Mechanical properties and flame-retardant of PP/MRP/Mg(OH)2/Al(OH)3 composites

The flame retardant and mechanical properties of polypropylene (PP) composites filled with microencapsulated red phosphorus (MRP) and magnesium hydrate (Mg(OH)₂)/aluminum hydrate (Al(OH)₃) were measured. It was found that the synergistic effects between the MRP and Mg(OH)₂/Al(OH)₃ on the flame retardant and tensile properties of the composites were significant. The limit oxygen index and smoke density rank of the composites increased nonlinearly while the horizontal combustibility rate decreased nonlinearly with increasing the MRP weight fraction. The Young modulus and the tensile elongation at break increased while the tensile yield strength and tensile fracture strength decreased slightly with increasing the MRP weight fraction. Both the V-notched Izod and Charpy impact strength increased with increasing the MRP weight fraction. Moreover, the tensile yield strength of the composites estimated using an equation published previously was roughly close to the measured data.     

氢氧化镁的改性及其填充聚丙烯复合材料的燃烧性能和结晶行为的研究

研究了硅烷改性剂对氢氧化镁(MH)的表面改性和其填充聚丙烯(PP)复合材料的阻燃性能和结晶行为.用FTIR、XRD和SEM对改性前后MH的结构和形貌进行了分析.结果表明,硅烷处理剂包覆在MH粉体的表面,有效地降低MH粉体的表面能,提高了MH在干态下的分散性.DSC、POM和LOI对PP/MH复合材料的结晶行为和燃烧性能进行了研究.结果表明,未改性的MH对PP有异相成核作用,使结晶峰温度升高;而表面改性剂削弱了填料的异相成核作用.POM结果暗示了MH粒子在基体中的分散性对PP球晶的晶粒形貌和晶粒尺寸起着十分重要的作用.改性后的MH能进一步提高复合材料的LOI.     

Thermal conductivity of PP/Al(OH)3/Mg(OH)2 composites

Polypropylene (PP) composites filled with aluminum hydroxide (Al(OH)₃) and magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)₂) were prepared using a twin-screw extruder. The effective thermal conductivity (k_eff) of the composites was measured by means of a thermal conductivity instrument under different testing temperatures. The results showed that the values of k_eff increased quickly with an increase the volume fraction (ϕ_f) of Al(OH)₃/Mg(OH)₂ powder when ϕ_f was less than 7.1%, then k_eff increased slightly as ϕ_f was varying from 7.1% to 13.3%, while the values of k_eff increased obviously when ϕ_f was more than 13.3%. Under the same conditions, the values of k_eff increased nonlinearly with increasing the diameter (d) of the Al(OH)₃/Mg(OH)₂ powder. The values of k_eff of the composites increased somewhat with a rise of test temperature. On the basis of the experimental results, the thermal conduction mechanisms of the composite were analyzed and discussed.     

Mg(OH)2-Al(OH)3-微胶囊红磷/高抗冲聚苯乙烯无卤阻燃复合材料

以氢氧化镁(MH)、氢氧化铝(ATH)和微胶囊红磷(MRP)为无卤阻燃剂,高抗冲聚苯乙烯(HIPS)树脂为聚合物基体,通过熔融共混法制备了一系列不同组成的MH-ATH-MRP/HIPS复合材料.采用水平燃烧、垂直燃烧、氧指数、锥形量热分析、高温热分解实验等方法研究了复合材料的阻燃性能.结果表明,阻燃剂用量相同时,在HIPS基体中同时引入MH和ATH得到的复合材料比单独加入MH或ATH得到的复合材料具有更好的阻燃性能.当MH-ATH/HIPS的质量比为70∶30∶100时,复合材料的水平燃烧级别达到FH-1级,氧指数为25.2％,但垂直燃烧无级别.在上述体系中加入极少量的MRP(占复合材料的质量分数为2.9％)就可使复合材料的火灾性能指数(FPI)提高85％,燃烧过程中热量释放和质量损失更慢、成炭能力明显增强,垂直燃烧级别达到FV-0级.当MH-ATH-MRP/HIPS的质量比为21∶9∶12∶100时,复合材料的各项阻燃性能达到最佳,可以大幅度减少阻燃剂的用量.MH、ATH和MRP对HIPS具有非常显著的协同阻燃作用.同时加入MH和ATH时不仅可以在更宽的温度范围内抑制HIPS的升温和分解,而且能够在更宽的温度范围内相继释放出水蒸气稀释氧气和可燃气体的浓度,从而起到协同阻燃作用.加入MRP后复合材料的成炭能力大大增强,进一步改善了凝聚相阻燃的效果,因此阻燃性能显著提高.     

Controllable crystal growth of Mg(OH)2 hexagonal flakes and their surface modification using graft polymerization

Mg(OH)₂ crystals with excellent flame retardance in the application of polymer materials are always in demand. Herein, regular and well-dispersed Mg(OH)₂ hexagonal flakes were hydrothermally prepared with the existence of polyethylene glycol (PEG) and then modified by surface grafting-polymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) monomers. The results showed that the morphology and dispersity of Mg(OH)₂ relied on the precise control of the reaction parameters including hydrothermal conditions, the molecular weight and additive amount of PEG. PEG with a molecular weight of 8000 exhibited an enhanced directing role due to its more appropriate length of molecular chains and intensive interaction with the formed Mg(OH)₂ crystallites. The molecular chains of PEG-8000 can be preferentially adsorbed onto the (0 0 1) and (1 0 1) planes of Mg(OH)₂ crystallites and sub-micro hexagonal flakes with low-polarity were consequently assembled. The optimal conditions for preparing Mg(OH)₂ hexagonal flakes with higher crystallinity and more regular morphology were determined to be hydrothermal treatment at 120 °C for 12 h with 3 wt% PEG-8000. The dimension and decomposition temperature of the end products were 400 ~ 500 nm and 388 °C, respectively. The surface graft-modified Mg(OH)₂ hexagonal flakes exhibited high hydrophobicity with a water contact angle of 148°, indicating an excellent compatibility with polymers.     

In-situ hydrothermal crystallization Mg(OH)2 films on magnesium alloy AZ91 and their corrosion resistance properties

Mg(OH)₂ films have been fabricated on magnesium alloy AZ91 substrates by an in-situ hydrothermal method. AZ91 alloy substrates act as both the source of Mg²⁺ ion and the support for the Mg(OH)₂ film in synthetic process. The effect of pH value and hydrothermal treatment time on the morphologies and corrosion resisting properties of Mg(OH)₂ film is studied. The obtained Mg(OH)₂ films are uniform and compact. The adhesion between the films and the substrate is strong due to the in-situ growth process, which enhances their potential for practical applications. Potentiodynamic polarization measurements showed that the Mg(OH)₂ films obtained at pH 10, 3 h exhibits the highest increase in corrosion potential at −0.7097 V and lowest i_corr, which suggests that it is the best effective film in improving the corrosion resistance of AZ91in all obtained films.     

Synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles and study of their antibacterial and antifungal properties

In this paper, ZnO nanoparticles have been synthesized with and without the use of surfactants under different reaction conditions. The size of the ZnO nanoparticles varied in diameter (2 nm-28 nm) according to the reaction conditions employed. Promising particle size dependent antibacterial and antifungal activities of the ZnO nanoparticles have been observed. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) techniques were used to characterize the particle size and morphology.     

Controlled synthesis of Ag nanoparticles with different morphologies and their antibacterial properties

In this paper, Ag triangle nanoplates and nanospheres were synthesized by liquid chemical reduction method in the presence of seeds, with l-ascorbic acid as the reductant and polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) as the surface modification agent, respectively. Characterizations of the particles were conducted by various techniques such as X-ray powder diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, ultraviolet–visible absorption spectroscopy, Fourier transformation infrared spectrometry, and thermal analysis. The antibacterial properties of Ag nanoparticles against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were investigated by disk diffusion and broth dilution methods. The results indicate that Ag nanospheres exhibit better antibacterial properties than that of triangle nanoplates.     

乙二胺改性工艺制备高分散Mg（OH）2颗粒

以氯化镁和氢氧化钠为原料,采用乙二胺改性工艺制备了高分散纳米Mg(OH)2颗粒。利用傅里叶变换红外光谱、透射电子显微镜、场发射扫描电子显微镜、能量色散光谱仪、X射线衍射仪以及热解重量分析仪等对产物进行了表征。结果表明,所制备的产物是高产的薄片状结构,具有单分散性,同时Mg(OH)2样品的形貌和分散性能够通过初始Mg2+离子浓度实现可控,此外也探讨纳米Mg(OH)2颗粒的分散机理。     

Fabrication of flower-like Ni3(NO3)2(OH)4 and their electrochemical properties evaluation

Flower-like Ni₃(NO₃)₂(OH)₄ was successfully synthesized by a facile solvothermal method. The microstructure and surface morphology of prepared Ni₃(NO₃)₂(OH)₄ were physically characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM). The electrochemical properties studies were carried out using cyclic voltammetry (CV), chronopotentiometry technology and AC impedance spectroscopy, respectively. The results indicate that the flower-like structure has a profound impact on electrode performance at high discharge capacitance. A maximum specific capacitance of 2212.5 F g^?1 at the current density of 5 mA could be achieved, suggesting its potential application in electrode material for secondary batteries and electrochemical capacitors. Furthermore, the effects of Ni(NO₃)₂·6H₂O concentration and temperature on the microstructure and specific capacitance of prepared Ni₃(NO₃)₂(OH)₄ have also been systematically studied. The results show that flower-like structure can be formed when the concentration is appropriate, while the temperature has just little effect on its electrochemical properties.     

Preparation and characterization of Mg(OH)2 nanoparticles and flame-retardant property of its nanocomposites with EVA

The magnesium hydroxide [Mg(OH)₂] nanocrystallines with needle- or lamella-like morphologies were synthesized by a surfactant-mediated solution method. The structures and morphologies of Mg(OH)₂ nanoparticles were characterized by X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscope, and Fourier transform infrared. Mg(OH)₂/ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) (1:1) nanocomposite was also prepared, and has a value of the limiting oxygen index of 38.3. The high-resolution transmission electron microscope picture shows that the Mg(OH)₂ nanoparticles disperse homogeneously in EVA matrix and the scanning electron microscope images indicate that the char formed after combustion of the nanocomposite appears very compact.     

纳米Mg(OH)2-ZnO/聚酰亚胺复合薄膜的介电和热性能

采用反向沉淀法制备了Mg（OH）₂-ZnO纳米粒子,通过原位聚合和热亚胺化的方法成功制备了不同纳米Mg（OH）₂-ZnO粒子质量分数的纳米Mg（OH）₂-ZnO/聚酰亚胺（PI）复合薄膜,通过SEM、热重分析、介电谱测试仪和击穿场强测试仪对薄膜的表面形貌、热稳定性、介电性能和击穿强度进行表征和测试。结果表明：Mg（OH）₂-ZnO纳米粒子均匀地分散在PI基体中,Mg（OH）₂-ZnO/PI热稳定性下降,介电常数、介电损耗和电导率增加,击穿场强随纳米粒子增加先增加后减小,在纳米粒子含量为2%时,达到最大值296 kV/mm。     

Poly(glycerol sebacate) nanoparticles for ocular delivery of sunitinib: physicochemical,cytotoxic and allergic studies

Poly(glycerol sebacate) (PGS) is a new biodegradable polymer with good biocompatibility used in many fields of biomedicine and drug delivery. Sunitinib‐loaded PGS/gelatine nanoparticles were prepared by the de‐solvation method for retinal delivery and treatment of diabetic retinopathy. The nanoparticles were characterised by Fourier‐transform infrared and differential scanning calorimetry. The effects of different formulation variables including drug‐to‐carrier ratio, gelatine‐to‐PGS ratio, and glycerine‐to‐sebacate ratio were assessed on the encapsulation efficiency (EE%), particle size, release efficiency (RE), and zeta potential of the nanoparticles. The in vitro cytotoxicity of PGS/gelatine nanoparticles was studied on L929 cells. Draize test on rabbit eyes was also done to investigate the possible allergic reactions caused by the polymer. Glycerine/sebacic acid was the most effective parameter on the EE and RE. Gelatine‐to‐PGS ratio had the most considerable effect on the particle size while the RE was more affected by the glycerine/sebacic acid ratio. The optimised formulation (S₁ G_0.7 D_21.2) exhibited a particle size of 282 nm, 34.6% EE, zeta potential of −8.9 mV, and RE% of about 27.3% for drug over 228 h. The 3‐(4,5‐dimethylthuazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay indicated PGS/gelatine nanoparticles were not cytotoxic and sunitinib‐loaded nanoparticles were not toxic at concentrations <36 nM.Inspec keywords: polymers, differential scanning calorimetry, toxicology, drug delivery systems, solvation, eye, encapsulation, particle size, drugs, biodegradable materials, nanofabrication, nanomedicine, nanoparticles, gelatin, Fourier transform infrared spectraOther keywords: gelatine‐to‐PGS ratio, glycerine‐to‐sebacate ratio, particle size, zeta potential, sunitinib‐loaded nanoparticles, biodegradable polymer, retinal delivery, differential scanning calorimetry, drug‐to‐carrier ratio, allergic reactions, physicochemistry, cytotoxicity, poly(glycerol sebacate) nanoparticles, sunitinib ocular delivery, drug delivery, sunitinib‐loaded PGS‐gelatine nanoparticles, Fourier‐transform, in vitro cytotoxicity, biocompatibility, Draize test, rabbit eyes, 3‐(4,5‐dimethylthuazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay     

pH值对氢氧化镁晶体生长的影响

以氯化镁(分析纯)为原料,反向滴加到氨水中制备普通氢氧化镁,然后在200℃反应釜中对普通氢氧化镁进行水热改性.通过扫描电镜(SEM),X射线多晶衍射仪(XRD),全自动氮物理吸附仪(BET)和激光粒度仪等对样品进行表征分析,得到不同pH条件下晶体生长情况和产品收率.结果表明,常温沉淀过程中pH值为10.0时,产品收率高,粒径分布均匀,分散性好.并且分析了pH值对氢氧化镁晶体生长作用机理.     

Dynamic moduli of CaCO3- and Mg(OH)2-filled polypropylene

Fillers suppressed the temperature dependence of storage modulus and caused the flattening of the temperature dependence of the loss modulus in the glass transition region of polypropylene (PP). The glass transition temperature (T _β) of PP did not change with filler content (v _f). This indicates that none of the fillers affect the mobility of PP in the bulk. A new loss maximum appeared at 50 °C forv _f>0.2. This maximum became more prominent when increasing either the filler content or filler specific surface area. Interparticle interactions, leading to the space network of weakly bonded particles, affected PP mobility indirectly. The enhanced interfacial adhesion led to a further decrease of PP mobility nearT _β and to the increase of the new loss maximum at 50 °C.     

Antibacterial study of Mg(OH)2 nanoplatelets

It was reported previously that Mg(OH)₂ nanoplatelets are effective antibacterial agent [1]. This paper further studied the mechanism study of Mg(OH)₂ nanoplatelets against Escherichia coli. Both experimental results and SEM analysis indicated that the membrane of the bacterial cell was destroyed by the direct contact with the Mg(OH)₂ nanoplatelets, leading to the cell death. In addition, UV illumination could further improve the antibacterial efficiency of Mg(OH)₂ nanoplatelets. Compared with other nanoparticles, it was also found that Mg(OH)₂ nanoplatelets have higher antibacterial efficiency, implicating their great potential application in biological control.     

Synthesis and antibacterial properties of silver nanoparticles

Nanometer sized silver particles were synthesized by inert gas condensation and co-condensation techniques. Both techniques are based on the evaporation of a metal into an inert atmosphere with the subsequent cooling for the nucleation and growth of the nanoparticles. The antibacterial efficiency of the nanoparticles was investigated by introducing the particles into a media containing Escherichia coli. The antibacterial investigations were performed in solution and on petri dishes. The silver nanoparticles were found to exhibit antibacterial effects at low concentrations. The antibacterial properties were related to the total surface area of the nanoparticles. Smaller particles with a larger surface to volume ratio provided a more efficient means for antibacterial activity. The nanoparticles were found to be completely cytotoxic to E. coli for surface concentrations as low as 8 microg of Ag/cm2.     

Facile phyto‐mediated synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Chinese winter jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill. cv. Dongzao) extract and their antibacterial/catalytic properties

The aqueous extract of Chinese winter jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill. cv. Dongzao) was used as reducing and capping agents for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) for the first time. The resulting AgNPs were characterised by UV/Visible (UV–Vis) spectroscopy, atomic force microscope, transmission electron microscopy, selected area electron diffraction, X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, energy‐dispersive X‐ray and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The colloidal solution of AgNPs gave a maximum UV–Vis absorbance at 446 nm. The synthesised nanoparticles were almost in the spherical shapes with an average size of 11.5 ± 4. 8 nm. FTIR spectra were applied to identify the functional groups which were possibly responsible for the conversion of metal ions into nanoparticles. The results showed that the prepared AgNPs were coated with the biomolecules in the extract. The biosynthesised AgNPs showed a remarkable catalytic activity at room temperature, and they also showed good antibacterial properties against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus.Inspec keywords: silver, nanoparticles, nanofabrication, antibacterial activity, biomedical materials, nanobiotechnology, scanning electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, ultraviolet spectra, visible spectra, X‐ray chemical analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectra, catalysisOther keywords: wavelength 446 nm, temperature 293 K to 298 K, Ag, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, biomolecules, catalytic activity, metal ions, colloidal solution, FTIR spectra, UV‐vis absorbance, TEM, SEM, XRD, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction, selected area electron diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, UV‐visible spectroscopy, catalytic properties, antibacterial properties, Chinese winter jujube extract, silver nanoparticles, facile phyto‐mediated synthesis