resonance, Rangoon creeper aqueous leaf extract, X‐ray diffraction, face‐centred cubic structure, elemental analysis, energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, TEM, thermogravimetric‐differential thermal analysis, mechanical strength, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Ag     

Green synthesis of magnetically recoverable Fe3 O4 /HZSM‐5 and its Ag nanocomposite using Juglans regia L. leaf extract and their evaluation as catalysts for reduction of organic pollutants

In this work, an Fe₃ O₄ /HZSM‐5 nanocomposite was synthesised in the presence of Juglans regia L. leaf extract. Then, silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) were immobilised on the surface of prepared magnetically recoverable HZSM‐5 using selected extract for reduction of Ag⁺ ions to Ag NPs and their stabilisation on the surface of the nanocomposite. The reduction of Ag⁺ ions occurs at room temperature within a few minutes. Characterisation of the prepared catalysts has been carried out using fourier transform infrared (FT‐IR), X‐ray diffraction, field‐emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy‐dispersive spectroscopy, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller method, and a vibrating sample magnetometer. According to the FESEM images of the nanocomposites, the average size of the Ag NPs on the Fe₃ O₄ /HZSM‐5 surface was >70 nm. The Ag/Fe₃ O₄ /HZSM‐5 nanocomposite was a highly active catalyst for the reduction of methyl orange and 4‐nitrophenol in aqueous medium. The utilisation of recycled catalyst for three times in the reduction process does not decrease its activity.Inspec keywords: silver, X‐ray chemical analysis, X‐ray diffraction, nanocomposites, reduction (chemical), nanofabrication, nanoparticles, transmission electron microscopy, catalysts, Fourier transform infrared spectra, iron compounds, field emission scanning electron microscopy, zeolites, magnetometry, particle sizeOther keywords: Ag‐Fe₃ O₄ , temperature 293 K to 298 K, green synthesis, catalyst material, 4‐nitrophenol reduction, methyl orange reduction, particle size, vibrating sample magnetometry, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller method, field‐emission scanning electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction, FT‐IR spectroscopy, silver nanoparticles, Juglans regia L. leaf extract, organic pollutant reduction, magnetically recoverable nanocomposites, energy‐dispersive spectroscopy     

Evaluation of antibacterial property of hydroxyapatite and zirconium oxide‐modificated magnetic nanoparticles against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli

In the first section of this research, superparamagnetic nanoparticles (NPs) (Fe₃ O₄) modified with hydroxyapatite (HAP) and zirconium oxide (ZrO₂) and thereby Fe₃ O₄ /HAP and Fe₃ O₄ /ZrO₂ NPs were synthesised through co‐precipitation method. Then Fe₃ O₄ /HAP and Fe₃ O₄ /ZrO₂ NPs characterised with various techniques such as X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X‐ray analysis, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller, Fourier transform infrared, and vibrating sample magnetometer. Observed results confirmed the successful synthesis of desired NPs. In the second section, the antibacterial activity of synthesised magnetic NPs (MNPs) was investigated. This investigation performed with multiple microbial cultivations on the two bacteria; Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Escherichia coli (E. coli). Obtained results proved that although both MNPs have good antibacterial properties, however, Fe₃ O₄ /HAP NP has greater antibacterial performance than the other. Based on minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration evaluations, S. aureus bacteria are more sensitive to both NPs. These nanocomposites combine the advantages of MNP and antibacterial effects, with distinctive merits including easy preparation, high inactivation capacity, and easy isolation from sample solutions by the application of an external magnetic field.Inspec keywords: nanocomposites, X‐ray chemical analysis, microorganisms, magnetic particles, scanning electron microscopy, precipitation (physical chemistry), nanomagnetics, X‐ray diffraction, X‐ray photoelectron spectra, nanoparticles, superparamagnetism, iron compounds, antibacterial activity, biomedical materials, nanomedicine, calcium compounds, nanofabrication, Fourier transform infrared spectra, magnetometers, zirconium compoundsOther keywords: antibacterial effects, antibacterial property, superparamagnetic nanoparticles, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, X‐ray analysis, antibacterial activity, bactericidal concentration, S. aureus bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, hydroxyapatite, coprecipitation method, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X‐ray analysis, Brunauer‐Emmett‐Teller method, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, vibrating sample magnetometer, microbial cultivations, nanocomposites     

Solvothermal‐assisted green synthesis of hybrid Chi‐Fe3 O4 nanocomposites: a potential antibacterial and antibiofilm material

In this present study, a hybrid Chi‐Fe₃ O₄ was prepared, characterised and evaluated for its antibacterial and antibiofilm potential against Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus marcescens bacterial pathogens. Intense peak around 260 nm in the ultraviolet–visible spectrum specify the formation of magnetite nanoparticles. Spherical‐shaped particles with less agglomeration and particle size distribution of 3.78–46.40 nm were observed using transmission electron microscopy analysis and strong interaction of chitosan with the surface of magnetite nanoparticles was studied using field emission scanning microscopy (FESEM). X‐ray diffraction analysis exhibited the polycrystalline and spinel structure configuration of the nanocomposite. Presence of Fe and O, C and Cl elements were confirmed using energy dispersive X‐ray microanalysis. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic analysis showed the reduction and formation of Chi‐Fe₃ O₄ nanocomposite. The antibacterial activity by deformation of the bacterial cell walls on treatment with Chi‐Fe₃ O₄ nanocomposite and its interaction was visualised using FESEM and the antibiofilm activity was determined using antibiofilm assay. In conclusion, this present study shows the green synthesis of Chi‐Fe₃ O₄ nanocomposite and evaluation of its antibacterial and antibiofilm potential, proving its significance in medical and biological applicationsInspec keywords: visible spectra, particle size, magnetic particles, nanocomposites, nanoparticles, X‐ray diffraction, nanofabrication, transmission electron microscopy, X‐ray chemical analysis, nanomagnetics, microorganisms, antibacterial activity, iron compounds, ultraviolet spectra, biomedical materials, field emission scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectra, filled polymers, crystal growth from solution, polymer structureOther keywords: potential antibacterial material, antibiofilm potential, magnetite nanoparticles, solvothermal‐assisted green synthesis, hybrid Chi‐Fe₃ O₄ nanocomposites, staphylococcus aureus, staphylococcus marcescens, bacterial pathogens, ultraviolet–visible spectrum, spherical‐shaped particles, particle size, transmission electron microscopy, FESEM, field emission scanning electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction, spinel structure, polycrystalline structure, energy dispersive X‐ray microanalysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic analysis, deformation, bacterial cell walls, Fe₃ O₄      

Unveiling the cytotoxicity of phytosynthesised silver nanoparticles using Tinospora cordifolia leaves against human lung adenocarcinoma A549 cell line

Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using plant extract is a cheap, easily accessible and natural process in which the phyto‐constituents of the plants act as capping, stabilising and reducing agent. The present study explored the biosynthesis of AgNPs using aqueous leaf extract of Tinospora cordifolia and characterised via various techniques such as Fourier transform infrared, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy dispersive X‐ray analysis and X‐ray diffraction. Here, TEM confirmed the spherical morphology with 25–50 nm size of synthesised AgNPs. Further, anticancer efficiency of AgNPs synthesised using T. cordifolia leaves were evaluated against human lung adenocarcinoma cell line A549 by MTT, trypan blue assay, apoptotic morphological changes using Annexin V‐FITC and Propidium iodide (PI), nuclear morphological changes by DAPI (4, 6‐diamidino‐2‐phenylindole dihydrochloride) staining, reactive oxygen species generation and mitochondrial membrane potential determination. Results confirmed the AgNPs synthesised using T. cordifolia leaves are found to be highly toxic against human lung adenocarcinoma cell line A549.Inspec keywords: toxicology, cellular biophysics, cancer, silver, biomembranes, drugs, nanofabrication, nanoparticles, transmission electron microscopy, drug delivery systems, nanomedicine, lung, biomedical materials, antibacterial activity, X‐ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectra, scanning‐transmission electron microscopyOther keywords: cytotoxicity, phytosynthesised silver nanoparticles, A549 cell line, biosynthesis, aqueous leaf, transmission electron microscopy, TEM, X‐ray analysis, X‐ray diffraction, spherical morphology, human lung adenocarcinoma cell line, nuclear morphological changes, 4, 6‐diamidino‐2‐phenylindole dihydrochloride, Tinospora cordifolia leaves, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared, energy dispersive X‐ray analysis, Ag, size 25.0 nm to 50.0 nm, anticancer efficiency, trypan blue assay, propidium iodide, Annexin V‐FITC, DAPI staining, reactive oxygen species generation, mitochondrial membrane potential determination     

Sunlight induced biosynthesis of silver nanoparticle from the bark extract of Amentotaxus assamica D.K. Ferguson and its antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus

Green synthesis of nanoparticles has gained importance due to its eco‐friendly, low toxicity and cost effective nature. This study deals with the biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) from the bark extract of Amentotaxus assamica. The AgNPs have been synthesised by reducing the silver ions into stable AgNPs using the bark extract of Amentotaxus assamica under the influence of sunlight irradiation. The characterisation of the biosynthesised AgNPs was carried out by UV–vis spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction analysis (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X‐ray analysis. The UV–vis spectrum showed a broad peak at 472 nm. Also, the XRD confirmed the crystalline structure of the AgNPs. Moreover, the SEM analysis revealed that the biosynthesised AgNPs were spherical in shape. Also, dynamic light scattering techniques were used to evaluate the size distribution profile of the biosynthesised AgNPs. Furthermore, the biosynthesised AgNPs showed a prominent inhibitory effect against both Escherichia coli (MTCC 111) and Staphylococcus aureus (MTCC 97). Thus the biosynthesis of AgNPs from the bark extract of Amentotaxus assamica is found to eco‐friendly way of producing AgNPs compared to chemical method.Inspec keywords: X‐ray chemical analysis, microorganisms, transmission electron microscopy, nanoparticles, toxicology, scanning electron microscopy, ultraviolet spectra, particle size, Fourier transform spectra, X‐ray diffraction, antibacterial activity, visible spectra, infrared spectra, nanomedicine, silverOther keywords: stable AgNP, biosynthesised AgNP, SEM analysis, sunlight irradiation, silver ions, silver nanoparticle, amentotaxus assamica, biosynthesis, escherichia coli     

Synthesis and characterisation of novel biopolymer stabilised organic Pt‐nanocomposite: assessment of its antioxidant and antitumour properties

Green synthesis of organic Pt‐nanocomposite was accomplished using carboplatin as a precursor and novel biopolymer – gum kondagogu (GK) as a reducing agent. The synthesised GK stabilised organic Pt‐nanocomposite (GKCPt NC) was characterised by different analytical techniques such as ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, nanoparticle analyser, scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X‐ray analysis, X‐ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrophotometer. The XRD pattern established the amorphous nature of GKCPt NC. TEM analysis revealed the homogeneous, monodisperse and spherical nature, with Pt metal size of 3.08 ± 0.62 nm. The binding energy at 71.2 and 74.6 eV show the presence of metallic platinum, Pt(0) confirmed by XPS studies. Further, in vitro radical scavenging and antitumour activity of GKCPt NC have been investigated. In comparison to GK and carboplatin, GKCPt NC showed superior 1, 1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyle activity of 87.82%, whereas 2, 2‐azinobis‐(3‐ethylbenzthinzoline‐6‐sulphonic acid) activity was 38.50%, respectively. In vitro studies of the antitumour property of GK, GKCPt NC and carboplatin were evaluated by potato disc tumour bioassay model. The efficacy of synthesised GKCPt NC concentration (IC₅₀) on tumour inhibition was found to be 2.04‐fold lower as compared to carboplatin. Overall, the synthesised GKCPt NC shows both antitumour and antioxidant properties when compared to the original drug – carboplatin and might have promising applications in cancer therapy.Inspec keywords: nanoparticles, tumours, ultraviolet spectra, drugs, free radical reactions, X‐ray photoelectron spectra, platinum, nanocomposites, X‐ray diffraction, visible spectra, X‐ray chemical analysis, nanofabrication, transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, cancer, polymer structure, filled polymers, Fourier transform infrared spectra, binding energy, drug delivery systems, nanomedicineOther keywords: antioxidant properties, green synthesis, ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, energy dispersive X‐ray analysis, X‐ray diffraction, Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrophotometry, antitumour activity, carboplatin precursor, biopolymer gum kondagogu stabilised organic Pt‐nanocomposite, reducing agent, different analytical techniques, scanning electron microscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, homogeneous particles, binding energy, in vitro radical scavenging, 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyle activity, 2, 2‐azinobis‐(3‐ethylbenzthinzoline‐6‐sulphonic acid) activity, tumour inhibition, Pt     

Fabrication and characterisation of super‐paramagnetic responsive PLGA–gelatine–magnetite scaffolds with the unidirectional porous structure: a physicochemical,mechanical, and in vitro evaluation

Architecture and composition of Scaffolds are influential factors in the regeneration of defects. Herein, synthesised iron oxide (magnetite) nanoparticles (MNPs) by co‐precipitation technique were evenly distributed in polylactic‐co‐glycolic acid (PLGA)–gelatine Scaffolds. Hybrid structures were fabricated by freeze‐casting method to the creation of a matrix with tunable pores. The synthesised MNPs were characterised by transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction spectroscopy, and vibrating sample magnetometer analysis. Scanning electron microscopy micrographs of porous Scaffolds confirmed the formation of unidirectional microstructure, so that pore size measurement indicated the orientation of pores in the direction of solvent solidification. The addition of MNPs to the PLGA–gelatine Scaffolds had no particular effect on the morphology of the pores, but reduced slightly pore size distribution. The MNPs contained constructs demonstrated increased mechanical strength, but a reduced absorption capacity and biodegradation ratio. Stability of the MNPs and lack of iron release was the point of strength in this investigation and were determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy. The evolution of rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells performance on the hybrid structure under a static magnetic field indicated the potential of super‐paramagnetic constructs for further pre‐clinical and clinical studies in the field of neural regeneration.Inspec keywords: transmission electron microscopy, biodegradable materials, nanofabrication, freezing, mechanical strength, tissue engineering, X‐ray diffraction, cellular biophysics, precipitation (physical chemistry), biomedical materials, iron compounds, porosity, scanning electron microscopy, atomic absorption spectroscopy, gelatin, nanoparticles, porous materials, bone, nanocomposites, Fourier transform infrared spectraOther keywords: unidirectional microstructure, pore size measurement, mechanical strength, atomic absorption spectroscopy, hybrid structure, super‐paramagnetic responsive PLGA–gelatine–magnetite scaffolds, unidirectional porous structure, tissue engineering Scaffolds, co‐precipitation technique, polylactic‐co‐glycolic acid–gelatine Scaffolds, freeze‐casting method, transmission electron microscopy, Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy micrographs, pore size distribution, absorption capacity, iron oxide nanoparticles, Fe₃ O₄      

Hollow selenium nanoparticles from potato extract and investigation of its biological properties and developmental toxicity in zebrafish embryos

A facile synthesis of hollow selenium nanoparticles (hSeNPs) was prepared using potato starch as a reducing and capping agent. The morphological and structural characters of the hSeNPs were characterised by ultraviolet‐visible spectroscopy (UV), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled with energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDX) and zeta potential analyser. The optical characteristics of hSeNPs were confirmed by UV. The presence of various functional groups in the hSeNPs suspension was confirmed by FTIR. The SEM results suggested that the synthesised hSeNPs were uniformly distributed and circular in shape with a hollow. The average size of the hSeNPs was found to be around 115 nm. The EDX analysis also confirmed the presence of hSeNPs in the sample. The zebrafish embryos were treated with hSeNPs of various concentrations ranging from 10 to 50 µg/ml. Abnormalities such as improper heartbeat, embryo sac oedema, ocular oedema and head oedema were noted at higher concentrations (30–50 µg/ml). A concentration‐dependent antioxidant activity of hSeNPs was observed. The hSeNPs showed good antibacterial activity against gram‐positive Bacillus subtilis and gram‐negative Escherichia coli. The results of this study indicate that potato extract reduces the toxicity of hSeNPs and lower concentrations of hSeNPs could be used for various biomedical applications in near future.Inspec keywords: X‐ray chemical analysis, nanofabrication, scanning electron microscopy, antibacterial activity, toxicology, nanoparticles, ultraviolet spectra, microorganisms, biomedical materials, nanomedicine, electrokinetic effects, suspensions, X‐ray diffraction, visible spectra, selenium, Fourier transform infrared spectra, elemental semiconductors, semiconductor growth, particle sizeOther keywords: hollow selenium nanoparticles, zebrafish embryos, energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, potato extract, biological properties, developmental toxicity, hSeNP suspension, potato starch, capping agent, reducing agent, morphological characters, structural characters, ultraviolet‐visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, FTIR spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, XRD, scanning electron microscopy, SEM, EDX, zeta potential analyser, optical characteristics, functional groups, heartbeat, embryo sac oedema, ocular oedema, head oedema, concentration‐dependent antioxidant activity, antibacterial activity, gram‐positive Bacillus subtilis, gram‐negative Escherichia coli, biomedical applications, Se