Antibacterial and anticancer activity of biosynthesised CuO nanoparticles

The present investigation aims for the synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) using Nilgirianthus ciliatus plant extract. The obtained CuO NPs were characterised by X‐ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectrum, ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, photoluminescence, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy analysis. Significant bacterial activity was manifested by CuO nanoparticles against both Gram‐positive (Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus mutans) and Gram‐negative (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) bacteria. The synthesised CuO NPs have good cytotoxicity against both human breast cancer cell line (MCF‐7) and lung cancer cell line (A549) with minimum cytotoxic effect on normal L929 (fibroblast) cell lines.Inspec keywords: microorganisms, ultraviolet spectra, nanomedicine, transmission electron microscopy, visible spectra, cellular biophysics, antibacterial activity, nanoparticles, X‐ray diffraction, lung, copper compounds, cancer, toxicology, biomedical materials, scanning electron microscopy, photoluminescence, Fourier transform infrared spectraOther keywords: antibacterial activity, anticancer activity, biosynthesised CuO nanoparticles, copper oxide nanoparticles, Nilgirianthus ciliatus plant, X‐ray diffraction, infrared spectrum, ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy analysis, bacterial activity, Gram‐negative bacteria, synthesised CuO NPs, human breast cancer cell line, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus mutans, CuO     

Bio‐green synthesis ZnO‐NPs in Brassica napus pollen extract: biosynthesis,antioxidant, cytotoxicity and pro‐apoptotic properties

The bio‐green methods of synthesis nanoparticles (NPs) have advantages over chemo‐physical procedures due to cost‐effective and ecofriendly products. The goal of current investigation is biosynthesis of zinc oxide NPs (ZnO‐NPs) and evaluation of their biological assessment. Water extract of Brassica napus pollen [rapeseed (RP)] prepared and used for the synthesis of ZnO‐NPs and synthesised ZnO‐NP characterised using ultraviolet–visible, X‐ray diffraction, Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope. Antioxidant properties of ZnO‐NPs, cytotoxic and pro‐apoptotic potentials of NPs were also evaluated. The results showed that ZnO‐NPs have a hexagonal shape with 26 nm size. ZnO‐NPs synthesised in RP (RP/ZnO‐NPs) exhibited the good antioxidant potential compared with the butylated hydroxyanisole as a positive control. These NPs showed the cytotoxic effects against breast cancer cells (M.D. Anderson‐Metastasis Breast cancer (MDA‐MB)) with IC₅₀ about 1, 6 and 6 μg/ml after 24, 48 and 72 h of exposure, respectively. RP/ZnO‐NPs were found effective in increasing the expression of catalase enzyme, the enzyme involved in antioxidants properties of the cells. Bio‐green synthesised RP/ZnO‐NPs showed antioxidant and cytotoxic properties. The results of the present study support the advantages of using the bio‐green procedure for the synthesis of NPs as an antioxidant and as anti‐cancer agents.Inspec keywords: II‐VI semiconductors, wide band gap semiconductors, ultraviolet spectra, toxicology, X‐ray diffraction, biochemistry, zinc compounds, nanomedicine, enzymes, biomedical materials, particle size, antibacterial activity, transmission electron microscopy, molecular biophysics, visible spectra, nanofabrication, cellular biophysics, nanoparticles, cancer, field emission scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectra, semiconductor growthOther keywords: bio‐green synthesis ZnO‐NPs, zinc oxide NPs, synthesised ZnO‐NP, field emission scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscope, antioxidant properties, bio‐green synthesised RP‐ZnO‐NPs, Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, breast cancer cells MDA‐MB, pro‐apoptotic potentials, cytotoxic effects, catalase enzyme, bio‐green procedure, time 48.0 hour, time 72.0 hour, size 26.0 nm, time 24.0 hour, ZnO     

Green synthesis of Ce2 O3 NPs and determination of its antioxidant activity

In this study, the authors presented synthesis of ceria nanoparticles (NPs) by the bio‐reduction method and their antioxidative activity. Aqueous extract of Euphorbia (Euphorbia amygdaloides) was used as reducing and stabilising agents. They used aqueous extract of Euphorbia (E. amygdaloides) as reducing and stabilising agent. Ultraviolet–visible (UV–vis) absorption spectroscopy was used to monitor the quantitative formation of ceria NPs. They also addressed the characteristics of the obtained ceria NPs using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and transmitting electron microscope (TEM). The synthesised cerium (III) oxide (Ce₂ O₃) NPs were initially noted through visual colour change from colourless pale yellow cerium (III) to light yellow cerium (IV) and further confirmed the band at 345 nm employing UV–vis spectroscopy. The average diameter of the prepared NPs was about 8.6–10.5 nm. In addition, the synthesised Ce₂ O₃ NPs were tested for antioxidant and anti‐bacterial activities using ferric reducing antioxidant power, cupric reducing antioxidant capacity, ferrous ions chelating activity, superoxide the anion radical scavenging and 2, 2′‐azinobis 3‐ethylbenzothiazol to‐6‐sulphonic acid scavenging activity. It could be concluded that Euphorbia (E. amygdaloides) extract can be used efficiently in the production of potential antioxidant and anti‐bacterial Ce₂ O₃ NPs for commercial applications.Inspec keywords: cerium compounds, nanoparticles, nanofabrication, X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, ultraviolet spectra, visible spectraOther keywords: Ce₂ O₃ , α‐tocopherol, butylated hydroxytoluene, anion radical scavenging, ferrous ions chelating activity, 2, 2''‐azinobis 3‐ethylbenzothiazol to‐6‐sulphonic acid scavenging activity, UV‐vis spectroscopy, light yellow cerium, ultraviolet‐visible absorption spectroscopy, SEM, XRD, green synthesis, transmitting electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, aqueous extract Euphorbia amygdaloides, antioxidative activity, bio‐reduction method, ceria nanoparticles, antioxidant activity     

Antibacterial activity of carbon nanoparticles isolated from chimney soot

Carbon nanoparticles (CNPs) are isolated from chimney soot and characterised by various tools such as X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy. The X‐ray diffraction studies confirm the presence of C₆₀ nanoparticles in the isolated sample. The thermal properties of the prepared CNPs are recorded using thermogravimetric analysis and differential thermal analysis. The analysis of the antibacterial activity of the synthesised CNPs against selected Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative bacterial strains is also investigated. The systematic study confirms that CNPs collected from chimney soot exhibit good antibacterial potency against Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Proteus mirabilis.Inspec keywords: ultraviolet spectra, scanning electron microscopy, visible spectra, differential thermal analysis, thermal analysis, antibacterial activity, nanoparticles, X‐ray diffraction, nanofabrication, transmission electron microscopy, carbonOther keywords: chimney soot, transmission electron microscopy, ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, thermal properties, thermogravimetric analysis, differential thermal analysis, antibacterial activity, carbon nanoparticles, X‐ray diffraction study, gram‐positive bacterial strains, gram‐negative bacterial strains, antibacterial potency, scanning electron microscopy, C₆₀      

Synthesis,characterisation and bactericidal effect of ZnO nanoparticles via chemical and bio‐assisted (Silybum marianum in vitro plantlets and callus extract) methods: a comparative study

Currently, the evolution of green chemistry in the synthesis of nanoparticles (NPs) with the usage of plants has captivated a great response. In this study, in vitro plantlets and callus of Silybum marianum were exploited as a stabilising agent for the synthesis of zinc oxide (ZnO) NPs using zinc acetate and sodium hydroxide as a substitute for chemical method. The contemporary investigation defines the synthesis of ZnO NPs prepared by chemical and bio‐extract‐assisted methods. Characterisation techniques such as X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and energy dispersive X‐ray were used to confirm the synthesis. Although chemical and bio‐assisted methods are suitable choices for NPs synthesis, the bio‐assisted green assembly is advantageous due to superior stability. Moreover, this report describes the antibacterial activity of the synthesised NPs against standard strains of Klebsiella pneumonia and Bacillus subtilis.Inspec keywords: zinc compounds, II‐VI semiconductors, wide band gap semiconductors, nanoparticles, nanofabrication, semiconductor growth, antibacterial activity, X‐ray diffraction, X‐ray chemical analysis, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectra, nanobiotechnologyOther keywords: chemical methods, bio‐assisted methods, Silybum marianum in vitro plantlets methods, Silybum marianum in vitro callus extract methods, green chemistry, zinc oxide nanoparticles, sodium hydroxide, zinc acetate, X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, energy dispersive X‐ray analysis, bio‐assisted green assembly, antibacterial activity, Klebsiella pneumonia, Bacillus subtilis, ZnO     

Lobelia trigona Roxb ‐based nanomedicine with enhanced biological applications: in vitro and in vivo approach

This is the first study to report the green synthesis of Lobelia trigona Roxb‐ mediated silver nanoparticles (LTAgNPs). The optical and structural properties of the synthesised LTAgNPs were analysed using ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared, dynamic light scattering and energy dispersive X‐ray. LTAgNps were evaluated for their anti‐bacterial and anti‐fungal properties against 18 pathogens and exhibited significant inhibition against all the strains tested. LTAgNPs had potential scavenging effects on the DPPH, ^• OH, O₂ ^•− free radical scavenging assays and reducing power assay. LTAgNps possess strong anti‐cancer activity against five human cancer cell lines (A549, MCF‐7, MDA‐MB‐231, HeLa and KB) in a dose‐dependent manner. The antiproliferative, anti‐inflammatory and genotoxicity effects of LTAgNPs were further confirmed by the lactate dehydrogenase release assay, nitric oxide inhibitory assay and comet assay. Furthermore, the incision, excision and burn wound‐healing activity of formulated LTAgNPs ointment was assessed in rats. All the wounds had significant healing in groups treated with LTAgNPs ointment compared to the groups treated with the commonly prescribed ointment (Silverex^TM). This study shows and suggests that the previously unreported LTAgNPs could be used as a nanomedicine with significant biological applications.Inspec keywords: molecular biophysics, biomedical materials, scanning electron microscopy, biochemistry, cancer, microorganisms, silver, cellular biophysics, nanofabrication, wounds, nanomedicine, ultraviolet spectra, toxicology, antibacterial activity, light scattering, nanoparticles, enzymes, visible spectra, Fourier transform infrared spectraOther keywords: Lobelia trigona Roxb‐based nanomedicine, biological applications, Lobelia trigona Roxb‐mediated silver nanoparticles, optical properties, structural properties, ultraviolet‐visible spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, antibacterial properties, antifungal properties, scavenging effects, free radical scavenging, power assay, anticancer activity, antiinflammatory effects, genotoxicity effects, lactate dehydrogenase release assay, nitric oxide inhibitory assay, excision, burn wound‐healing activity, formulated LTAgNPs ointment, in vivo approach, in vitro approach, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, energy dispersive X‐ray analysis, pathogens, strains, A549 human cancer cell lines, MCF‐7 human cancer cell lines, MDA‐MB‐231 human cancer cell lines, HeLa human cancer cell lines, antiproliferative effects, comet assay, Ag     

Role of Ribes khorassanicum in the biosynthesis of AgNPs and their antibacterial properties

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have been biosynthesised through the extracts of Ribes khorassanicum fruits, which served as the reducing agents and capping agents. Biosynthesised AgNPs have been found to be ultraviolet–visible (UV–vis) absorption spectra since they have displayed one surface plasmon resonance peak at 438 nm, attesting the formation of spherical NPs. These particles have been characterised by UV–vis, field‐emission scanning electron microscopy, energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy analysis. The formation of AgNPs at 1.0 mM concentration of AgNO₃ has resulted in NPs that contained mean diameters in a range of 20–40 nm. The green‐synthesised AgNPs have demonstrated high antibacterial effect against pathogenic bacteria (i.e. Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa). Biosynthesising metal NPs through plant extracts can serve as the facile and eco‐friendly alternative for chemical and/or physical methods that are utilised for large‐scale nanometal fabrication in various medical and industrial applications.Inspec keywords: X‐ray diffraction, X‐ray chemical analysis, nanofabrication, surface plasmon resonance, nanoparticles, antibacterial activity, microorganisms, scanning electron microscopy, silver, nanomedicine, visible spectra, ultraviolet spectra, transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectra, field emission scanning electron microscopy, biomedical materialsOther keywords: antibacterial properties, silver nanoparticles, reducing agents, capping agents, surface plasmon resonance peak, spherical NPs, field‐emission scanning electron microscopy, energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy analysis, plant extracts, ultraviolet‐visible absorption spectra, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, antibacterial effect, Ribes khorassanicum fruits, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, surface plasmon resonance, AgNO₃ , Ag     

Microbicidal activity of TiO2 nanoparticles synthesised by sol–gel method

In this study, the authors investigated antimicrobial activity of TiO₂ nanoparticles (NPs) synthesised by sol–gel method. As synthesised TiO₂ NPs were characterised by X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and ultraviolet‐visible absorption spectroscopy. The antimicrobial activity of calcined TiO₂ nanoparticle samples was examined in day light on Gram positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumonia and Bacillus subtilis), Gram negative bacteria (Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli) and fungal test pathogen Candida albicans. The synthesised TiO₂ NPs were found to be effective in visible light against Streptococcus pneumonia, Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida albicans.Inspec keywords: titanium compounds, microorganisms, nanomedicine, biomedical materials, nanofabrication, sol‐gel processing, ultraviolet spectra, visible spectra, X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, nanoparticles, antibacterial activityOther keywords: microbicidal activity, titanium dioxide nanoparticle, sol‐gel method, antimicrobial activity, X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, ultraviolet‐visible absorption spectroscopy, Gram positive bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumonia, Bacillus subtilis, TiO₂ , Candida albicans, fungal test pathogen, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus vulgaris, Gram negative bacteria     

Catalytic reduction of 2,4‐dinitrophenylhydrazine by cuttlebone supported Pd NPs prepared using Conium maculatum leaf extract

A facile and green process to synthesise cuttlebone supported palladium nanoparticles (Pd NPs/cuttlebone) is reported using Conium maculatum leaf extract and in the absence of chemical solvents and hazardous materials. The antioxidant content of the C. maculatum leaf extract played a significant role in converting Pd²⁺ ions to Pd NPs. Various techniques were used for the characterisation of the Pd NPs/cuttlebone such as field‐emission scanning electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction, energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared and ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy. This Pd NPs/cuttlebone showed excellent catalytic activity in the reduction of 2,4‐dinitrophenylhydrazine to 2,4‐diaminophenylhydrazine by sodium borohydride as the source of hydrogen at ambient condition. The catalyst could be separated and recycled up to five cycles with no loss of its activity.Inspec keywords: catalysis, catalysts, chemical engineering, palladium, nanoparticles, field emission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction, X‐ray chemical analysis, sodium compounds, ultraviolet spectroscopy, visible spectroscopyOther keywords: catalytic reduction, 2,4‐dinitrophenylhydrazine, cuttlebone, Conium maculatum leaf extract, green process, palladium nanoparticles, antioxidant content, field‐emission scanning electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction, energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared, ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, 2,4‐diaminophenylhydrazine, sodium borohydride     

Biomimetic synthesis and anticancer activity of Eurycoma longifolia branch extract‐mediated silver nanoparticles

In the present study, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were synthesised by adding 1 mM Ag nitrate solution to different concentrations (1%, 2.5%, 5%) of branch extracts of Eurycoma longifolia, a well known medicinal plant in South–East Asian countries. Characterisation of AgNPs was carried out using techniques such as ultraviolet–visible spectrophotometry, X‐ray diffractrometry, Fourier transform infrared–attenuated total reflection spectroscopy (FTIR–ATR), scanning electron microscopy. XRD analysis revealed face centre cubic structure of AgNPs and FTIR–ATR showed that primary and secondary amide groups in combination with the protein molecules present in the branch extract were responsible for the reduction and stabilisation of AgNPs. Furthermore, antioxidant [2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl and 2,2′‐Azino‐bis(3‐ethylbenzthiazoline‐6‐sulphonic acid)], antimicrobial and anticancer activities of AgNPs were investigated. The highest bactericidal activity of these biogenic AgNPs was found against Escherichia coli with zone inhibition of 11 mm. AgNPs exhibited significant anticancer activity against human glioma cells (DBTRG and U87) and human breast adenocarcinoma cells (MCF‐7 and MDA‐MB‐231) with IC₅₀ values of 33, 42, 60 and 38 µg/ml.Inspec keywords: biomimetics, cancer, antibacterial activity, nanoparticles, silver, microorganisms, cellular biophysics, biomedical materials, nanomedicine, nanofabrication, X‐ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectra, attenuated total reflection, ultraviolet spectra, visible spectra, proteins, molecular biophysics, biochemistryOther keywords: Biomimetic synthesis, anticancer activity, Eurycoma longifolia branch extract‐mediated silver nanoparticles, nitrate solution, medicinal plant, ultraviolet‐visible spectrophotometry, X‐ray diffractometry, Fourier transform infrared‐attenuated total reflection spectroscopy, FTIR‐ATR spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, XRD, face centre cubic structure, primary amide groups, secondary amide groups, protein molecules, antioxidant, 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl, 2,2′‐azino‐bis(3‐ethylbenzthiazoline‐6‐sulphonic acid), antimicrobial activity, bactericidal activity, biogenic silver nanoparticles, Escherichia coli, zone inhibition, DBTRG human glioma cells, U87 human glioma cells, MCF‐7 human breast adenocarcinoma cells, MDA‐MB‐231 human breast adenocarcinoma cells, Ag     

Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles with the Arial part of Dorema ammoniacum D. extract by antimicrobial analysis

Silver nanoparticles (SNPs) were synthesised by using the Arial part extract of Dorema ammoniacum D. and characterised by employing UV–visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X‐ray diffraction techniques. Transmission electron microscopy and field emission scanning electron microscopy were applied to investigate the morphological structure of the bio‐synthesised SNPs. The antimicrobial activity of SNPs was studied against Gram positive (Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram‐negative (Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium) bacteria by employing the disk diffusion agar process. An extremely antimicrobial effect was observed for SNPs. Utilising D. ammoniacum D. as a mediator for the synthesis of SNPs helped to save time and cost.Inspec keywords: silver, nanoparticles, nanofabrication, nanomedicine, biomedical materials, particle size, antibacterial activity, visible spectra, ultraviolet spectra, microorganisms, field emission scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction, surface diffusionOther keywords: green synthesis, silver nanoparticles, Dorema ammoniacum D. extract, antimicrobial analysis, Arial part extract, UV‐visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy, morphological structure, bio‐synthesised SNPs, antimicrobial activity, gram positive Bacillus cereus bacteria, gram positive Staphylococcus aureus bacteria, gram‐negative Escherichia coli bacteria, gram‐negative Salmonella typhimurium bacteria, disk diffusion agar process, antimicrobial effect, Ag     

Extracellular synthesis gold nanotriangles using biomass of Streptomyces microflavus

Applications of nanotechnology and nano‐science have ever‐expanding breakthroughs in medicine, agriculture and industries in recent years; therefore, synthesis of metals nanoparticle (NP) has special significance. Synthesis of NPs by chemical methods are long, costly and hazardous for environment so biosynthesis has been developing interest for researchers. In this regard, the extracellular biosynthesis of gold nanotriangles (AuNTs) performed by use of the soil Streptomycetes. Streptomycetes isolated from rice fields of Guilan Province, Iran, showed biosynthetic activity for producing AuNTs via in vitro experiments. Among all 15 Streptomyces spp. isolates, isolate No. 5 showed high biosynthesis activity. To determine the bacterium taxonomical identity at genus level, its colonies characterised morphologically by use of scanning electron microscope. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) molecular analysis of active isolate represented its identity partially. In this regard, 16S rRNA gene of the isolate was amplified using universal bacterial primers FD1 and RP2. The PCR products were purified and sequenced. Sequence analysis of 16S rDNA was then conducted using National Center for Biotechnology Information Basic Local Alignment Search Tool method. The AuNTs obtained were characterised by ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X‐ray diffraction spectroscopy analyses. The authors results indicated that Streptomyces microflavus isolate 5 bio‐synthesises extracellular AuNTs in the range of 10–100 nm. Synthesised SNPs size ranged from 10 to 100 nm. In comparison with chemical methods for synthesis of metal NPs, the biosynthesis of AuNTs by Streptomyces source is a fast, simple and eco‐friendly method. The isolate is a good candidate for further investigations to optimise its production efficacy for further industrial goals in biosynthesis of AuNTs.Inspec keywords: microorganisms, cellular biophysics, gold, nanobiotechnology, renewable materials, DNA, proteins, nanoparticles, scanning electron microscopy, genetics, biochemistry, enzymes, molecular configurations, bioinformatics, ultraviolet spectra, visible spectra, atomic force microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X‐ray chemical analysis, Fourier transform spectra, infrared spectra, X‐ray diffraction, biological techniques, nanofabricationOther keywords: extracellular synthesis, biomass, Streptomyces microflavus, nanotechnology, nanoscience, biosynthesis, gold nanotriangles, Streptomycetes spp. isolates, rice fields, Guilan Province, Iran, bacterium taxonomical identity, genus level, scanning electron microscope, polymerase chain reaction, PCR, molecular analysis, 16S rRNA gene, universal bacterial primer FD1, universal bacterial primer RP2, sequence analysis, National Center for Biotechnology Information, ultraviolet‐visible spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, FTIR, X‐ray diffraction spectroscopy, Basic Local Alignment Search Tool method, size 10 nm to 100 nm, Au     

Paederia foetida Linn. promoted synthesis of CoFe2 O4 and NiFe2 O4 nanostructures and their photocatalytic efficiency

A facile method of synthesis of cobalt ferrite (CoFe₂ O₄) and nickel ferrite (NiFe₂ O₄) nanoparticles (NPs) was developed using urea as a hydroxylating agent and Paederia foetida Linn. (family: Rubiaceae) leaf extract as a bio‐template. The synthesised ferrite NPs were characterised in a detailed manner by powder X‐ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transform‐infrared spectroscopy and vibrating sample magnetometer analysis. The XRD patterns revealed the formation of cubic face‐centred phase for both CoFe₂ O₄ and NiFe₂ O₄ NPs. These quasi‐spherical particles of CoFe₂ O₄ and NiFe₂ O₄ were shown to have sizes in the range of 10–80 and 5–50 nm, respectively. The photocatalytic activity of metal ferrites was evaluated in H₂ O₂ assisted oxidative degradation of methylene blue (MB) and rhodamine B (RhB) under irradiation of solar light. Both metal ferrite photocatalysts exhibited pronounced activity in degradation of MB and RhB, respectively, but relatively higher activity was observed for NiFe₂ O₄. After completion, the catalysts were recovered using an external magnet. Recycling of these recovered catalysts up to five times showed no noticeable change in the efficiency.Inspec keywords: nanoparticles, nanofabrication, photochemistry, catalysts, cobalt compounds, nickel compounds, ferrites, X‐ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectra, crystal structure, dyesOther keywords: Paederia foetida Linn, nanostructures, photocatalytic efficiency, cobalt ferrite nanoparticles, nickel ferrite nanoparticles, hydroxylating agent, leaf extract, bio‐template, powder X‐ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transform‐infrared spectroscopy, vibrating sample magnetometer analysis, cubic face‐centred phase, quasi‐spherical particles, photocatalytic activity, methylene blue, rhodamine B, size 5 nm to 80 nm, CoFe₂ O₄ , NiFe₂ O₄      

Green synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles using aqueous extract of Convolvulus percicus L. as reusable catalysts in cross‐ coupling reactions and their antibacterial activity

CuO nanoparticles (NPs) were prepared by Convolvulus percicus leaves extract as a reducing and stabilising agent. The green synthesised copper oxide NPs was characterised by transmission electron microscope, energy dispersive X‐Ray spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared and ultraviolet‐visible analysis. The activities of the CuO NPs as catalyst were tested in the formation of C‐N and C‐O bonds. The N ‐arylated and O ‐arylated products of amides, N‐H heterocycles and phenols were obtained in excellent yields. Furthermore, the separation and recovery of copper oxide NPs was very simple, effective and economical. The recovered catalyst can be reused several times without significant loss of its catalytic activity. Moreover, the antibacterial activity of these NPs was tested against two human pathogenic microbes and showed significant antimicrobial activity against these pathogenic bacteria.Inspec keywords: copper compounds, nanoparticles, nanomedicine, antibacterial activity, biomedical materials, nanofabrication, microorganisms, catalysts, transmission electron microscopy, X‐ray chemical analysis, X‐ray diffraction, Fourier transform spectra, infrared spectra, ultraviolet spectra, visible spectra, catalysisOther keywords: green synthesis, copper oxide nanoparticles, Convolvulus percicus L. aqueous extract, reusable catalysts, cross‐coupling reactions, antibacterial activity, reducing agent, stabilising agent, transmission electron microscope, energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectra, ultraviolet‐visible spectra, C‐N bonds, C‐O bonds, N‐arylated products, O‐arylated products, amides, N‐H heterocycles, phenols, catalytic activity, human pathogenic microbes, antimicrobial activity, CuO     

Efficacy of mycosynthesised AgNPs from Earliella scabrosa as an in vitro antibacterial and wound healing agent

The silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) with their unique chemical and physical properties are proving as a new therapeutical agent. In the present study, the AgNPs synthesised from an aqueous extract of a macrofungus, Earliella scabrosa, were characterised by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy dispersive X‐ray analysis (EDX), high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and further evaluate for its in vitro antibacterial and wound healing efficacy. The mycosynthesised AgNPs exhibited the surface plasmon resonance peak at 410 nm with good stability over a period of a month. The FESEM and EDX analyses revealed the spherical‐shaped AgNPs of an average size of 20 nm and the presence of elemental Ag, respectively. The XRD pattern showed the crystalline nature of AgNPs. The FTIR spectra confirmed the conversion of Ag⁺ ions to AgNPs due to reduction by biomolecules of macrofungus extract. The mycosynthesised AgNPs showed effective antibacterial activity against two Gram‐positive bacteria, namely Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus, and two Gram‐negative bacteria Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The pathogens were highly sensitive to AgNPs, whereas less sensitive to AgNO₃. The mycosynthesised AgNPs showed significant wound healing potential with 68.58% of wound closure.Inspec keywords: surface plasmon resonance, wounds, X‐ray diffraction, nanoparticles, molecular biophysics, nanomedicine, antibacterial activity, biomedical materials, reduction (chemical), silver, microorganisms, X‐ray chemical analysis, nanofabrication, transmission electron microscopy, particle size, field emission scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectraOther keywords: high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy, healing efficacy, mycosynthesised AgNPs, spherical‐shaped AgNPs, wound healing agent, in vitro antibacterial efficacy, Earliella scabrosa, silver nanoparticles, physical properties, chemical properties, therapeutical agent, aqueous extract, macrofungus, field emission scanning electron microscopy, FESEM, energy dispersive X‐ray analysis, EDX, X‐ray diffraction, XRD, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, FTIR spectroscopy, surface plasmon resonance peak, crystalline nature, biomolecules, Gram‐positive bacteria, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Gram‐negative bacteria, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, pathogens, wound closure, Ag     

Biosynthesis of Ag,Se, and ZnO nanoparticles with antimicrobial activities against resistant pathogens using waste isolate Streptomyces enissocaesilis

Nanoparticles (NPs) are gaining special interest due to their recent applications as antimicrobial agents to defeat the massive threat of resistant pathogens. This study focused on the utilisation of Streptomyces isolate S12 purified from waste discharge soil in the biological synthesis of silver (Ag), selenium (Se), and zinc oxide (ZnO) NPs. The isolate S12 was related to Streptomyces enissocaesilis according to 16S rRNA sequence analysis, morphological characteristics, and biochemical reactions. The cell‐free supernatant has been used for the synthesis of Ag, Se, and ZnO NPs. The synthesised NPs were characterised using ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering (DLS), transmission electron microscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The biogenic NPs were evaluated for antimicrobial effects against different Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative resistant isolates using the broth microdilution method. They showed antibacterial effect against standard and resistant isolates; Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213, S. aureus S1.1, methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA 303, 402 and 807), Escherichia coli ATCC 12435, E. coli E7, Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 51503, K. pneumoniae K5, K112, Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1, and P. aeruginosa P8. This study showed the green synthesis of various NPs using Streptomyces isolate S12 which demonstrated diverse activities against multi‐drug resistant isolates.Inspec keywords: nanoparticles, nanofabrication, silver, selenium, zinc compounds, II‐VI semiconductors, wide band gap semiconductors, nanomedicine, biomedical materials, microorganisms, cellular biophysics, antibacterial activity, RNA, molecular biophysics, molecular configurations, ultraviolet spectra, visible spectra, biochemistry, light scattering, transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectraOther keywords: Gram‐positive resistant isolates, Gram‐negative resistant isolates, broth microdilution method, Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213, S. aureus S1.1, methicillin resistant S. aureus MRSA 303, methicillin resistant S. aureus MRSA 402, methicillin resistant S. aureus MRSA 807, Escherichia coli ATCC 12435, E. coli E7, Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 51503, K. pneumoniae K5, Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1, P. aeruginosa P8, green synthesis, Streptomyces isolate S12, multidrug resistant isolates, Ag, Se, ZnO, biogenic NPs, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, ultraviolet‐visible spectroscopy, cell‐free supernatant, biochemical reactions, morphological characteristics, 16S rRNA sequence analysis, biological synthesis, waste discharge soil, Streptomyces isolate S12 purification, antimicrobial agents, waste isolate Streptomyces enissocaesilis, resistant pathogens, antimicrobial activities, nanoparticles     

Biosynthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles by petals extract of Rosa indica L., its formulation as nail paint and evaluation of antifungal activity against fungi causing onychomycosis

Aim: The authors report the biological synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO‐NPs) from the petals extract of Rosa indica L. (rose). Its efficacy was evaluated against two dermatophytes: namely: Trichophyton mentagrophytes and Microsporum canis which cause onychomycosis. The activity of antibiotics against the tested dermatophytes was enhanced, when evaluated in combination with ZnO‐NPs. Methods and results: The synthesised ZnO‐NPs were preliminary detected by using ultraviolet UV visible spectroscopy, which showed specific absorbance. The ZnO‐NPs were further characterised by nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X‐ray diffraction and Zetasizer. Moreover, nanoparticles containing nail paint (nanopaint) was formulated and its antifungal activity was also assessed against T. mentagrophytes and M. canis. ZnO‐NPs and formulated nanopaint containing ZnO‐NPs, both showed significant antifungal activity. The maximum activity was noted against M. canis and lesser against T. mentagrophytes. Minimum inhibitory concentration of ZnO‐NPs was also determined against the dermatophytes causing onychomycosis infection. Conclusion: ZnO‐NPs can be utilised as a potential antifungal agent for the treatment of onychomycosis after more experimental trials.Inspec keywords: diseases, zinc compounds, nanoparticles, nanofabrication, antibacterial activity, microorganisms, nanomedicine, ultraviolet spectra, visible spectra, Fourier transform infrared spectra, transmission electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction, biomedical materials, patient treatmentOther keywords: zinc oxide nanoparticle biosynthesis, Rosa indica L petals extract, nail paint, antifungal activity evaluation, dermatophyte, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Microsporum canis, antibiotics activity, ultraviolet‐visible spectroscopy, nanoparticle tracking analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction, zetasizer, antifungal agent, onychomycosis treatment     

Fabrication and characterisation of silver nanoparticles using bract extract of Musa paradisiaca for its synergistic combating effect on phytopathogens,free radical scavenging activity,and catalytic efficiency

This work explores the rapid synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) from Musa paradisiaca (M. paradisiaca) bract extract. The bio‐reduction of Ag⁺ ion was recorded using ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy by a surface plasmon resonance extinction peak with an absorbance at 420 nm. The phytoconstituents responsible for the reduction of AgNPs was probed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The X‐ray diffraction pattern confirmed the formation of crystalline AgNPs that were analogous to selected area electron diffraction patterns. Morphological studies showed that the obtained AgNPs were monodispersed with an average size of 15 nm. The biologically synthesised AgNPs showed higher obstruction against tested phytopathogens. The synthesised AgNPs exhibited higher inhibitory zone against fungal pathogen Alternaria alternata and bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae. Free radical scavenging potential of AgNPs was investigated using 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picryl hydroxyl and 2,2‐azinobis (3‐ethylbenzothiazoline)‐6‐sulphonic acid assays which revealed that the synthesised AgNPs act as a potent radical scavenger. The catalytic efficiency of the synthesised AgNPs was investigated for azo dyes, methyl orange (MO), methylene blue (MB) and reduction of o‐nitrophenol to o‐aminophenol. The results portrayed that AgNPs act as an effective nanocatalyst to degrade MO to hydrazine derivatives, MB to leucomethylene blue, and o‐nitro phenol to o‐amino phenolInspec keywords: catalysis, dyes, electron diffraction, nanofabrication, silver, catalysts, surface plasmon resonance, reduction (chemical), free radicals, nanoparticles, transmission electron microscopy, nanobiotechnology, X‐ray diffraction, microorganisms, organic compounds, Fourier transform spectra, nanomedicine, visible spectra, antibacterial activity, infrared spectra, ultraviolet spectraOther keywords: silver nanoparticles, musa paradisiaca, synergistic combating effect, free radical scavenging activity, catalytic efficiency, M. paradisiaca, bio‐reduction, ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, surface plasmon resonance extinction peak, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction pattern, selected area electron diffraction patterns, radical scavenging potential, potent radical scavenger, size 420.0 nm, size 15.0 nm, Ag⁺      

Comparative antileishmanial efficacy of the biosynthesised ZnO NPs from genus Verbena

This study describes ZnO NPs biosynthesis using leaf extracts of Verbena officinalis and Verbena tenuisecta. The extracts serve as natural reducing, capping and stabilization facilitators. Plant extracts phytochemical analysis, revealed that V. officinalis showed higher total phenolic and flavonoid content (22.12 and 6.38 mg g ⁻¹ DW) as compared to V. tennuisecta (12.18 and 2.7 mg g ⁻¹ DW). ZnO NPs were characterised by ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared, X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and energy dispersive X‐ray. TEM analysis of ZnO NPs reveals rod and flower shapes and were in the range of 65–75 and 14–31 nm, for V. tenuisecta and V. officinalis, respectively. Bio‐potential of ZnO NPs was examined through their leishmanicidal potential against Leishmania tropica. ZnO NPs showed potent leishmanicidal activity with 250 µg ml⁻¹ being the most potent concentration. V. officinalis mediated ZnO NPs showed more potent leishmanicidal activity compared to V. tenuisecta mediated ZnO NPs due to their smaller size and increased phenolics doped onto its surface. These results can be a step forward towards the development of novel compounds that can efficiently replace the current medication schemes for leishmaniasis treatment.Inspec keywords: ultraviolet spectra, nanomedicine, nanostructured materials, visible spectra, X‐ray diffraction, antibacterial activity, nanoparticles, zinc compounds, scanning electron microscopy, microorganisms, nanofabrication, drugs, transmission electron microscopy, X‐ray chemical analysis, health and safety, particle size, renewable materials, diseases, Fourier transform infrared spectraOther keywords: flavonoid content, natural reducing stabilisation facilitators, ZnO nanoparticles synthesis, antileishmanial efficacy, Verbena tennuisecta, Verbena officinales, phytochemical analysis, phenolic content, ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, energy dispersive X‐ray analysis, particle size, leishmaniasis treatment, leaf extracts, medication scheme, stabilisation facilitator, capping facilitator, size 14.0 nm to 31.0 nm, size 65.0 nm to 75.0 nm, ZnO     

Effect of Ag‐NPs synthesised by Chamaemelum nobile extract on the inflammation and oxidative stress induced by carrageenan in mice paw

An environmentally friendly and rapid procedure was developed to synthesise silver nanoparticles (Ag‐NPs) by Chamaemelum nobile extract and to evaluate its in vivo anti‐inflammatory and antioxidant activities. The ultraviolet–visible absorption spectrum of the synthesised Ag‐NPs showed an absorbance peak at 422. The average size of spherical nanoparticles was 24 nm as revealed by transmission electron microscopy. Fourier transform infra‐red spectroscopy analysis supported the presence of biological active compounds involved in the reduction of Ag ion and X‐ray diffraction confirmed the crystalline structure of the metallic Ag. The anti‐inflammatory and antioxidant activity of the Ag‐NPs was investigated against carrageenan‐induced paw oedema in mice. The levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase and inflammatory cytokines tumour necrosis factor (TNF‐α), interferon gamma and interleukin (IL)‐6, IL‐1β were assessed in this respect. The results demonstrated that anti‐inflammatory activity of the Ag‐NPs might be due to the ability of the nanoparticles to reduce IL‐1β, IL‐6 and TNF‐α. Moreover, reduction of antioxidant enzymes along with an increase in MDA level shows that the anti‐inflammatory activity of the synthesised Ag‐NPs by C. nobile is attributed to its ameliorating effect on the oxidative damage.Inspec keywords: silver, nanoparticles, nanofabrication, ultraviolet spectra, visible spectra, particle size, transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectra, X‐ray diffraction, crystal structure, enzymes, molecular biophysics, tumours, biomedical materials, nanomedicineOther keywords: Chamaemelum nobile extract, oxidative stress, mice paw, silver nanoparticles, antiinflammatory activity, antioxidant activity, ultraviolet‐visible absorption spectrum, spherical nanoparticle size, transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, biological active compounds, X‐ray diffraction, crystalline structure, carrageenan‐induced paw oedema, malondialdehyde, antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, inflammatory cytokines, tumour necrosis factor, interferon gamma, interleukin, IL‐1β, IL‐6, TNF‐α, MDA level, Ag