天蓝黄链霉菌胞外合成纳米银的生化机制研究

以天蓝黄链霉菌（S. coelicoflavus）菌体浸出液为还原剂和包覆剂于胞外合成纳米银,对纳米银的形貌结构、晶体结构、粒度分布、元素组成及表面包覆基团进行表征分析,并通过研究主要生物活性分子在纳米银合成过程中的重要作用,探索了纳米银胞外合成的生化反应机制。表征分析结果表明,合成的纳米银颗粒主要为球形或近似球形,少量为截边三角形、四边形或六角形;平均粒径约为34.50 nm,呈中度多分散性;具有良好的结晶度和多晶结构。生化合成机制研究表明,蛋白质和还原型谷胱甘肽（GSH）在纳米银的合成过程中起主要作用;跨膜蛋白和细菌铁蛋白包覆于形成的纳米银颗粒表面,以保持其在反应体系中的高度稳定性;硝酸还原酶可能与其他生物活性组分共同催化银离子的还原过程。     

Synthesis of Starch-Stabilized Silver Nanoparticles and Their Antimicrobial Activity

In this study, silver nanoparticles were prepared using silver nitrate as the metal precursor, starch as protecting agent, and sodium borohydride (NaBH₄) as a reducing agent by the chemical reduction method. The formation of the silver nanoparticles was monitored using ultraviolet-visible absorption spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, and particle size analyzer and characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and x-ray diffraction (XRD). Synthesis of nanoparticles were carried out by varying different parameters, such as reaction temperature, concentration of reducing agent, concentration of silver ion in feed solution, type and concentration of the stabilizing agent, and stirrer speed expressed in terms of particle size and size distribution. Dispersion destabilization of colloidal nanoparticles was detected by Turbiscan. It was observed that size of the starch stabilized silver nanoparticles were lower than 10 nm. The microbial activity of synthesized silver nanoparticles was examined by modified Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. Silver nanoparticles were tested for their antibacterial activity against Gram negative bacteria such as Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Gram positive bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. High bacterial activity was observed at very low concentrations of silver (below 1.39 μg/ml). The antifungal activity of silver nanoparticles has been assayed against Candida albicans.     

Rapid Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Cymbopogan Citratus (Lemongrass) and its Antimicrobial Activity

Nano-Micro Letters - The present study deals with the rapid green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using fresh leaves of Cymbopogan Citratus (Lemongrass). Silver nanoparticles were formed within...     

Comparative Study of Antioxidant and Catalytic Activity of Silver and Gold Nanoparticles Synthesized From Costus pictus Leaf Extract

Biological synthesis of silver and gold nanoparticles using Costus pictus leaf extract(CPLE) and their potential in vitro antioxidant and catalytic activities were reported here. Formation of Costus pictus silver(CPAgN Ps) and gold(CPAuN Ps) nanoparticles was confirmed by UV-visible spectroscopy and their spherical shape by scanning electron microscopy. The synthesized nanoparticles gave strong signals for silver and gold in energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The CPAgN Ps and CPAuN Ps had an average size of 46.7and 37.2 nm, respectively, as determined by dynamic light scattering particle size analyzer. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR) analysis indicated involvement of amine and carbonyl groups in the formation of CPAg NPs and CPAu NPs. Thermal stability of synthesized nanoparticles was assessed by thermogravimetric analysis-differential scanning calorimetry. CPAgN Ps, CPAuN Ps and CPLE exhibited tremendous antioxidant activity when being assessed by various in vitro assays, and their activity was comparable to standard antioxidants. CPAg NPs, CPAu NPs and CPLE also caused degradation of dyes like methylene blue and methyl red. While CPAgN Ps, CPAuN Ps and CPLE caused respective 85%, 42% and 30%degradation of methylene blue, they showed less activity against methyl red. These observations signify that such green methods open up new avenues in nanobiotechnology for the synthesis of nanoparticles with extensive industrial and biomedical applications.     

Silver Nanoparticles with Controlled Dispersity and Their Assembly into Superstructures

In this paper we report on the influence of particle size distribution, particle substrate interaction, and drying behavior on the self‐assembly process using ligand stabilized silver particles. Two‐dimensional particle arrays were characterized using transmission electron microscopy and extensive image analysis. The formation of such structures was observed in situ using an environmental scanning electron microscope in WET‐STEM mode. The results confirm that a small particle size distribution is crucial for the formation of regular particle patterns with long range order, but also the particle substrate interaction and the particle density have an influence on the degree of ordering. Additionally, we find that separated binary particle assemblies keep the orientation of their two‐dimensional hexagonal lattices over alternating domains of small and big particles. This is probably enabled due to the formation of dislocations and a small change of the course of the lattice lines within the respective boundary.     

液相化学还原法制备纳米银及抗菌性能研究

选用液相化学还原法,分别在以羧甲基纤维素钠(Carboxymethyl cellulose sodium,CMC)和葡萄糖为还原剂的体系下制备纳米银颗粒,并进行了对比分析。通过紫外分光光度计、X射线衍射和透射电镜等测试手段对其进行了表征。结果表明,用CMC体系制备的纳米银粉末平均粒径为20～30nm,为多晶结构;用葡萄糖体系制备的纳米银粉末平均粒径为25～35nm,为面心结构。利用抑菌圈法对纳米银的抗菌性能进行测试,结果显示2种体系下制备的纳米银对海洋芽孢杆菌都有很好的抑制作用。     

纳米银对大肠杆菌的抗菌作用及其机制

以大肠杆菌为研究对象,对纳米银的抗菌效果进行了研究.并对其抗菌机制做了初步探讨.纳米银对大肠杆菌的抑制生长曲线的结果表明,20 μg/mL的纳米银能够完全抑制106 cfu/mL的大肠杆菌细胞生长,纳米银使大肠杆菌的延滞期加长,并且纳米银浓度越高,延滞期越长.采用透射电镜观察了经纳米银粒子处理过的大肠杆菌细胞形态变化过程,结果显示纳米银粒子先在细胞壁上产生小的孔洞,通过这些孔洞进入周质空间,导致细胞膜成分渗漏和破坏细胞膜,进而进入细胞内部.进入细胞内部的纳米银粒子使DNA浓缩呈紧张态,并与破损细菌的细胞质结合积聚,最后引起胞内物质流失.另外,纳米银对大肠杆菌总DNA影响的分析表明.随着纳米银浓度的增高,大肠杆菌总DNA样品降解的程度增大.     

Synthesis of Monodisperse Silver Nanoparticles by Sonolysis of Silver Carboxylates

Monodisperse, crystalline silver nanoparticles are synthesized by sonolytically assisted decomposition of silver oxalate and oleate precursors in dibenzylether. Oleic acid and oleylamine are used as capping agents. The diameters of the obtained particles vary from 6 to 10 nm depending on the sonification time and the precursor material. The particles are stable in non‐polar media. A 2D and 3D assembly of the as‐prepared nanoparticles is observed. Particle sizes and dispersities are characterized by transmission electron microscopy and image analysis. The decomposition characteristics of the different precursor compounds are investigated using UV–Vis spectroscopy and thermogravimetry.     

软模板技术制备银的各向异性纳米粒子

纳米银的光学、电学和催化活性与粒子的粒径、形貌和结构之间存在着强烈的依赖关系,研究各向异性银纳米材料的形成具有重要意义.结合软模板技术在各向异性银纳米材料制备方面的研究成果,着重讨论了银纳米棒和纳米线的制备方法和形成机理,概述了树枝状纳米银、纳米银片(盘)、纳米银立方体和三棱柱的研究进展,指出利用软模板技术可合成各种形貌的纳米银粒子,并指出了此类材料在研究中存在的不足,展望了其发展趋势.     

Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Salacia chinensis: Characterization and its Antibacterial Activity

The aim of the present research work was to synthesize silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using Salacia chinensis plant extract and to evaluate its antibacterial activity. AgNPs were successfully synthesized and formation of AgNPs was confirmed by visual color change and UV (ultraviolet) spectroscopy. Prepared AgNPs were purified and characterized by using dynamic light scattering (DLS), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, x-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDAX), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). UV peak at 434 nm confirmed the formation of AgNPs. DLS studies showed that AgNPs size prepared in all conditions were in the range of 100–200 nm. XRD studies revealed crystalline nature of AgNPs. EDAX studies confirmed the presence of silver in colloidal dispersion and images were recorded by using SEM and TEM. Synthesized AgNPs were found to be effective against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In conclusion, AgNPs could serve as a good alternative in treatment of bacterial infections in this era of multidrug resistance.     

水热法制备纳米银颗粒的试验研究

以AgNO_3和NaHCO_3为反应原料,以PVP为保护剂,用水热法制备出纳米银颗粒。研究了AgNO_3浓度和分散剂PEG的加入对反应生成纳米银颗粒形貌的影响。结果表明,在AgNO_3浓度为0.06 mol/L,NaHCO_3浓度为0.15 mol/L,PVP为0.03 mol/L,PEG为0.05 mol/L,反应温度为200℃,反应时间4 h的工艺条件下,可得到平均粒径尺寸约50 nm、分散性好、尺寸均一的近球形纳米银颗粒。     

水热法制备球形纳米银粒子及其表征

采用水热法,以聚乙烯吡咯烷酮为保护剂,以葡萄糖直接还原硝酸银制备纳米银溶胶及纳米银粒子.探讨了表面活性剂的种类、反应温度等参数对纳米银形貌、粒子尺寸的影响,并采用XRD、SEM和EDS等手段表征了纳米银的特性.结果表明:在反应温度140℃、反应时间6h的条件下,可制备粒径20nm左右、分散均一的球形纳米银粒子.     

液相化学还原法制备纳米银焊膏及其连接性

采用液相化学还原法制备出平均粒径为20~35nm的纳米银,并考察不同温度及PVP用量对纳米银性质的影响。结果表明:当硝酸银与PVP的质量比为1∶4、反应温度为30℃时,纳米银的平均粒径最小,为22.4nm,且其团聚程度最小,粒径分布最佳。在压力10MPa、温度200℃、保温30min的烧结条件下,利用制得的纳米银配制焊膏,连接纯度为99.9%的无氧紫铜板,通过扫描电镜(SEM)观察烧结接头截面形貌,可见烧结界面连接紧密,接头组织有孔隙存在。     

Mammalian Cells Exhibit a Range of Sensitivities to Silver Nanoparticles that are Partially Explicable by Variations in Antioxidant Defense and Metallothionein Expression

While it is well known that there are interspecies differences in Ag sensitivity, differences in the cytotoxic responses of mammalian cells to silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) are also observed. In order to explore these response outcomes, six cell lines, including epithelial cells (Caco‐2, NHBE, RLE‐6TN, and BEAS‐2B) and macrophages (RAW 264.7 and THP‐1) of human and rodent origin, are exposed to 20 nm citrate‐ and PVP‐coated Ag NPs with Au cores, as well as 20 nm citrate‐coated particles without cores. An MTS assay shows that while Caco‐2 and NHBE cells are resistant to particles over a 0.1–50 μg mL^?1 dose range, RAW 264.7, THP‐1, RLE‐6TN, and BEAS‐2B cells are more susceptible. While there are small differences in dissolution rates, there are no major differences in the cytotoxic potential of the different particles. However, differences in anti‐oxidant defense and metallothionein expression among different cell types are observed, which can partially explain differential Ag NP sensitivity. So, it is important to consider these differences in understanding the potential heterogeneous effects of nano Ag on mammalian biological systems.     

微波场中PVP还原制备Ag纳米粒子

用微波辐照聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)和硝酸银(AgNO3)混合水溶液,改变微波辐照时间和反应物质量比制备出了形貌各异的纳米银粒子,并通过实验证实了PVP的催化还原作用.利用紫外-可见吸收光谱(UV-vis)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)以及X射线能谱(EDS)进行了表征分析.研究表明,在微波辐照条件下,PVP分子内酰胺基中的胺基N原子具有还原作用,可以将溶液中的银离子快速还原为银纳米颗粒,并且随着PVP与AgNO3的质量比的增大,银的形貌会出现由球形到立方体形、薄片形的系列转变.     

AOT反胶束法制备纳米银的机理及应用

AOT反胶束体系既为制备纳米粒子提供了反应器,又控制了粒子尺寸分布,是制备贵金属银纳米粒子的最佳方法.阐述了AOT反胶束体系制备纳米银粒子的机理,综述了制备过程中浓度、连续相类型等对纳米银粒子粒径和形貌的影响,并介绍了当前该方法的应用进展,展望了今后的发展趋势.     

可反应表面修饰银纳米微粒的制备及组装

合成了功能化的修饰剂双11-十一烯基二硫代磷酸,以此为修饰剂,NaBH4还原可溶性银盐的水溶液制得了功能化的银纳米微粒,并通过氢化硅氢化反应组装银纳米颗粒薄膜。采用透射电子显微镜（TEM）、紫外-可见吸收光谱（UV-Vis）、傅立叶红外吸收光谱（FT-IR）、原子力显微镜（AFM）和X-光电子能谱（XPS）对所制的纳米微粒及组装的薄膜进行形态和结构表征,结果表明：银纳米颗粒为球形,无团聚现象,纳米微粒表面带有可反应的C=C双键不饱和官能团;组装后纳米微粒团聚长大,是通过Si-C键与基底结合。     

Ultrasonic Alloying of Preformed Gold and Silver Nanoparticles

Alloyed gold/silver nanoparticles with a core/shell structure are produced from preformed gold and silver nanoparticles during ultrasonic treatment at different intensities in water and in the presence of surface‐active species. Preformed gold nanoparticles with an average diameter of 15 ± 5 nm are prepared by the citrate reduction of chloroauric acid in water, and silver nanoparticles (38 ± 7 nm) are formed after reduction of silver nitrate by sodium borohydride. Bare binary gold/silver nanoparticles with a core/shell structure are formed in aqueous solution after 1 h of sonication at high ultrasonic intensity. Cationic‐surfactant‐coated preformed gold and silver nanoparticles become gold/silver‐alloy nanoparticles after 3 h of sonication in water at 55 W cm^?2, whereas only fusion of isolated gold and silver nanoparticles is observed after ultrasonic treatment in the presence of an anionic surfactant. As the X‐ray diffraction profile of alloyed gold/silver nanoparticles reveals split, shifted, and disappeared peaks, the face‐centered‐cubic crystalline structure of the binary nanoparticles is defect‐enriched by temperatures that can be as high as several thousand Kelvin inside the cavitation bubbles during ultrasonic treatment.     

Biosynthesis of Self-Assembled Proteinaceous Nanoparticles for Vaccination

Recent years have seen enormous advances in nanovaccines for both prophylactic and therapeutic applications, but most of these technologies employ chemical or hybrid semi-biosynthetic production methods. Thus, production of nanovaccines has to date failed to exploit biology-only processes like complex sequential post-translational biochemical modifications and scalability, limiting the realization of the initial promise for offering major performance advantages and improved therapeutic outcomes over conventional vaccines. A Nano-B5 platform for in vivo production of fully protein-based, self-assembling, stable nanovaccines bearing diverse antigens including peptides and polysaccharides is presented here. Combined with the self-assembly capacities of pentamer domains from the bacterial AB₅ toxin and unnatural trimer peptides, diverse nanovaccine structures can be produced in common Escherichia coli strains and in attenuated pathogenic strains. Notably, the chassis of these nanovaccines functions as an immunostimulant. After showing excellent lymph node targeting and immunoresponse elicitation and safety performance in both mouse and monkey models, the strong prophylactic effects of these nanovaccines against infection, as well as their efficient therapeutic effects against tumors are further demonstrated. Thus, the Nano-B5 platform can efficiently combine diverse modular components and antigen cargos to efficiently generate a potentially very large diversity of nanovaccine structures using many bacterial species.